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Artist of the Floating World, An (novel by Ishiguro)
...Conrad. Particularly notable is An Insular Possession (1986), which vividly harks back to the founding of Hong Kong. Kazuo Ishiguro’s spare, refined novel An Artist of the Floating World (1986) records how a painter’s life and work became insidiously coarsened by the imperialistic ethos of 1930s Japan. Novelists such as Buchi Emech...
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Artist, the (American singer, songwriter, musician, and producer)
singer, guitarist, songwriter, producer, dancer, and performer on keyboards, drums, and bass who was among the most talented American musicians of his generation. Like Stevie Wonder, he was a rare composer who could perform at a professional level on virtually all the instruments he required, and a considerable number of his recordings feature him in all the performing roles. Pr...
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Artistes Indépendents, Société des (French organization)
...for his masterpiece, Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte. In December 1884 he exhibited the Baignade again, with the Société des Artistes Indépendents, which was to be of immense influence in the development of modern art....
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Artistic Culture, Institute of (Soviet organization)
...for Public Instruction. His autobiographical Rückblicke (“Retrospect”) was translated into Russian and published by the Moscow municipal authorities. In 1919 he created the Institute of Artistic Culture, became director of the Moscow Museum for Pictorial Culture, and helped to organize 22 museums across the Soviet Union. In 1920 he was made a professor at the Univers...
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artistic direction (art)
the craft of controlling the evolution of a performance out of material composed or assembled by an author. The performance may be live, as in a theatre and in some broadcasts, or it may be recorded, as in motion pictures and the majority of broadcast material. The term is also used in film, television, video, and radio to describe the shaping of material that may not involve actors...
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artistic expression (mental ability)
the craft of controlling the evolution of a performance out of material composed or assembled by an author. The performance may be live, as in a theatre and in some broadcasts, or it may be recorded, as in motion pictures and the majority of broadcast material. The term is also used in film, television, video, and radio to describe the shaping of material that may not involve actors...
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artistic gymnastics
...category; indeed, sports aerobics has recently been added to the disciplines sponsored by the International Gymnastics Federation. In contrast, nonutilitarian gymnastics is characterized by modern artistic gymnastics, the maneuvers of which are geared to beauty and not function. For example, in feudal Europe young men were taught to mount and dismount a horse, useful knowledge during a time......
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artist’s fungus (biology)
...wood decay and root rot of cacao, coffee, rubber, and other trees (Ganoderma); and diseases of birch and conifers (Polyporus). The white undersurface of artist’s fungus (Fomes applanatus), which darkens when cut, has been used for etching....
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Artist’s Parents and Children, The (painting by Runge)
...for religious expression. His vision of nature was pantheistic (as was Friedrich’s), and in his portraits his aim was to capture the soul of the individual as part of the universal soul of nature. “The Artist’s Parents and Children” (1806; Hamburger Kunsthalle, Hamburg) reflects not only his constant search for truth but also his admiration for the early German maste...
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Artist’s Sister in the Sitting Room, The (painting by Menzel)
...excursions into industrial subjects, as in Rolling Mill (1875). In works such as Room with a Balcony (1845) and The Artist’s Sister in the Sitting Room (1847), Menzel presaged later developments of the Impressionist movement in France in his refined feeling for the effects of light and his use of open....
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Artist’s Sister, Mme Pontilion, Seated on the Grass, The (painting by Morisot)
...did she become as involved in colour-optical experimentation as her fellow Impressionists. Her paintings frequently included members of her family, particularly her sister, Edma (e.g., “The Artist’s Sister, Mme Pontillon, Seated on the Grass,” 1873; and “The Artist’s Sister Edma and Their Mother,” 1870). Delicate and subtle, exquisite in colour...
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Artists, Society of (British organization)
There were no public exhibitions of contemporary artists in London before 1760, when Reynolds helped found the Society of Artists and the first of many successful exhibitions was held. The patronage of George III was sought, and in 1768 the Royal Academy was founded. Although Reynolds’ painting had found no favour at court, he was the obvious candidate for the presidency, and the king confi...
