(Translated by https://www.hiragana.jp/)
Human Development Report 2007/2008 - Kazakhstan
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2007/2008 Human Development Report

Kazakhstan
HDI Rank - 73
ExcelCountry Factsheet

01. Human development index
Human development index value, 20050.794
Life expectancy at birth, annual estimates (years), 200565.9
Adult literacy rate (% aged 15 and older), 1995-200599.51
Combined gross enrolment ratio for primary, secondary and tertiary education (%), 200593.8
GDP per capita (PPP US$), 20057,857
Life expectancy index0.682
Education index0.973
GDP index0.728
GDP per capita (PPP US$) rank minus HDI rank1
1a. Basic indicators for other UN member states
Life expectancy at birth, annual estimates (years), 2000-0565.9
Adult literacy rate (% aged 15 and older), 1995-200599.5
Combined gross enrolment ratio for primary, secondary and tertiary education (%), 200593.8
GDP per capita (PPP US$), 20057,857
Population, total (thousands), 200415,211
Fertility rate, total (births per woman), 2000-052.0
Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000 live births), 200573
Net primary enrolment rate (%), 200491
HIV prevalence (% aged 15-49), 20050.1 [0.1–3.2]
Population undernourished (% of total population), 2002/046
Population using an improved water source (%), 200486
02. Human development index trends
Human development index (trends), 1975..
Human development index (trends), 1980..
Human development index (trends), 1985..
Human development index (trends), 19900.771
Human development index (trends), 19950.724
Human development index (trends), 20000.738
Human development index (trends), 20050.794
03. Human and income poverty: developing countries
Human poverty index (HPI-1) rank..
Human Poverty Index (HPI-1) value (%)..
Probability at birth of not surviving to age 40 (% of cohort), 2000-0511.1
Adult illiteracy rate (% aged 15 and older), 1995-20051.02
Population not using an improved water source (%), 200414
Children underweight for age (% under age 5), 1996-20054
Population living below $1 a day (%), 1990-2005..
Population living below $2 a day (%), 1990-200516.0
Population living below the national poverty line (%), 1990-200434.62
HPI-1 rank minus income poverty rank..
04. Human and income poverty: OECD countries, Central and Eastern Europe and the CIS
Human poverty index (HPI-2) rank..
Human poverty index (HPI-2) value (%)..
Probability at birth of not surviving to age 60 (% of cohort), 2000-0531.1
Population lacking functional literacy skills (% aged 16-65), 1994-2003..
Long-term unemployment (% of labour force), 2006..
Population living below 50% of median income (%), 2000-2004..2
Population living below $11 a day (1994 PPP US$), 1994-95..
Population living below $4 a day (1990 PPP US$), 2000-0456.72
HPI-2 rank minus income poverty rank..
05. Demographic trends
Population, total (millions), 197514.1
Population, total (millions), 200515.2
Population, total (millions), 201516.3
Population, annual growth rate (%), 1975-20050.2
Population, annual growth rate (%), 2005-150.7
Population, urban (% of total population), 197552.6
Population, urban (% of total population), 200557.3
Population, urban (% of total population), 201560.3
Population under age 15 (% of total population), 200524.2
Population under age 15 (% of total population), 201524.9
Population aged 65 and older (% of total population), 20058.0
Population aged 65 and older (% of total population), 20157.5
Fertility rate, total (births per woman), 1970-753.5
Fertility rate, total (births per woman), 2000-052.0
06. Commitment to health: resources, access and services
Public expenditure on health (% of GDP), 20042.3
Private expenditure on health (% of GDP), 20041.5
Health expenditure per capita (PPP US$), 2004264
One-year-olds fully immunized against tuberculosis (%), 200569
One-year-olds fully immunized against measles (%), 200599
Children with diarrhoea receiving oral rehydration and continued feeding (% under age 5), 1998-200522
Contraceptive prevalence rate (% of married women aged 15-49), 1997-200566
Births attended by skilled health personnel (%), 1997-200599
Physicians (per 100,000 people), 2000-043542
07. Water, sanitation and nutritional status
Population using improved sanitation (%), 199072
Population using improved sanitation (%), 200472
Population using an improved water source (%), 199087
Population using an improved water source (%), 200486
Population undernourished (% of total population), 1990-92..2
Population undernourished (% of total population), 2002-046
Children under weight for age (% under age 5), 1996-20054
Children under height for age (% under age 5), 1996-2005142
Infants with low birthweight (%), 1998-20058
08. Inequalities in maternal and child health
Survey year for inequality data in table 81999
Births attended by skilled health personnel, poorest 20% (%)99
Births attended by skilled health personnel, richest 20% (%)99
One-year-olds fully immunized, poorest 20% (%)69
One-year-olds fully immunized, richest 20% (%)623
Children under height for age, poorest 20% (% children under age 5)15
Children under height for age, richest 20% (% children under age 5)8
Infant mortality rate, poorest 20% (per 1,000 live births)68
Infant mortality rate, richest 20% (per 1,000 live births)42
Under-five mortality rate, poorest 20% (per 1,000 live births)82
Under-five mortality rate, richest 20% (per 1,000 live births)45
09. Leading global health crises and risks
HIV prevalence (% aged 15-49), 20050.1 [0.1–3.2]
Condom use at last high-risk sex, women (% aged 15-24), 1999-200532
Condom use at last high-risk sex, men (% aged 15-24), 1999-200565
Children under age 5 using insecticide-treated bednets (%), 1999-2005..
