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Imelda Marcos

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Imelda redirects here; for other uses see Imelda (disambiguation)

Imelda R. Marcos
Imelda Marcos
In office
December 30, 1965 – February 25, 1986
Preceded by Eva Macapagal
Succeeded by Amelita Ramos
Member of Parliament
for Region IV-A
In office
June 12, 1978 – June 5, 1984
Governor of Manila
In office
1976 – February 25, 1986
In office
1978 – 1986
In office
1978 – 1986
Member of the Philippine House of Representatives for Leyte's 1st District
In office
1995 – 1998
Born July 2, 1929 (1929-07-02) (age 79)
Flag of the Philippines Manila, Philippines
Nationality Filipino
Political party Kilusang Bagong Lipunan
Spouse Ferdinand Marcos
Children Imee Marcos,
Ferdinand Marcos, Jr.,
Irene Marcos,
Aimee Marcos (adopted)
Residence Manila
Alma mater St. Paul's College
Occupation beauty queen, fashion icon
Profession supermodel
Religion Roman Catholic

Imelda Remedios Visitacion Romualdez-Marcos (born Imelda Remedios Visitacion Trinidad Romualdez on July 2, 1929 in Manila) is the widow of former dictator Ferdinand Marcos, and is herself an influential political figure in the Philippines. She is known as the "Steel Butterfly"[1] due to her role as a controversial figure not only in her home country but also around the world.[2] In 1996, the Australian Magazine ranked her 58th among "The 100 Most Powerful Women in the World". Newsweek, meanwhile, listed her as one of the "Greediest People of All Time".[3] Her extensive shoe, gown, and jewelry collections have allowed her to gain notoriety.[4] [5]

Contents

[edit] Early life

Imelda Remedios Visitación Romuáldez-Marcos was born on July 2, 1929 in San Juan de Dios Hospital in Manila. Her parents were Vicente Orestes López Romuáldez (of Spanish-Filipino blood) and Remedios Trinidad (1902-1938) , the second wife of the widowed Vicente. She is of Visayan and Tagalog descent. Her paternal ancestors, the wealthy and prominent Lópezes of Leyte (The eldest daughter of Friar Francisco López, the López patriarch, Doña Trinidad López Romuáldez is Imelda's paternal grandmother), claimed to have founded the town of Tolosa, Leyte [6]. Her own branch of the family was not political. Her father was a scholarly man more interested in music and culture than in public life. Her mother, Remedios Trinidad, a dressmaker who grew up in an orphanage in Manila, said to have been an illegitimate offspring of a friar,[7] was from the town of Baliuag, Bulacan. Imelda spent her childhood in the shadow of the Malacañang Palace in San Miguel District in Manila, since her family then lived near San Miguel Church. After Imelda's mother Remedios died, and their home foreclosed, her father, Vicente, moved his family back to Leyte to live with relatives,[7] where Imelda earned a bachelor's degree in education at St. Paul's College."[8] She also became a beauty queen. At the age of 18, she was crowned the "Rose of Tacloban," became "Miss Leyte", went to Manila in 1953. Her photogenic face soon graced many of Manila's magazine covers and she was named the "Muse of Manila" by then Manila Mayor, Arsenio Lacson, a special title given her after she protested her loss in the Miss Manila pageant. In 1954, Imelda met then-Ilocos Norte Congressman Ferdinand E. Marcos. After a whirlwind courtship in Baguio during Holy Week, they were married in May of that year at the Manila Pro-Cathedral Church with President Ramon Magsaysay as principal sponsor.[8] They have four children: Maria Imelda "Imee" Marcos, Ferdinand "Bongbong" Marcos, Jr., Irene Marcos, and Aimee Marcos, who was adopted. In 1966, Ferdinand Marcos became the 10th President of the Philippines. Together with Imelda, he would rule the Philippines as a dictator from September 21, 1972 up to until he was ousted in February 1986 in the famous People Power Revolution when he fled the Philippines.

[edit] Shoes

Imelda is probably well known around the world by the general public mostly due to her massive shoe collection, which contained over 1000 pairs of shoes.[9] [10]

