(Translated by https://www.hiragana.jp/)
Human Development Report 2007/2008 - Ecuador
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2007/2008 Human Development Report

Ecuador
HDI Rank - 89
ExcelCountry Factsheet

01. Human development index
Human development index value, 20050.772
Life expectancy at birth, annual estimates (years), 200574.7
Adult literacy rate (% aged 15 and older), 1995-200591.0
Combined gross enrolment ratio for primary, secondary and tertiary education (%), 2005..1
GDP per capita (PPP US$), 20054,341
Life expectancy index0.828
Education index0.858
GDP index0.629
GDP per capita (PPP US$) rank minus HDI rank21
1a. Basic indicators for other UN member states
Life expectancy at birth, annual estimates (years), 2000-0574.7
Adult literacy rate (% aged 15 and older), 1995-200591.0
Combined gross enrolment ratio for primary, secondary and tertiary education (%), 2005..
GDP per capita (PPP US$), 20054,341
Population, total (thousands), 200413,061
Fertility rate, total (births per woman), 2000-052.8
Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000 live births), 200525
Net primary enrolment rate (%), 200498
HIV prevalence (% aged 15-49), 20050.3 [0.1–3.5]
Population undernourished (% of total population), 2002/046
Population using an improved water source (%), 200494
02. Human development index trends
Human development index (trends), 19750.636
Human development index (trends), 19800.678
Human development index (trends), 19850.699
Human development index (trends), 19900.714
Human development index (trends), 19950.734
Human development index (trends), 2000..
Human development index (trends), 20050.772
03. Human and income poverty: developing countries
Human poverty index (HPI-1) rank19
Human Poverty Index (HPI-1) value (%)8.7
Probability at birth of not surviving to age 40 (% of cohort), 2000-058.1
Adult illiteracy rate (% aged 15 and older), 1995-20059.0
Population not using an improved water source (%), 20046
Children underweight for age (% under age 5), 1996-200512
Population living below $1 a day (%), 1990-200517.7
Population living below $2 a day (%), 1990-200540.8
Population living below the national poverty line (%), 1990-200446.02
HPI-1 rank minus income poverty rank- 25
04. Human and income poverty: OECD countries, Central and Eastern Europe and the CIS
Human poverty index (HPI-2) rank..
Human poverty index (HPI-2) value (%)..
Probability at birth of not surviving to age 60 (% of cohort), 2000-0516.7
Population lacking functional literacy skills (% aged 16-65), 1994-2003..
Long-term unemployment (% of labour force), 2006..
Population living below 50% of median income (%), 2000-2004..2
Population living below $11 a day (1994 PPP US$), 1994-95..
Population living below $4 a day (1990 PPP US$), 2000-04..2
HPI-2 rank minus income poverty rank..
05. Demographic trends
Population, total (millions), 19756.9
Population, total (millions), 200513.1
Population, total (millions), 201514.6
Population, annual growth rate (%), 1975-20052.1
Population, annual growth rate (%), 2005-151.1
Population, urban (% of total population), 197542.4
Population, urban (% of total population), 200562.8
Population, urban (% of total population), 201567.6
Population under age 15 (% of total population), 200532.6
Population under age 15 (% of total population), 201528.2
Population aged 65 and older (% of total population), 20055.9
Population aged 65 and older (% of total population), 20157.5
Fertility rate, total (births per woman), 1970-756.0
Fertility rate, total (births per woman), 2000-052.8
06. Commitment to health: resources, access and services
Public expenditure on health (% of GDP), 20042.2
Private expenditure on health (% of GDP), 20043.3
Health expenditure per capita (PPP US$), 2004261
One-year-olds fully immunized against tuberculosis (%), 200599
One-year-olds fully immunized against measles (%), 200593
Children with diarrhoea receiving oral rehydration and continued feeding (% under age 5), 1998-2005..