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Artist’s Studio, a Real Allegory of a Seven-Year Long Phase of My Artistic Life, The (painting by Courbet)
...most beautiful towns in the province. After a brief visit to Switzerland, he returned to Ornans, and in late 1854 he began an immense canvas, which he completed in six weeks: The Artist’s Studio, an allegory of all the influences on Courbet’s artistic life, which are portrayed as human figures from all levels of society. Courbet himself presides over a...
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Artizans’ and Labourers’ Dwellings Improvement Act (United Kingdom [1875])
...were allowed to engage in peaceful picketing and to do whatever would not be criminal if done by an individual. The Public Health Act of 1875 created a public health authority in every area; the Artizans’ and Labourers’ Dwellings Improvement Act of the same year enabled local authorities to embark upon schemes of slum clearance; a factory act of 1878 fixed a 56-hour workweek; whil...
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Artocarpus altilis (tree)
fruit of either of two closely related trees belonging to the family Moraceae. One of these, Artocarpus communis, also called A. incisa or A. altilis, provides a staple food of the South Pacific. The tree grows 12 to 18 metres (40 to 60 feet) high and has large, oval, glossy green leaves, three- to nine-lobed toward the apex. Male and female flowers are borne in separate......
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Artocarpus communis (tree)
fruit of either of two closely related trees belonging to the family Moraceae. One of these, Artocarpus communis, also called A. incisa or A. altilis, provides a staple food of the South Pacific. The tree grows 12 to 18 metres (40 to 60 feet) high and has large, oval, glossy green leaves, three- to nine-lobed toward the apex. Male and female flowers are borne in separate......
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Artocarpus heterophyllus (plant)
(species Artocarpus heterophyllus), tree native to tropical Asia and widely grown throughout the wetland tropics for its large fruits and durable wood. Like its relative the breadfruit, it belongs to the mulberry family (Moraceae). The jackfruit is 15 to 20 m (50 to 70 feet) tall at maturity, has large stiff, glossy green leaves 15 to 20 cm (6 to 8 inches) long, and fruit up to 60 cm (abou...
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Artocarpus incisa (tree)
fruit of either of two closely related trees belonging to the family Moraceae. One of these, Artocarpus communis, also called A. incisa or A. altilis, provides a staple food of the South Pacific. The tree grows 12 to 18 metres (40 to 60 feet) high and has large, oval, glossy green leaves, three- to nine-lobed toward the apex. Male and female flowers are borne in separate......
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Artois (historical region, France)
historic and cultural region encompassing most of the northern French département of Pas-de-Calais and coextensive with the former province of Artois....
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Artois, Charles-Philippe, comte d’ (king of France)
king of France from 1824 to 1830. His reign dramatized the failure of the Bourbons, after their restoration, to reconcile the tradition of the monarchy by divine right with the democratic spirit produced in the wake of the Revolution....
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Artois, Union of (European history)
...of movements toward “closer unions,” which within the whole of the United Netherlands were to bring about greater community of interests between certain provinces. On Jan. 6, 1579, the Union of Arras (Artois) was formed in the south among Artois, Hainaut, and the town of Douay, based on the Pacification of Ghent but retaining the Roman Catholic religion, loyalty to the king, and.....
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Art’om (Russia)
city, Primorsky kray (region), far eastern Russia. It lies about 22 miles (35 km) northeast of Vladivostok. Founded in 1924, Artyom became a city in 1938 and is a centre of lignite (brown coal) production. Factories produce building materials, porcelain, and pianos. The city was named in memory of the Soviet statesman and revolutionary F.A. Sergeyev (al...
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Artôt, Désirée (Belgian singer)
Belgian mezzo-soprano, member of a famous family of musicians. Acclaimed in France as an opera singer, she suddenly married (1869) the Spanish baritone Mariano Padilla y Ramos (1842–1906) while briefly engaged to Tchaikovsky. Her daughter Lola Artôt de Padilla (1885–1933), a soprano whom she trained, became a prima donna with the Royal Opera, Berlin (1909–27)....