[edit] First Lady

In December 1965, Ferdinand E. Marcos was proclaimed as the 10th Philippine President of the Philippines. Imelda Marcos was "snubbed" by The Beatles, who were in the country on tour, when they did not accept an invitation to join the First Lady for breakfast. After the 'snub' was broadcast on Philippine television and radio, all of The Beatles' police protection disappeared. Brian Epstein was forced to give back all the money that the band had earned while they were in the Philippines before being allowed back on the plane. Paul McCartney, speaking in the Anthology series, said that after he'd heard about what she had allegedly been doing, he took some belated pride in snubbing her. In 1969, Ferdinand Marcos became the first President of the Philippine Republic to be re-elected a second and last 4-year term admidst charges of vote buying and election fraud. In September 23, 1972, he declared martial law to preserve his hold on power. It was during the martial law period that President Marcos abolished the Philippines' 1935 constitution and established a parliamentary system (Batasang Pambansa or National Assembly) composed mainly of his own political appointees. It was also during this period that Imelda Marcos assumed a more public and powerful role in the government. Imelda was appointed by her husband to various positions in the government, such as: Governor of Metropolitan Manila, Minister of Human Settlement, and Ambassador Plenipotentiary and Extraordinary. On December 7, 1972, an assailant tried to stab her to death with a knife during an award ceremony broadcast live on television. Although the assassination attempt appears to have been staged, the government claimed that the assailant was shot to death by security police and that the wounds on Imelda Marcos' hands and arms required 75 stitches.[11] In 1978, she was 'elected' as member of the 165-member Interim Batasang Pambansa (National Assembly) representing the National Capital Region. As a Special Envoy, Imelda Marcos toured China, the Soviet Union, and the Soviet satellite states in Eastern Europe (Romania, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, etc.), the Middle East, Libya, the non-Soviet dominated communist state of Yugoslavia, and Cuba. To justify the multi-million expenditure of traveling with a large diplomatic entourage using private jets, she would later claim diplomatic successes that included securing of a cheap supply of oil from China and Libya, and in the signing of the Tripoli Agreement. Imelda Marcos' extravagant lifestyle reportedly included five-million-dollar shopping tours in New York, Rome and Copenhagen in 1983, and sending a plane to pick up Australian white sand for a new beach resort. She purchased a number of properties in Manhattan in the 1980s, including the $51-million Crown Building and the $60-million Herald Centre; she declined to purchase the Empire State Building for $750m as she considered it "too ostentatious". Her New York real estate was later seized and sold, along with much of her jewels and most of her 175 piece art collection, which included works by Michelangelo, Botticelli, and Canaletto. She responded to criticisms of her extravagance by claiming that it was her "duty" to be "some kind of light, a star to give [the poor] guidelines."[12]

The Marcoses with U.S. President Ronald Reagan.

Imelda Marcos orchestrated lavish public events using millions of dollars in public funds to extol her husband's regime and bolster her public image. Imelda secured the Miss Universe 1974 pageant for Manila which necessitated the construction and completion of the 10,000-seat Folk Arts Theater in less than three months. Imelda also organized the Kasaysayan ng Lahi, an extravagant festival parade showcasing the history of the Philippines. [13] [14] She also initiated social programs such as the Green Revolution a program that, although did not address hunger and the core problem of agricultural land reform (most Filipino farmers were tenant farmers and did not own their land), encouraged Filipinos to plant vegetables and fruits in their gardens. Other short-lived social programs included a national family-planning program to reduce the country's population growth. [15] Imelda was also criticized for spending hundreds of millions of dollars on high-profile infrastructure projects that did little to alleviate poverty and were beyond the reach of ordinary Filipinos. These included the Cultural Center of the Philippines, Philippine Heart Center, Lung Center of the Philippines, Kidney Institute of the Philippines, Nayong Pilipino; Philippine International Convention Center, Folk Arts Theater, Coconut Palace, and the infamous Manila Film Center, a costly and imposing edifice built in 1982 to host Imelda's short-lived international film festival. By 1985, it was estimated that the Philippine government had acquired more than $28 billion in foreign loans, much of it during President Marcos' 20-year rule.

[edit] Exile

On February 25, 1986, Ferdinand Marcos and his family fled to Hawaii (via Guam) after his regime was toppled by the four-day People Power Revolution in EDSA. Marcos was succeeded by Corazon C. Aquino, widow of Benigno Aquino, Jr., Marcos' foremost political rival who was assassinated at the Manila International Airport during his return to the Philippines in 1983 after years of political exile. It was widely assumed that Ferdinand and Imelda Marcos were involved in the assassination which ignited the People Power Revolution of 1986. Upon assuming office, President Aquino issued Executive Order No. 1, creating the Presidential Commission on Good Government to investigate and sequester the ill-gotten wealth of the Marcoses. President Aquino abolished the Batasang Pambansa (Philippine Parliament) and the Ministry of Human Settlements, Imelda's former ministry, both creations of Marcos, and established in 1987 a modified version of the Philippines' original 1935 constituion abolished in 1972 by Marcos.