Contraceptive prevalence rate (% of married women aged 15-49), 1997-200573
Births attended by skilled health personnel (%), 1997-200575
Physicians (per 100,000 people), 2000-041482
07. Water, sanitation and nutritional status
Population using improved sanitation (%), 199063
Population using improved sanitation (%), 200489
Population using an improved water source (%), 199073
Population using an improved water source (%), 200494
Population undernourished (% of total population), 1990-9282
Population undernourished (% of total population), 2002-046
Children under weight for age (% under age 5), 1996-200512
Children under height for age (% under age 5), 1996-2005292
Infants with low birthweight (%), 1998-200516
08. Inequalities in maternal and child health
Survey year for inequality data in table 8..
Births attended by skilled health personnel, poorest 20% (%)..
Births attended by skilled health personnel, richest 20% (%)..
One-year-olds fully immunized, poorest 20% (%)..
One-year-olds fully immunized, richest 20% (%)..
Children under height for age, poorest 20% (% children under age 5)..
Children under height for age, richest 20% (% children under age 5)..
Infant mortality rate, poorest 20% (per 1,000 live births)..
Infant mortality rate, richest 20% (per 1,000 live births)..
Under-five mortality rate, poorest 20% (per 1,000 live births)..
Under-five mortality rate, richest 20% (per 1,000 live births)..
09. Leading global health crises and risks
HIV prevalence (% aged 15-49), 20050.3 [0.1–3.5]
Condom use at last high-risk sex, women (% aged 15-24), 1999-2005..
Condom use at last high-risk sex, men (% aged 15-24), 1999-2005..
Children under age 5 using insecticide-treated bednets (%), 1999-2005..
Children under age 5 with fever treated with antimalarial drugs (%), 1999-2005..
Tuberculosis cases, prevalence (per 100,000 people), 2005202
Tuberculosis cases detected under DOTS (%), 200528
Tuberculosis cases cured under DOTS (%), 200385
Prevalence of smoking, women (% of adults), 2002-04..2
Prevalence of smoking, men (% of adults), 2002-04..2
10. Survival: progress and setbacks
Life expectancy at birth, quinquennial estimates (years), 1970-7558.8
Life expectancy at birth, quinquennial estimates (years), 2000-0574.2
Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births), 197087
Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births), 200522
Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000 live births), 1970140
Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000 live births), 200525
Probability at birth of surviving to age 65, female (% of cohort), 2000-0584.0
Probability at birth of surviving to age 65, male (% of cohort), 2000-0574.0
Maternal mortality ratio, reported (per 100,000 live births), 1990-200480
Maternal mortality ratio, adjusted (per 100,000 live births), 20001102
11. Commitment to education: public spending
Public expenditure on education (% of GDP), 19912.5
Public expenditure on education (% of GDP), 2002-051.034
Public expenditure on education (% of total government expenditure), 199117.5
Public expenditure on education (% of total government expenditure), 2002-058.04
Current public expenditure on education, pre-primary and primary (as % of all levels), 1991..
Current public expenditure on education, pre-primary and primary (as % of all levels), 2002-05..
Current public expenditure on education, secondary (% of all levels), 1991..
Current public expenditure on education, secondary (% of all levels), 2002-05..
Current public expenditure on education, tertiary (% of all levels), 1991..
Current public expenditure on education, tertiary (% of all levels), 2002-05..
12. Literacy and enrolment
Adult literacy rate (% aged 15 and older), 1985-199588.3
Adult literacy rate (% aged 15 and older), 1995-200591.0
Youth literacy rate (% aged 15-24), 1985-199596.2
Youth literacy rate (% aged 15-24), 1995-200596.4
Net primary enrolment rate (%), 1991985
Net primary enrolment rate (%), 20059856
Net secondary enrolment rate (%), 1991..
Net secondary enrolment rate (%), 2005526
Children reaching grade 5 (% of grade 1 students), 1991..
Children reaching grade 5 (% of grade 1 students), 20047656
Tertiary students in science, engineering, manufacturing and construction (% of tertiary students), 1999-2005..
