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...Louis Aragon, and André Breton and renewed, in their style, the ancient tradition of oral poetry that led him to a highly popular form of “song poems,” which were collected in Paroles (1945; “Words”). Many were put to music by Josef Kosma and reached a vast audience of young people who liked Prévert’s anticlerical, anarchistic, iconoclastic tones,...
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supervised conditional release from prison granted prior to the expiration of a sentence.
In French parole means “word,” and its use in connection with the release of prisoners was derived from the idea that they were released on their word of honour that they would commit no further crimes. The practice of allowing prisoners to be released from prison before serving their full sentences dates to at least the 18th century. In England at that time, nearly all serious crimes (felonies) were punishable by death, though relatively few offenders were actually executed. The king granted the majority of those sentenced to death a pardon on the condition that the offender agree to be transported to a penal colony (e.g., Australia or America for English convicts; Africa, New Caledonia, or French Guiana for French convicts). Eventually the courts were given the power to pronounce sentences of transportation themselves, usually for a period specified in the sentence, though most sentences of transportation were modified by executive action. England developed a system of “ticket of leave,” in which convicts detained under a sentence of transportation were allowed a measure of freedom or the right to return to England in return for good behaviour. England abolished the sentence of transportation in the mid-19th century (French penal colonies continued to operate into the mid-20th century) and replaced it with penal servitude, which incorporated a similar procedure under a different name, “release on license.” Through good behaviour in custody, a convict sentenced to penal servitude could earn release from a penitentiary. However, release was conditional on good behaviour outside prison; if another offense was committed, the convict could be returned to prison to serve out the rest of his sentence (known as the ...
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...study and asserted that the principles and methodology of each approach are distinct and mutually exclusive. He also introduced two terms that have become common currency in linguistics—“parole,” or the speech of the individual person, and “langue,” or a systematic, structured language, such as English, existing at a given time within a given society. His...
in semiotics )...components of a sign: the signifier, which in language is a set of speech sounds or marks on a page, and the signified, which is the concept or idea behind the sign. Saussure also distinguished parole, or actual individual utterances, from langue, the underlying system of conventions that makes such utterances understandable; it is this underlying langue that most...
in linguistics: Structural linguistics in Europe )...Saussure’s structuralism can be summed up in two dichotomies (which jointly cover what Humboldt referred to in terms of his own distinction of inner and outer form): (1) langue versus parole and (2) form versus substance. By langue, best translated in its technical Saussurean sense as language system, is meant the totality of regularities and patterns of formation...
Aspects of this topic are discussed in the following places at Britannica.
...Louis Aragon, and André Breton and renewed, in their style, the ancient tradition of oral poetry that led him to a highly popular form of “song poems,” which were collected in Paroles (1945; “Words”). Many were put to music by Josef Kosma and reached a vast audience of young people who liked Prévert’s anticlerical, anarchistic, iconoclastic tones,...
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Aspects of this topic are discussed in the following places at Britannica.
Verlaine abandoned his wife and infant son, Georges, in July 1872, to wander with Rimbaud in northern France and Belgium and write “impressionist” sketches for his next collection, Romances sans paroles (“Songs Without Words”). The pair reached London in September and found, besides exiled Communard friends, plenty of interest and amusement and also inspiration:...
...early poetry imitated the work of Baudelaire and the Parnassians in the Fêtes galantes (1869; “Parties of Pleasure”) and in his major collection, Romances sans paroles (1874; “Songs Without Words”). In his famous manifesto poem,
"L’Art poétique
"
(
"The Art of Poetry
"
),...