After the Marcos family fled Malacañang Palace, Imelda was found to have left behind 15 mink coats, 508 gowns, 888 handbags[16] and 1060 pairs of shoes.[17] In February 2006,(this has subsequently been overtaken by Emma Hall of Warwickshire) Imelda insisted that Ferdinand Marcos acquired his wealth legitimately as a gold trader. By the late 1950s, she claimed, he had amassed a personal fortune of 7,500 tons of gold, and after gold prices climbed in the 1970s, the Marcos family was worth $35 billion, and as of 2008 would give them a net worth of over $215 billion[18] However, the Bureau of Internal Revenue has no record of the Marcos family declaring or paying taxes on these assets, and the source of their wealth remains open to investigation especially in light of Ferdinand Marcos' annual average official salary of $13,000 spanning two decades could by no stretch of the imagination have grown to such a vast multi-billion dollar fortune.[12]

Ousted President Marcos died in exile on September 28, 1989. President Aquino refused to permit the repatriation of his remains for national security reasons.[19] The Supreme Court upheld the decision of the government in Marcos vs. Manglapus.[20] However, in 1991, Imelda Marcos was finally allowed to return home. Marcos was the first wife of a foreign head of state to stand trial in an American court. In 1990 she was acquitted of racketeering and fraud charges, alongside co-defendant Adnan Khashoggi, a Saudi Arabian former billionaire and arms dealer. The "theatrical" trial involved many celebrities: Marcos and Khashoggi were represented by trial lawyer Gerry Spence; Marcos' $5 million dollar bail was posted by tobacco heiress Doris Duke; and actor George Hamilton was a star witness for the defense.[21]

[edit] Return

In 1992, Mrs. Marcos ran and finished fifth in the seven-way presidential race. Her votes were split between her, with 2,338,294 votes, and Ambassador Eduardo Cojuangco, Jr., a Marcos crony, with 4,116,376 votes. Fidel Ramos, Aquino’s anointed candidate, received 5.3 million and won the election.[22]In 1995, she was elected Congresswoman of Leyte, representing the first district of her home province.

In 1998, she made another bid for the presidency but later backed out of the race to support the candidacy of then Vice President Joseph Ejercito Estrada. Imelda Marcos finished 9th among 11 candidates vying for the Philippine government's top post. During the administration of her friend and ally, President Joseph Estrada, many of the cases filed by the Aquino government were dismissed by Ombudsman Aniano Desierto, owing to technicalities (lapse of the prescriptive period for filing cases). On June 29, 1998, the Sandiganbayan (Philippine anti-corruption court) convicted the Former First Lady of the charge that she had entered into an agreement disadvantageous to the government. On appeal, the Supreme Court reversed the decision and cited Sandiganbayan Justice Francis Gatchitorena for his alleged bias against Mrs. Marcos.[23] Presently, Ferdinand Marcos, Jr. is finishing his first term as Congressman of Ilocos Norte in lieu of her resting sister, Imee.

[edit] Trial

On September 21, 2007, the Sandiganbayan's 5th Division chair Associate Justice Ma. Cristina Cortez-Estrada granted Marcos' motion for daily trial on her 10 pending graft cases (beginning January 21, 2008, as requested by defense lawyers on September 17 alleging the illnesses, inter alia).[24]

On March 10, 2008, Judge Silvino Pampilo (Manila Regional Trial Court Branch 26) acquitted Imelda Marcos, 79, in a 17 years case regarding 32 counts of dollar salting (involving £430m in Swiss bank accounts) due to reasonable doubt. Marcos stated: "First of all, I am so happy and I thank the Lord that the 32 cases have been dismissed by the regional court here in Manila. This will subtract from the 901 cases that were filed against the Marcoses." Her lawyer Robert Sison said that she has 10 pending criminal cases before the Sandiganbayan.[25][26]

[edit] See also

[edit] Further reading

  • Imelda, steel butterfly of the Philippines. Katherine Ellison, author. McGrawHill, New York, 1988. ISBN 0-07-019335-5
  • Imelda Romualdez Marcos. Kerima Polotan.
  • Cronies and Enemies: the Current Philippine Scene. Belinda Aquino, editor. University of Hawaii. 1982.
  • Waltzing with a Dictator: the Marcoses and the Making of American Policy. Raymond Bonner, author. Times Books, New York, 1987. ISBN 0-8129-1326-4
  • Imelda: a Story of the Philippines. Beatriz Romualdez Francia, author.
  • Presidential Plunder: the Quest for Marcos Ill-Gotten Wealth. Jovito Salonga, author. Regina Pub. Co., Manila, 2001.
  • Inside the Palace: The Rise and Fall of Ferdinand and Imelda Marcos. Beth Day Romulo, author. Putnam Pub. Group, New York, 1987. ISBN 0-399-13253-8
  • The Marcos Dynasty. Sterling Seagrave, author. Harper & Row, New York, 1988. ISBN 0-06-015815-8
  • The Conjugal Dictatorship of Ferdinand Marcos and Imelda Marcos. Primitivo Mijares, author. Union Square Publishing. ISBN 1-141-12147-6
  • Imelda Marcos Quotes[2]