13. Technology: diffusion and creation
Telephone mainlines (per 1,000 people), 199048
Telephone mainlines (per 1,000 people), 2005129
Cellular subscribers (per 1,000 people), 19900
Cellular subscribers (per 1,000 people), 2005472
Internet users (per 1,000 people), 19900
Internet users (per 1,000 people), 200547
Patents granted to residents (per million peole), 20050
Receipts of royalties and license fees (US$ per person), 200507
Research and development expenditure (% of GDP), 2000-20056.83799433928653E-02
Researchers in R&D; (per million people), 1990-200550
14. Economic performance
GDP (current US$ billions), 200536.5
GDP, PPP (current international $ billions), 200557.4
GDP per capita (US$), 20052,758
GDP per capita, PPP (2005 international $), 20054,341
GDP per capita, annual growth rate (%), 1975-20050.3
GDP per capita, annual growth rate (%), 1990-20050.8
GDP per capita, highest value (2005 PPP US$), 1975-20054,341
GDP per capita, year of highest value2005
Consumer price index, average annual change in (%), 1990-200534.1
Consumer price index, average annual change in (%), 2004-052.4
15. Inequality in income or expenditure
Survey Year19988
Share of income or consumption, poorest 10% (%)0.9
Share of income or consumption, poorest 20% (%)3.3
Share of income or consumption, richest 20% (%)58.0
Share of income or consumption, richest 10% (%)41.6
Inequality measures, ratio of richest 10% to poorest 10%44.9
Inequality measures, ratio of richest 20% to poorest 20%17.3
Gini index53.6
16. Structure of trade
Imports of goods and services (% of GDP), 199032
Imports of goods and services (% of GDP), 200532
Exports of goods and services (% of GDP), 199033
Exports of goods and services (% of GDP), 200531
Primary exports (% of merchandise exports), 199098
Primary exports (% of merchandise exports), 200591
Manufactured exports (% of merchandise exports), 19902
Manufactured exports (% of merchandise exports), 20059
High-technology exports (% of manufactured exports), 19900.3
High-technology exports (% of manufactured exports), 20057.6
Terms of trade (2000=100), 2004-2005108
17. OECD-DAC country expenditures on aid
Official development assistance, net disbursed (US$ millions), 2005..
Official development assistance, net disbursed (% of GNI), 1990..
Official development assistance, net disbursed (% of GNI), 2005..
Official development assistance per capita of donor country (2005 US$), 1990..
Official development assistance per capita of donor country (2005 US$), 2005..
Official development assistance to least developed countries (% of total), 1990..
Official development assistance to least developed countries (% of total), 2005..
Official development assistance to basic social services (% of total allocable by sector), 1996-1997..
Official development assistance to basic social services (% of total allocable by sector), 2004-2005..
Untied bilateral ODA (% of total), 1990..
Untied bilateral ODA (% of total), 2005..
18. Flows of aid, private capital and debt
Official development assistance received (net disbursements) (US$ millions), 2005209.5
Official development assistance received (net disbursements) per capita (US$), 200515.8
Official development assistance received (net disbursements) (% of GDP), 19901.5
Official development assistance received (net disbursements) (% of GDP), 20050.6
Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP), 19901.2
Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP), 20054.5
Private flows, other (% of GDP), 19900.6
Private flows, other (% of GDP), 20051.6
Debt service, total (% of GDP), 199010.5
Debt service, total (% of GDP), 200511.4
Debt service, total (% of exports of goods, services and net income from abroad), 199032.5
Debt service, total (% of exports of goods, services and net income from abroad), 200530.6
19. Priorities in public spending
Public expenditure on health (% of GDP), 20042.2
Public expenditure on education (% of GDP), 19912.5
Public expenditure on education (% of GDP), 2002-051.0910
Military expenditure (% of GDP), 19901.9
Military expenditure (% of GDP), 20052.6
Debt service, total (% of GDP), 199010.5
Debt service, total (% of GDP), 200511.4
20. Unemployment in OECD countries
Unemployed people (thousands), 2006..