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Artôt, Marguerite-Joséphine-Désirée Montagney (Belgian singer)
Belgian mezzo-soprano, member of a famous family of musicians. Acclaimed in France as an opera singer, she suddenly married (1869) the Spanish baritone Mariano Padilla y Ramos (1842–1906) while briefly engaged to Tchaikovsky. Her daughter Lola Artôt de Padilla (1885–1933), a soprano whom she trained, became a prima donna with the Royal Opera, Berlin (1909–27)....
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arts
modes of expression that use skill or imagination in the creation of aesthetic objects, environments, or experiences that can be shared with others....
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Arts & Design, Museum of (museum, New York City, New York, United States)
museum in New York, N.Y., dedicated to the collection and exhibition of contemporary works and objects made from clay, glass, wood, metal, and fibre. It emphasizes craft, art, and design but is also concerned with the broader subjects of architecture, fashion, interior design, industrial design, performing arts, and technology....
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arts, African
the visual, performing, and literary arts of native Africa, particularly those of sub-Saharan Africa....
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Arts and Crafts movement (aesthetics)
English aesthetic movement of the second half of the 19th century that represented the beginning of a new appreciation of the decorative arts throughout Europe....
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Arts and Pageant of the Masters, Festival of (festival, California, United States)
...Laguna Beach in 1904. The city, picturesquely situated among stunning cliffs, coves, and canyons, developed as a coastal resort and art colony, and it now draws millions of visitors annually. The Festival of Arts and Pageant of the Masters is held at Irvine Bowl, a natural amphitheatre just east of the city; held nightly in July and August, the pageant re-creates contemporary and classical......
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Arts Bridge (bridge, Paris, France)
The Arts Bridge leads from the Institute of France across the Seine to the Louvre. One of the most charming of all the Parisian bridges, it was the first (1803) to be made of iron, and it has always been reserved for pedestrians; it provides an intimate view of riverside Paris and of the Seine itself....
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arts, Central Asian
the literary, performing, and visual arts of a large portion of Asia embracing the Turkic republics (Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan), Tajikistan, Azerbaijan, Afghanistan, Mongolia, Tibet, Nepal, Sikkim, Bhutan, and parts of Russia and China. As used here, the term denotes only those traditions that were not influenced by the religion of Islām....
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Arts Centre (institution, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia)
...in Melbourne, houses an extensive international collection in the older of its two buildings; the newer building, the Ian Potter Centre (2001), is dedicated to Australian art. The creation of the Arts Centre (1984), on land near the centre of the city of Melbourne, was an important cultural development for the state. The multifunctional institution includes art galleries, courtyards for......
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Arts Council of Great Britain (British organization)
The independent Arts Council, formed in 1946, supports many kinds of contemporary creative and performing arts. The state-owned British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) and privately owned Channel Four Television are also major patrons of the arts, especially music and film. The work of filmmakers and actors throughout the United Kingdom is supported by the Film Council, a government board that......
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arts, East Asian
music and visual and performing arts of China, Korea, and Japan. The literatures of these countries are covered in the articles Chinese literature, Korean literature, and Japanese literature....
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Arts in Society (American periodical)
...edited by the united chapters of Phi Beta Kappa; Foreign Affairs (founded 1922), a quarterly dealing with the international aspects of America’s political and economic problems; and Arts in Society (founded 1958), a forum for the discussion of the role of art, which also publishes poetry and reviews. Of general political journals, the oldest still in publication in the 1990...
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arts, Islamic
the literary, performing, and visual arts of the vast populations of the Middle East and elsewhere that adopted the Islamic faith from the 7th century onward. These adherents of the faith have created such an immense variety of literatures, performing arts, visual arts, and music that it virtually defies any comprehensive definition. In the narrowest sense, the arts of the Islamic peoples might be...
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arts, Native American (visual arts)
the visual art of the aboriginal inhabitants of the Americas, often called American Indians. For a further discussion of the visual art of the Americas produced in the period after European contact, see Latin American art. ...