Children under age 5 with fever treated with antimalarial drugs (%), 1999-2005..
Tuberculosis cases, prevalence (per 100,000 people), 2005155
Tuberculosis cases detected under DOTS (%), 200572
Tuberculosis cases cured under DOTS (%), 200372
Prevalence of smoking, women (% of adults), 2002-0494
Prevalence of smoking, men (% of adults), 2002-04654
10. Survival: progress and setbacks
Life expectancy at birth, quinquennial estimates (years), 1970-7563.1
Life expectancy at birth, quinquennial estimates (years), 2000-0564.9
Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births), 1970..
Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births), 200563
Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000 live births), 1970..
Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000 live births), 200573
Probability at birth of surviving to age 65, female (% of cohort), 2000-0573.7
Probability at birth of surviving to age 65, male (% of cohort), 2000-0545.8
Maternal mortality ratio, reported (per 100,000 live births), 1990-200442
Maternal mortality ratio, adjusted (per 100,000 live births), 20001402
11. Commitment to education: public spending
Public expenditure on education (% of GDP), 19913.9
Public expenditure on education (% of GDP), 2002-052.3
Public expenditure on education (% of total government expenditure), 199119.1
Public expenditure on education (% of total government expenditure), 2002-0512.15
Current public expenditure on education, pre-primary and primary (as % of all levels), 1991..
Current public expenditure on education, pre-primary and primary (as % of all levels), 2002-05..
Current public expenditure on education, secondary (% of all levels), 1991..
Current public expenditure on education, secondary (% of all levels), 2002-05..
Current public expenditure on education, tertiary (% of all levels), 1991..
Current public expenditure on education, tertiary (% of all levels), 2002-05..
12. Literacy and enrolment
Adult literacy rate (% aged 15 and older), 1985-199597.5
Adult literacy rate (% aged 15 and older), 1995-200599.5
Youth literacy rate (% aged 15-24), 1985-199599.7
Youth literacy rate (% aged 15-24), 1995-200599.8
Net primary enrolment rate (%), 1991896
Net primary enrolment rate (%), 200591
Net secondary enrolment rate (%), 1991..
Net secondary enrolment rate (%), 200592
Children reaching grade 5 (% of grade 1 students), 1991..
Children reaching grade 5 (% of grade 1 students), 2004..
Tertiary students in science, engineering, manufacturing and construction (% of tertiary students), 1999-2005..
13. Technology: diffusion and creation
Telephone mainlines (per 1,000 people), 199082
Telephone mainlines (per 1,000 people), 20051677
Cellular subscribers (per 1,000 people), 19900
Cellular subscribers (per 1,000 people), 2005327
Internet users (per 1,000 people), 19900
Internet users (per 1,000 people), 2005277
Patents granted to residents (per million peole), 200583
Receipts of royalties and license fees (US$ per person), 2005(.)
Research and development expenditure (% of GDP), 2000-20050.220085213837614
Researchers in R&D; (per million people), 1990-2005629
14. Economic performance
GDP (current US$ billions), 200557.1
GDP, PPP (current international $ billions), 2005119.0
GDP per capita (US$), 20053,772
GDP per capita, PPP (2005 international $), 20057,857
GDP per capita, annual growth rate (%), 1975-20052.08
GDP per capita, annual growth rate (%), 1990-20052.0
GDP per capita, highest value (2005 PPP US$), 1975-20057,8578
GDP per capita, year of highest value2005
Consumer price index, average annual change in (%), 1990-200529.7
Consumer price index, average annual change in (%), 2004-057.6
15. Inequality in income or expenditure
Survey Year20039
Share of income or consumption, poorest 10% (%)3.0
Share of income or consumption, poorest 20% (%)7.4
Share of income or consumption, richest 20% (%)41.5
Share of income or consumption, richest 10% (%)25.9
Inequality measures, ratio of richest 10% to poorest 10%8.5
Inequality measures, ratio of richest 20% to poorest 20%5.6
Gini index33.9
16. Structure of trade
Imports of goods and services (% of GDP), 19907510
Imports of goods and services (% of GDP), 200545
Exports of goods and services (% of GDP), 19907410
Exports of goods and services (% of GDP), 200554
Primary exports (% of merchandise exports), 1990..