Unemployment rate Total (% of labour force), 2006..
Unemployment rate, average annual (% of labour force), 1996-2006..
Unemployment rate Female (% of male rate), 2006..
Youth unemployment rate, total (% of labour force aged 15-24), 2006..
Youth unemployment rate (female rate as % of male rate), 2006..
Long-term unemployment, women (% of total unemployment), 2006..
Long-term unemployment, men (% of total unemployment), 2006..
21. Unemployment and informal sector work in non-OECD countries
Unemployed people (thousands), 1996-2005334
Unemployment rate Total (% of labour force), 1996-20057.9
Unemployment rate (female rate as % of male rate), 1996-2005186
Employment, total (thousands), 1996-20053,892
Employment in agriculture (% of total employment), 1996-20058
Employment in industry (% of total employment), 1996-200521
Employment in services (% of total employment), 1996-200570
Survey year, 1990-200420042
Employment in non-agricultural informal sector, both sexes (% of non-agricultural employment), 1990-2004402
Employment in non-agricultural informal sector, female (% of non-agricultural employment), 1990-2004442
Employment in non-agricultural informal sector, male (% of non-agricultural employment), 1990-2004372
22. Energy and the environment
Electricity consumption per capita (kilowatt-hours), 20041,092
Electricity consumption per capita (% change), 1990-20040.8
Electrification rate (%)90
Population without electricity (millions)1.3
GDP per unit of energy use (2000 PPP US$ per kg of oil equivalent), 20044.8
GDP per unit of energy use (% change), 1990-2004- 0.2
Forest area (% total land), 200539.2
Forest area (thousand sq km), 2005108.5
Forest area change from 1990-2005 (thousand sq km), 1990-2005- 29.6
Forest area, average annual change (%), 1990-2005- 1.4
23. Energy sources
Total primary energy supply (TPES) (Mt of oil equivalent), 19906.1
Total primary energy supply (TPES) (Mt of oil equivalent), 200510.4
Coal (% of total primary energy supply), 19900
Coal (% of total primary energy supply), 20050
Oil (% of total primary energy supply), 199075.9
Oil (% of total primary energy supply), 200583.5
Gas (% of total primary energy supply), 19903.7
Gas (% of total primary energy supply), 20054.4
Hydro, solar, wind and geothermal power (% of total primary energy supply), 19907.0
Hydro, solar, wind and geothermal power (% of total primary energy supply), 20055.7
Biomass and waste (% of total primary energy supply), 199013.5
Biomass and waste (% of total primary energy supply), 20055.1
Nuclear power (% of total primary energy supply), 19900
Nuclear power (% of total primary energy supply), 20050
24. Carbon dioxide emissions and stocks
CO2 emissions, total (Mt CO2), 199016.7
CO2 emissions, total (Mt CO2), 200429.3
CO2 emissions, average annual change in (%), 1990-20045.4
CO2 emissions (% of world total), 19900.1
CO2 emissions (% of world total), 20040.1
CO2 emissions per capita (tonnes), 19901.6
CO2 emissions per capita (tonnes), 20042.2
Carbon intensity of energy (kt CO2 per kt of oil equivalent), 19902.73
Carbon intensity of energy (kt CO2 per kt of oil equivalent), 20042.90
Carbon intensity of growth ( kt CO2 per million 2000 PPP US$), 19900.50
Carbon intensity of growth ( kt CO2 per million 2000 PPP US$), 20040.60
CO2 emissions/sequestration from forests (Mt CO2 per year), 1990-2005..
Carbon stocks in forests (living biomass) (Mt C), 2005..