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arts, Oceanic
the literary, performing, and visual arts of the Pacific Islands, including Australia, New Zealand, and Easter Island, and the general culture areas of Polynesia, Melanesia, and Micronesia. Many of the island clusters within these culture areas are separated by vast stretches of ocean, and the resultant isolation, together with the wide range of environmental conditions present, has led to the dev...
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Arts of Decoration, Museum for the (museum, New York City, New York, United States)
...agencies for social welfare were founded at Cooper Union, and a number of U.S. presidents have spoken in its historic Great Hall. The Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum (formerly, until 1976, the Museum for the Arts of Decoration), opened in 1897, provides important resources for designers in the decorative arts; it is administered by the Smithsonian Institution. Cooper Union’s librar...
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Arts, Place des (cultural centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada)
The Place des Arts is a complex of concert and theatre halls in downtown Montreal. Adjacent to it is the Museum of Contemporary Art, which was founded in 1964 and moved to its present location in 1992. Also nearby is the Complexe Desjardins, an exciting example of modern architecture; the complex, with its multilevel terraces, balconies, mezzanines, and sunken plaza, comprises three office......
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arts, South Asian
the literary, performing, and visual arts of India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka....
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arts, Southeast Asian
the literary, performing, and visual arts of Southeast Asia. Although the cultural development of the area was once dominated by Indian influence, a number of cohesive traits predate the Indian influence. Wet-rice (or padi) agriculture, metallurgy, navigation, ancestor cults, and worship associated with mountains were both indigenous and widespread, and certain art forms not...
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arts, the
modes of expression that use skill or imagination in the creation of aesthetic objects, environments, or experiences that can be shared with others....
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arts, Western
the literary, performing, and visual arts of Europe and regions that share a European cultural tradition, including the United States and Canada....
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Artsakh (region, Azerbaijan)
region of southwestern Azerbaijan. The name is also used to refer to an autonomous oblast (province) of the former Azerbaijan S.S.R. and to the Republic of Nagorno-Karabakh, a self-declared country whose independence is not internationally recognized. The old autonomous region occupied an area of about 1,700 square miles (4,400 square km), w...
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Artsau, Mrs. Ogniblat L’ (Australian writer)
Australian author of historical fiction who wrote from feminist and nationalist perspectives....
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ArtServe (virtual museum)
Several institutions collect representations of widely dispersed objects that may or may not be found in museums. One of the pioneers in this field is ArtServe, a collection of thousands of images, particularly of classical art and architecture, made available by the Australian National University for teachers and students of art history. Virtual museums in this sense offer the student many......
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Artsybashev, Mikhail Petrovich (Russian author)
Russian prose writer whose works were noted for their extreme pessimism, violence, and eroticism....
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Artuq ibn Ekseb (Artuqid ruler)
Artuq ibn Ekseb, founder of the dynasty, was rewarded for his services to the Seljuq sultan with the grant of Palestine in 1086. Forced out of Palestine by the Fāṭimids of Egypt, Artuq’s descendant Muʿīn ad-Dīn Sökmen returned to Diyarbakır, where he took Ḥiṣn Kayfā (1102), Mardin, and several other northern districts. Hi...
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Artuqid dynasty (Turkmen dynasty)
Turkmen dynasty that ruled the province of Diyarbakır in northern Iraq (now in southeastern Turkey) through two branches: at Ḥiṣn Kayfā and Āmid (1098–1232) and at Mardin and Mayyāfāriqīn (1104–1408)....
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“Arturo Ui” (play by Brecht)
...The Life of Galileo); Der gute Mensch von Sezuan (1943; The Good Woman of Setzuan), a parable play set in prewar China; Der Aufhaltsame Aufstieg des Arturo Ui (1957; The Resistible Rise of Arturo Ui), a parable play of Hitler’s rise to power set in prewar Chicago; Herr Puntila und sein Knecht Matti (1948; Herr Puntila and His Man Matti), a...