Primary exports (% of merchandise exports), 20058411
Manufactured exports (% of merchandise exports), 1990..
Manufactured exports (% of merchandise exports), 20051611
High-technology exports (% of manufactured exports), 1990..
High-technology exports (% of manufactured exports), 20052.311
Terms of trade (2000=100), 2004-2005..
17. OECD-DAC country expenditures on aid
Official development assistance, net disbursed (US$ millions), 2005..
Official development assistance, net disbursed (% of GNI), 1990..
Official development assistance, net disbursed (% of GNI), 2005..
Official development assistance per capita of donor country (2005 US$), 1990..
Official development assistance per capita of donor country (2005 US$), 2005..
Official development assistance to least developed countries (% of total), 1990..
Official development assistance to least developed countries (% of total), 2005..
Official development assistance to basic social services (% of total allocable by sector), 1996-1997..
Official development assistance to basic social services (% of total allocable by sector), 2004-2005..
Untied bilateral ODA (% of total), 1990..
Untied bilateral ODA (% of total), 2005..
18. Flows of aid, private capital and debt
Official development assistance received (net disbursements) (US$ millions), 2005229.2
Official development assistance received (net disbursements) per capita (US$), 200515.1
Official development assistance received (net disbursements) (% of GDP), 1990..
Official development assistance received (net disbursements) (% of GDP), 20050.4
Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP), 1990..
Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP), 20053.5
Private flows, other (% of GDP), 19900
Private flows, other (% of GDP), 200511.9
Debt service, total (% of GDP), 1990..
Debt service, total (% of GDP), 200523.1
Debt service, total (% of exports of goods, services and net income from abroad), 1990..
Debt service, total (% of exports of goods, services and net income from abroad), 200542.1
19. Priorities in public spending
Public expenditure on health (% of GDP), 20042.3
Public expenditure on education (% of GDP), 19913.9
Public expenditure on education (% of GDP), 2002-052.3
Military expenditure (% of GDP), 1990..
Military expenditure (% of GDP), 20051.1
Debt service, total (% of GDP), 1990..
Debt service, total (% of GDP), 200523.1
20. Unemployment in OECD countries
Unemployed people (thousands), 2006..
Unemployment rate Total (% of labour force), 2006..
Unemployment rate, average annual (% of labour force), 1996-2006..
Unemployment rate Female (% of male rate), 2006..
Youth unemployment rate, total (% of labour force aged 15-24), 2006..
Youth unemployment rate (female rate as % of male rate), 2006..
Long-term unemployment, women (% of total unemployment), 2006..
Long-term unemployment, men (% of total unemployment), 2006..
21. Unemployment and informal sector work in non-OECD countries
Unemployed people (thousands), 1996-2005659
Unemployment rate Total (% of labour force), 1996-20058.4
Unemployment rate (female rate as % of male rate), 1996-2005140
Employment, total (thousands), 1996-20057,182
Employment in agriculture (% of total employment), 1996-200534
Employment in industry (% of total employment), 1996-200517
Employment in services (% of total employment), 1996-200549
Survey year, 1990-2004..
Employment in non-agricultural informal sector, both sexes (% of non-agricultural employment), 1990-2004..
Employment in non-agricultural informal sector, female (% of non-agricultural employment), 1990-2004..
Employment in non-agricultural informal sector, male (% of non-agricultural employment), 1990-2004..
22. Energy and the environment
Electricity consumption per capita (kilowatt-hours), 20044,320
Electricity consumption per capita (% change), 1990-2004..
Electrification rate (%)..
Population without electricity (millions)..