[edit] Notes

  1. ^ Reid, Robert H. (1991-11-03). "A "Roller-Coaster" Life For One Of The World's Most Famous Women". Associated Press. 
  2. ^ Wayne, George (February 2007). "The First Lady Treatment". Vanity Fair. http://www.vanityfair.com/fame/features/2007/02/wayne_imelda200702. Retrieved on 2008-02-20. 
  3. ^ http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Imelda_Marcos&action=edit
  4. ^ "Homage to Imelda's shoes". BBC News. 16 February 2001. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/1173911.stm. Retrieved on 2006-12-30. 
  5. ^ "The Shoes of Imelda Marcos". Time. 31 March 1986. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,961002,00.html. Retrieved on 2008-08-27. 
  6. ^ Kerima Polotan, "Imelda Romualdez Marcos, A Biography of the First Lady of the Philippines", The World Publishing Company, Ohio
  7. ^ a b Katherine Ellison, Imelda, Steel Butterfly of the Philippines, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1988. ISBN 0-07-019335-5
  8. ^ a b Carmen Navarytro Pedrosa. The Untold Story of Imelda Marcos, Manila: Bookmark, 1969, p. 3-4.
  9. ^ "Homage to Imelda's shoes". BBC News. 16 February 2001. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/1173911.stm. Retrieved on 2006-12-30. 
  10. ^ "The Shoes of Imelda Marcos". Time. 31 March 1986. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,961002,00.html. Retrieved on 2008-08-27. 
  11. ^ "Mrs. Marcos / Assassination Attempt". Television News Archive/Vanderbilt University. http://openweb.tvnews.vanderbilt.edu/1972-12/1972-12-07-NBC-2.html. 
  12. ^ a b McNeill, David (25 February 2006). "The weird world of Imelda Marcos". The Independent. http://news.independent.co.uk/world/asia/article347541.ece. Retrieved on 2006-12-30. 
  13. ^ Kasaysayan ng Lahi [documentary video], Manila: National Media Production Board, 1974
  14. ^ Serin, J.R., A.L. Elamil. D.C. Serion, et.al. Ugnayan ng Pamhalaan at Mamamayan. Manila: Bede's Publishing House, Inc., 1979.
  15. ^ Ramona Diaz. Imelda [film]. Ramona Diaz-Independent Television Service, 2003.
  16. ^ "Imeldarabilia: A Final Count". Time/CNN. February 23, 1987. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,963620,00.html. Retrieved on 2006-12-30. 
  17. ^ The exact number of shoes varies between accounts; estimates of up to 3000 pairs of shoes have been published, but Time later reported that the final tally was http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,963620,00.html 1,060].
  18. ^ Price of One Troy Ounce (989.54 USD per Troy Ounces multiplied by number of troy ounces in 7,500 short tons[1]
  19. ^ Department of Transportation and Communications Memorandum Circular No. 89-291, dated June 9, 1989. Excerpts: "Resolved, as it its is hereby resolved that, in the interest of national security and tranquility and pursuant to the declared national policy, any aircraft carrying deposed president Ferdinand E. Marcos is prohibited from entering Philippine airspace or, landing or disembarking in Philippine territory. This prohibition shall apply to the remains in the event of his death."
  20. ^ 177 SCRA 668, The Philippine Supreme Court, voting 8-7, prohibited the return of President Marcos and members of his family to the Philippines
  21. ^ "Judge Wapner, Where Are You?". Time/CNN. July 2, 1990. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,970515,00.html. Retrieved on 2007-09-11. 
  22. ^ Commission on Elections. Report of the Commission on Elections to the President and Congress of the Republic of the Philippines. Manila: Commission on Elections, Manila
  23. ^ Imelda Marcos vs. Sandiganbayan, GR. No. 126995 [Supreme Court Resolution], dated October 6, 1998
  24. ^ GMA NEWS.TV@em`tixe`, Sandigan OKs Imelda bid for daily hearings on graft cases
  25. ^ abs-cbnnews.com, Imelda not guilty of dollar salting
  26. ^ ukpress.google.com, Marcos cleared of illegal money move

[edit] External links

Sister project Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Imelda Marcos
Sister project Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Imelda Marcos
v • d • e
First Ladies and Gentlemen of the Philippines
Currently: Jose Miguel Arroyo
Honorary titles
Preceded by
Evangelina Macapagal		 First Lady of the Philippines
1965–1986		 Succeeded by
(vacant); Corazon Aquino was a widow while President.
Amelita Ramos
Political offices
Preceded by
Cirilo Roy C. Montejo		 Representative of the First District of Leyte
1995–1998		 Succeeded by
Alfred S. Romualdez
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imelda_Marcos"
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