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Arturo’s Island (novel by Morante)
...of Liars), recounts the complex history of a southern Italian family through the memory and imagination of a young woman. Morante’s next novel, L’isola di Arturo (1957; Arturo’s Island), examines a boy’s growth from childhood dreams to the painful disillusions of adulthood. This novel, for which she won the Strega Prize, is nota...
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Artusi, Giovanni Maria (Italian music theorist)
...the use of intense and prolonged dissonance, that provoked attacks by the conservatives on Monteverdi, who became a figurehead of the avant-garde group. The attacks by a Bolognese theorist, Giovanni Maria Artusi, in a series of pamphlets, made Monteverdi the most famous composer of the age and provoked him to reply with an important aesthetic statement of his view on the nature of his......
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Artvin (Turkey)
city, northeastern Turkey, on the Çoruh River near the Georgian border. A local market for agricultural and animal products, it is linked by road with its port of Hopa to the northwest, which is on the Black Sea, and with Erzurum to the south. The population includes many Georgians, Kurds, and Lazes. Together with the neighbouring region of Kars, Artvin was ceded to Russia at the conclusion...
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Artykuly Henrykowskie (Polish history)
(1573) statement of the rights and privileges of the Polish gentry (szlachta) that all elected kings of Poland, beginning with Henry of Valois (elected May 11, 1573), were obliged to confirm and that severely limited the authority of the Polish monarchy. After King Sigismund II Augustus died (July 1572), Henry of Valois, duc d’Anjou and the future Henry II...
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Artyom (Russia)
city, Primorsky kray (region), far eastern Russia. It lies about 22 miles (35 km) northeast of Vladivostok. Founded in 1924, Artyom became a city in 1938 and is a centre of lignite (brown coal) production. Factories produce building materials, porcelain, and pianos. The city was named in memory of the Soviet statesman and revolutionary F.A. Sergeyev (al...
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Artyomovsk (Ukraine)
city, eastern Ukraine, on the Bakhmut River. The town originated in the 17th century as a fort protecting the Russian frontiers against the Crimean Tatars. Peter I (the Great) established a salt industry there in 1701, but seven years later the fort was destroyed in the Bulavin revolt. It officially became a town in 1783. Salt operations were revived in the 19...
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Artzivian, Abraham (Armenian patriarch)
The church came into being in 1740, when the Armenian bishop of Aleppo, Abraham Artzivian, already a Catholic, was elected patriarch of Sis (now Kozan, Turkey), in Cilicia. In 1911 the Armenian Catholic Church was divided into 19 dioceses; but, during the persecution of the Armenians in Turkey (1915–18), several dioceses were abolished, and the faithful left for other countries. In 1928......
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Aru Islands (islands, Indonesia)
easternmost island group of the Moluccas, eastern Indonesia, in the Arafura Sea. Administratively they form part of Maluku province. The group extends north-south about 110 miles (180 km) and some 50 miles (80 km) east-west and consists largely of six main islands (Warilau, Kola, Wokam, Kobroor, Maikoor, and Trangan) separated by five narrow...
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Aru, Kepulauan (islands, Indonesia)
easternmost island group of the Moluccas, eastern Indonesia, in the Arafura Sea. Administratively they form part of Maluku province. The group extends north-south about 110 miles (180 km) and some 50 miles (80 km) east-west and consists largely of six main islands (Warilau, Kola, Wokam, Kobroor, Maikoor, and Trangan) separated by five narrow...
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“Aru onna” (work by Arishima)
Arishima received wider recognition with Aru onna. Yōko, the novel’s heroine, is totally unlike any previous heroine of modern Japanese fiction—strong-willed, decisive in her actions though capricious, and full of intense vitality. For the book’s earliest readers, her independence represented a rejection of women’s traditional place in Ja...
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Aru Trough (trench, Pacific Ocean)
...to have been a low-relief land surface that had an arid climate before it became inundated by the postglacial rise of the sea. The Aru Islands in the north, formed by localized uplift, border the Aru Trough, a curving trench that reaches a maximum depth of 12,000 feet (3,660 metres). The trough is part of a chain of depressions that underlies the Ceram, Arafura, and Timor seas, extending west.....