GDP per unit of energy use (2000 PPP US$ per kg of oil equivalent), 20041.9
GDP per unit of energy use (% change), 1990-20040.9
Forest area (% total land), 20051.2
Forest area (thousand sq km), 200533.4
Forest area change from 1990-2005 (thousand sq km), 1990-2005- 0.9
Forest area, average annual change (%), 1990-2005- 0.2
23. Energy sources
Total primary energy supply (TPES) (Mt of oil equivalent), 199073.7
Total primary energy supply (TPES) (Mt of oil equivalent), 200552.4
Coal (% of total primary energy supply), 199054.2
Coal (% of total primary energy supply), 200552.6
Oil (% of total primary energy supply), 199028.2
Oil (% of total primary energy supply), 200514.5
Gas (% of total primary energy supply), 199014.5
Gas (% of total primary energy supply), 200533.5
Hydro, solar, wind and geothermal power (% of total primary energy supply), 19900.9
Hydro, solar, wind and geothermal power (% of total primary energy supply), 20051.3
Biomass and waste (% of total primary energy supply), 19900.2
Biomass and waste (% of total primary energy supply), 20050.1
Nuclear power (% of total primary energy supply), 19900
Nuclear power (% of total primary energy supply), 20050
24. Carbon dioxide emissions and stocks
CO2 emissions, total (Mt CO2), 1990259.212
CO2 emissions, total (Mt CO2), 2004200.2
CO2 emissions, average annual change in (%), 1990-2004- 1.913
CO2 emissions (% of world total), 19901.112
CO2 emissions (% of world total), 20040.7
CO2 emissions per capita (tonnes), 199015.712
CO2 emissions per capita (tonnes), 200413.3
Carbon intensity of energy (kt CO2 per kt of oil equivalent), 19903.2512
Carbon intensity of energy (kt CO2 per kt of oil equivalent), 20043.65
Carbon intensity of growth ( kt CO2 per million 2000 PPP US$), 19903.3012
Carbon intensity of growth ( kt CO2 per million 2000 PPP US$), 20042.07
CO2 emissions/sequestration from forests (Mt CO2 per year), 1990-20050.2
Carbon stocks in forests (living biomass) (Mt C), 2005136.7
25. Status of major international environmental treaties
Status of environmental treaties - Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety (year of ratification/signature)..
Status of environmental treaties - Framework Convention on Climate Change (year of ratification/signature)1995
Status of environmental treaties - Kyoto Protocol to the Framework Convention on Climate Change (year of ratification/signature)199914
Status of environmental treaties - Convention on Biological Diversity (year of ratification/signature)1994
Status of environmental treaties - Vienna Convention for the protection of the Ozone Layer (year of ratification/signature), 19881998
Status of environmental treaties - Montreal Protocol on Substances that deplete the Ozone Layer (year of ratification/signature)1998
Status of environmental treaties - Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (year of ratification/signature), 2001200114
Status of environmental treaties - UN Law of the Sea (year of ratification/signature)..
Status of environmental treaties - UN Convention to Combat Desertification in those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or Desertification, Particularly in Africa (year of ratification/signature)1997
26. Refugees and armaments
Internally displaced people (thousands), 2006..
Refugees by country of asylum (thousands), 20064
Refugees by country of origin (thousands), 20067
Conventional arms transfers, imports (1990 US$ millions), 1996170
Conventional arms transfers, imports (1990 US$ millions), 200653
Conventional arms transfers, exports (1990 US$ millions), 20060
Conventional arms transfers, exports (% of world total), 2002-06(.)
Armed forces (thousands), 200766
Armed forces, index (1985=100), 2007..
27. Crime and justice
Homicides (per 100,000 people), 2000-200416.82
Prison population total, 200749292
Prison population (per 100,000 people), 2007340
Prison population (% female), 20077
Year in which countries have partially or completely abolished the death penalty..2
28. Gender-related development index
Gender-related development index (GDI) rank, 200564
Gender-related development index (GDI) value, 20050.792
Life expectancy at birth, female (years), 200571.5
Life expectancy at birth, male (years), 200560.5
Adult literacy rate, female (% aged 15 and older), 200599.315
Adult literacy rate, male (% aged 15 and older), 200599.815
Combined gross enrolment ratio for primary, secondary and tertiary education, female (%) , 200597
Combined gross enrolment ratio for primary, secondary and tertiary education, male (%) , 200591
Estimated earned income, female (PPP US$), 20056,141
Estimated earned income, male (PPP US$), 20059,723
HDI rank minus GDI rank, 20051
29. Gender empowerment measure
Gender empowerment measure (GEM) rank74
Gender empowerment measure (GEM) value0.469
Seats in parliament (% held by women)8.6
Legislators, senior officials and managers (% female), 1999-200538
Professional and technical workers (% female), 1994-200567
Ratio of estimated female to male earned income0.63
30. Gender inequality in education
Adult literacy rate, female (% aged 15 and older) , 200599.3
Adult literacy rate (ratio of female rate to male rate), 20051.00
Youth literacy rate, female (% aged 15-24), 200599.9
Youth literacy rate (ratio of female rate to male rate), 20051.00
Net primary enrolment rate, female (%), 200590