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Aruângua, Rio (river, East Africa)
river rising on the Malawi–Zambia border, southern Africa. From its source near Isoka, Zambia, it flows 500 miles (800 km) south-southwest, skirting the Muchinga Mountains to join the Zambezi River between Luangwa (formerly Feira), Zambia, and Zumbo, Mozambique. The river valley is the site of several game parks. Along its lower course the Luangwa forms part of the Zambia–Mozambique ...
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Aruba (island, Caribbean Sea)
island lying southwest of the Lesser Antilles in the Caribbean Sea, some 50 miles (80 km) northwest of Curaçao and 18 miles (29 km) north of the Venezuelan peninsula of Paraguaná. Aruba was formerly a part of the Netherlands Antilles. In 1986 it became a separate self-governing part of the ...
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Aruba, flag of (Netherlands territorial flag)
...
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Aruba Gap (ridge, Caribbean Sea)
...The Beata Ridge trends south-southwest from Beata Cape on the island of Hispaniola and divides this part of the sea into two distinct areas, the Colombian and the Venezuelan abyssal plains. The Aruba Gap, a narrow connection between these two basins, truncates the Beata Ridge before it reaches the continental slope of South America....
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Aruban (nationality)
...The Beata Ridge trends south-southwest from Beata Cape on the island of Hispaniola and divides this part of the sea into two distinct areas, the Colombian and the Venezuelan abyssal plains. The Aruba Gap, a narrow connection between these two basins, truncates the Beata Ridge before it reaches the continental slope of South America.......
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arugula (herb)
(species Eruca vesicaria sativa), Mediterranean annual herb, of the mustard family (Brassicaceae), naturalized in parts of North America. Arugula grows to about 70 cm (2.5 feet) tall. Four-petaled, white, purple-veined flowers top its flower stalks. Thick, flat-beaked pods hug the stalk below, interspersed with stalkless, sharp-lobed leaves. The larger basal leaves have...
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ʿAruj (Barbary pirate)
...was one of four sons of a Turk from the island of Lesbos. Hatred of the Spanish and Portuguese who attacked North Africa between 1505 and 1511 encouraged Khiḍr and his brother ʿArūj to intensify their piracy. They hoped, with the aid of Turks and Muslim emigrants from Spain, to wrest an African domain for themselves and had begun to succeed in this design when......
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ʿArukh (work by Nathan ben Yehiel)
...last-named book was popular until modern times and was translated into many languages. Nathan ben Yehiel completed in 1101 at Rome a dictionary of Talmudic Aramaic and Hebrew, the ʿArukh, which is still used....
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ʿArukh ha-shalem (work by Kohut)
...In 1886, with Rabbi Sabato Morais, he helped found the Jewish Theological Seminary of America in New York City and taught Talmudic studies there until his death. In 1892 the last volume of his ʿArukh ha-shalem was published (the first volume had appeared in 1878), and the work brought him honours from learned Jewish bodies throughout the world....
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Arukku (Persian prince)
...of Babylon (651), who was in revolt against Assyria, Cyrus was forced to accept Assyrian overlordship about 639, after the conquest of Elam by Ashurbanipal; and he sent his eldest son, Arukku, with tribute to Nineveh. ...
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Arum (plant genus)
genus of low-growing tuberous perennial plants in the family Araceae (order Arales). Of the 15 species generally recognized, a few are grown for their showy spathe, a funnel-shaped bract surrounding the rodlike spadix (on which the tiny flowers are borne), and for their glossy, arrow-shaped leaves. The bitter, burning taste of these plant’s sap may have led to the genus name Arum, f...
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Arum, Bob (American boxing promoter)
genus of low-growing tuberous perennial plants in the family Araceae (order Arales). Of the 15 species generally recognized, a few are grown for their showy spathe, a funnel-shaped bract surrounding the rodlike spadix (on which the tiny flowers are borne), and for their glossy, arrow-shaped leaves. The bitter, burning taste of these plant’s sap may have led to the genus name Arum, f...
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arum lily (plant)
either of two distinct kinds of plants of the arum family (Araceae). The genus Calla contains one species of aquatic wild plant, C. palustris, which is known as the arum lily, water arum, or wild calla. As a common name calla is also generally given to several species of Zantedeschia, which are often called calla lilies....
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Arum maculatum (plant)
(Arum maculatum), a tuberous herb of the arum family, order Arales, native to southern Europe and northern Africa. Like many other aroids, cuckoopint contains a bitter, sometimes poisonous sap; the red berries are particularly toxic. In England, where it is common in woods and hedgerows, it is also known as wake-robin....
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“Arum vokzal” (novella by Bergelson)
...introduced a powerful, innovative, impressionistic style into Yiddish narrative. Arum vokzal (1909; “At the Depot,” translated into English in A Shtetl and Other Yiddish Novellas [1986]), his first novella, already exemplifies the new modernism—involving multiple perspectives and internal monologues in free, indirect style.....
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Arun (district, England, United Kingdom)
district, administrative county of West Sussex, historic county of Sussex, England. It is named for the River Arun, which rises near the northern boundary of the county and flows south across it. The district includes the ancient borough of Arundel, with the nearby Arundel Castle, built soon after the Norman Conquest (1066) and now held in trust as a residence...
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Arun (gas field, Indonesia)
The largest gas field in Asia is Arun, which was discovered in 1971 in the North Sumatra basin of Indonesia. The gas reservoir is a reef limestone of middle Miocene age (from about 11,000,000 to 16,000,000 years old). Original reserves have been estimated at about 383,000,000,000 cubic metres. The gas is liquefied for export....
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Arunachal Pradesh (state, India)
state of India. A mountainous area in the extreme northeastern part of the country, it is bordered by the kingdom of Bhutan to the west, the Tibet Autonomous Region of China to the north, Myanmar (Burma) and the Indian state of Nagaland to the south and southeast, and the Indian state ...
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Arunci (Spain)
city, Sevilla provincia (province), in the Andalusia comunidad autónoma (autonomous community), southwestern Spain, lying in the valley of the Guadalquivir River near the northwestern foothills of the Baetic Cordillera. It was founded by...
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Aruncus dioicus (Aruncus dioicus)
(species Aruncus dioicus or A. sylvester), herbaceous perennial plant, of the rose family (Rosaceae), native to the North Temperate Zone. It occurs most commonly in rich woods, especially in mountainous regions. The plant grows 1.2 to 1.8 m (4 to 6 feet) tall and has pinnately compound (i.e., feather-formed) leaves up to 50 cm (20 inches) long. Eight to 10 small, stalkless, w...
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Aruncus sylvester (Aruncus dioicus)
(species Aruncus dioicus or A. sylvester), herbaceous perennial plant, of the rose family (Rosaceae), native to the North Temperate Zone. It occurs most commonly in rich woods, especially in mountainous regions. The plant grows 1.2 to 1.8 m (4 to 6 feet) tall and has pinnately compound (i.e., feather-formed) leaves up to 50 cm (20 inches) long. Eight to 10 small, stalkless, w...
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Arundel (England, United Kingdom)
town (“parish”), Arun district, administrative county of West Sussex, historic county of Sussex, England. The town lies in the valley of the River Arun where it cuts through the South Downs. The town occupies the hill slope between the river and Arundel Castle, which was built soon after the Norman Conquest (1066) to guard the ...
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Arundel (Maine, United States)
town, York county, southwestern Maine, U.S. It is situated at the mouth of the Kennebunk River, on the Atlantic coast. It is adjacent to Kennebunk and lies 29 miles (47 km) southwest of Portland. The original settlement (1629) by Richard Vines was brought under the control of Massachusetts and incorporated as Cape Porpus in 1653. Reincorporated as Arundel in 1717, it was renamed...
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Arundel, Cape (peninsula, Maine, United States)
...it was set off and incorporated in 1820. Both Kennebunk and Kennebunkport were busy shipping and shipbuilding centres in the 18th century and are now popular summer resorts. The rocky shores of Cape Arundel are known to artists and photographers. Kennebunkport also has a noted literary and art colony. The Seashore Trolley Museum displays more than 200 antique streetcars. President George......