Net primary enrolment rate (ratio of female rate to male rate), 20050.98
Gross primary enrolment ratio, female (%), 2005108
Gross primary enrolment ratio (ratio of female ratio to male ratio)0.99
Gross secondary enrolment ratio, female (%), 200597
Gross secondary enrolment ratio (ratio of female ratio to male ratio), 20050.97
Gross tertiary enrolment ratio, female (%), 200562
Gross tertiary enrolment ratio (ratio of female ratio to male ratio), 20051.42
31. Gender inequality in economic activity
Economic activity rate, female (% aged 15 and older), 200565.3
Economic activity index (1990=100), female (aged 15 and older), 2005106
Economic activity rate (female rate as % of male rate, aged 15 and older), 200587
Employment in agriculture, female (% of total female employment), 1995-200532
Employment in agriculture, male (% of total male employment), 1995-200435
Employment in industry, female (% of total female employment), 1995-200310
Employment in industry, male (% of total male employment), 1995-200324
Employment in services, female (% of total female employment), 1995-200358
Employment in services, male (% of total male employment), 1995-200341
Contributing family workers, women (% of total), 1995-200554
Contributing family workers, men (% of total), 1995-200446
33. Women’s political participation
Year women received right to vote1924, 1993
Year women received right to stand for election1924, 1993
Year first woman elected (E) or appointed (A) to parliament1990 E16
Women in government at ministerial level (as % of total), 200517.6
Seats in lower house or single house (% held by women), 1990..
Seats in lower house or single house (% held by women), 200710.4
Seats in upper house or senate (% held by women), 20075.1
34. Status of major international human rights instruments
Status of human rights instruments: International convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (year of ratification/signature), 19481998
Status of human rights instruments: International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (year of ratification/signature), 19651998
Status of human rights instruments: International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (year of ratification/signature), 19662006
Status of human rights instruments: International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (year of ratification/signature), 19662006
Status of human rights instruments: International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (year of ratification/signature), 19791998
Status of human rights instruments: Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (year of ratification/signature), 19841998
Status of human rights instruments: Convention on the Rights of the Child (year of ratification/signature), 19891994
35. Status of fundamental labour rights conventions
Status of labour rights conventions: Freedom of association and collective bargaining - Convention 87 (year of ratification/signature)2000
Status of labour rights conventions: Freedom of association and collective bargaining - Convention 98 (year of ratification/signature)2001
Status of labour rights conventions: Elimination of forced and compulsory labour - Convention 29 (year of ratification/signature)2001
Status of labour rights conventions: Elimination of forced and compulsory labour - Convention 105 (year of ratification/signature)2001
Status of labour rights conventions: Elimination of discrimination in respect of employment and occupation - Convention 100 (year of ratification/signature)2001
Status of labour rights conventions: Elimination of discrimination in respect of employment and occupation - Convention 111 (year of ratification/signature)1999
Status of labour rights conventions: Abolition of child labour - Convention 138 (year of ratification/signature)2001
Status of labour rights conventions: Abolition of child labour - Convention 182 (year of ratification/signature)2003

Notes:
1 - For purposes of calculating the HDI, a value of 99.0% was applied.
2 -
3 - Figure is based on less than 50 unweighted cases.
4 - Data refer to a period other than that specified.
5 - Data refer to an earlier year than that specified (in the period 1999 to 2001).
6 - National or UNESCO Institute for Statistics estimate.
7 - Data refer to 2004.
8 - Data refer to a period shorter than that specified.
9 - Data refer to expenditure shares by percentiles of population, ranked by per capita expenditure.
10 - Data refer to the closest available year between 1988 and 1992.
11 - Data refer to an earlier year than that specified; from 2000 onwards.
12 - In cases where data for 1990 are not available, data for the closest year between 1991 and 1992 have been used.
13 - Refers to the 1992—2004 period.
14 - Signature not yet followed by ratification.
15 - For the purpose of calculating the GDI, the female and male values appearing in this table were scaled downward to reflect the maximum values for adult literacy (99%), gross enrolment ratios (100%), and GDP per capita (40,000 (PPP US$)). For more details, see Technical note 1.
16 - Refers to the year women were elected to the current parliamentary system.

Symbols :
.. Data not available
(.) Greater (or less) than zero but small enough to be rounded off to zero at the displayed number of decimal points
<Less than
-Not applicable
TTotal