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Arundel Castle (castle, Arundel, England, United Kingdom)
...county of West Sussex, historic county of Sussex, England. The town lies in the valley of the River Arun where it cuts through the South Downs. The town occupies the hill slope between the river and Arundel Castle, which was built soon after the Norman Conquest (1066) to guard the route through the Arun valley and along the coast....
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Arundel, Henry Fitzalan, 12th earl of (English noble)
prominent English lord during the reign of the Tudors, implicated in Roman Catholic conspiracies against Elizabeth I....
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Arundel Manuscript (work by Leonardo da Vinci)
...16th century; after a roundabout journey, its companion volume fell into the possession of the English crown in the 17th century and was placed in the Royal Library in Windsor Castle. Finally, the Arundel Manuscript in the British Museum in London contains a number of Leonardo’s fascicles on various themes....
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Arundel, Philip Howard, 1st or 13th earl of, earl of Surrey (English noble)
first earl of Arundel of the Howard line, found guilty of Roman Catholic conspiracies against Elizabeth I of England....
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Arundel, Richard Fitzalan, 4th earl of, 10th earl of Surrey (English noble)
one of the chief opponents of Richard II....
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Arundel, Thomas (archbishop of Canterbury)
English statesman and archbishop of Canterbury who aided the opponents of King Richard II; during the reign of King Henry IV, Arundel vigorously suppressed the Lollards. His father was Richard Fitzalan, 3rd earl of Arundel, and his mother was a member of the powerful House of Lancaster. He became bishop of Ely in 1374, and during the early years of the reign of Richard II he sid...
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Arundel, Thomas Fitzalan, 5th earl of, 11th earl of Surrey (English noble)
only surviving son of Richard Fitzalan, the 4th earl, and a champion of Henry IV and Henry V of England....
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Arundel, Thomas Howard, 2nd or 14th earl of, earl of Surrey, earl of Norfolk (English noble)
English noble prominent during the reigns of James I and Charles I and noted for his art collections of marbles and manuscripts....
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Arundinaria (plant genus)
genus of grasses (Poaceae) native to Asia and America, characterized by woody, cylindrical stems, persistent leaf sheaths with stiff, rough bristles, and flower spikelets. There are about 300 species of these bamboos and canes....
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Arundinaria gigantea (plant)
Arundinaria gigantea—which is known as giant cane, southern cane, or canebrake bamboo—was once widely utilized as a forage plant in the southeastern United States, from eastern Texas and Oklahoma to the Atlantic coast and north to the Ohio River valley. It produces green leaves and stems throughout the year and is valued for winter forage along the coast of the Gulf of......
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Arundinoideae (plant subfamily)
Arundinoideae is not nearly as sharply defined as the preceding subfamilies. The 600 species of this heterogeneous group of primitive grasses grow mostly in the tropics and Southern Hemisphere. Phragmites australis belongs in this subfamily. The final two small subfamilies are Centothecoideae (11 genera) and Stipoideae (22 genera)....
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Arundo donax (plant)
(Arundo donax), tall perennial grass of the family Poaceae, native to Europe and introduced into southeastern North America as an ornamental. Giant reed is 1.8 to 7 m (about 6 to 23 feet) tall and grows in dense clumps. The flat leaves, often 60 cm (2 feet) long and about 7.5 cm (3 inches) wide, are used to make mats....
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Arung Palakka (Indonesian leader)
...and brought nearly all of Celebes under its control. Its chief rivals were the state of Bone and the Dutch (who had entered the region in 1609). The Dutch conspired with the Buginese of Bone (led by Arung Palakka) and succeeded in overthrowing Gowa. Arung Palakka emerged in 1668–69 as the most powerful ruler in the island; internecine warfare, however, paved the way for the gradual......
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Arung Singkang (Indonesian rebel)
Buginese aristocrat who unified his southern Celebes people and created a state that held out against the Dutch for more than a century....
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