25. Status of major international environmental treaties
Status of environmental treaties - Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety (year of ratification/signature)2003
Status of environmental treaties - Framework Convention on Climate Change (year of ratification/signature)1993
Status of environmental treaties - Kyoto Protocol to the Framework Convention on Climate Change (year of ratification/signature)2000
Status of environmental treaties - Convention on Biological Diversity (year of ratification/signature)1993
Status of environmental treaties - Vienna Convention for the protection of the Ozone Layer (year of ratification/signature), 19881990
Status of environmental treaties - Montreal Protocol on Substances that deplete the Ozone Layer (year of ratification/signature)1990
Status of environmental treaties - Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (year of ratification/signature), 20012004
Status of environmental treaties - UN Law of the Sea (year of ratification/signature)..
Status of environmental treaties - UN Convention to Combat Desertification in those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or Desertification, Particularly in Africa (year of ratification/signature)1995
26. Refugees and armaments
Internally displaced people (thousands), 2006..
Refugees by country of asylum (thousands), 200612
Refugees by country of origin (thousands), 20061
Conventional arms transfers, imports (1990 US$ millions), 199629
Conventional arms transfers, imports (1990 US$ millions), 20060
Conventional arms transfers, exports (1990 US$ millions), 2006..
Conventional arms transfers, exports (% of world total), 2002-06..
Armed forces (thousands), 200757
Armed forces, index (1985=100), 2007134
27. Crime and justice
Homicides (per 100,000 people), 2000-200418.3
Prison population total, 200712251
Prison population (per 100,000 people), 200793
Prison population (% female), 200711
Year in which countries have partially or completely abolished the death penalty1906
28. Gender-related development index
Gender-related development index (GDI) rank, 2005..
Gender-related development index (GDI) value, 2005..
Life expectancy at birth, female (years), 200577.7
Life expectancy at birth, male (years), 200571.8
Adult literacy rate, female (% aged 15 and older), 200589.7
Adult literacy rate, male (% aged 15 and older), 200592.3
Combined gross enrolment ratio for primary, secondary and tertiary education, female (%) , 2005..
Combined gross enrolment ratio for primary, secondary and tertiary education, male (%) , 2005..
Estimated earned income, female (PPP US$), 20053,10211
Estimated earned income, male (PPP US$), 20055,57211
HDI rank minus GDI rank, 2005..
29. Gender empowerment measure
Gender empowerment measure (GEM) rank43
Gender empowerment measure (GEM) value0.600
Seats in parliament (% held by women)25.0
Legislators, senior officials and managers (% female), 1999-200535
Professional and technical workers (% female), 1994-200548
Ratio of estimated female to male earned income0.56
30. Gender inequality in education
Adult literacy rate, female (% aged 15 and older) , 200589.7
Adult literacy rate (ratio of female rate to male rate), 20050.97
Youth literacy rate, female (% aged 15-24), 200596.5
Youth literacy rate (ratio of female rate to male rate), 20051.00
Net primary enrolment rate, female (%), 2005981213
Net primary enrolment rate (ratio of female rate to male rate), 20051.011213
Gross primary enrolment ratio, female (%), 200511712
Gross primary enrolment ratio (ratio of female ratio to male ratio)1.0012
Gross secondary enrolment ratio, female (%), 20056112
Gross secondary enrolment ratio (ratio of female ratio to male ratio), 20051.0012
Gross tertiary enrolment ratio, female (%), 2005..
Gross tertiary enrolment ratio (ratio of female ratio to male ratio), 2005..
31. Gender inequality in economic activity
Economic activity rate, female (% aged 15 and older), 200560.0
Economic activity index (1990=100), female (aged 15 and older), 2005184
Economic activity rate (female rate as % of male rate, aged 15 and older), 200573
Employment in agriculture, female (% of total female employment), 1995-20054
Employment in agriculture, male (% of total male employment), 1995-200411
Employment in industry, female (% of total female employment), 1995-200312
Employment in industry, male (% of total male employment), 1995-200327
Employment in services, female (% of total female employment), 1995-200384
Employment in services, male (% of total male employment), 1995-200362
Contributing family workers, women (% of total), 1995-2005..
Contributing family workers, men (% of total), 1995-2004..
33. Women’s political participation
Year women received right to vote1929
Year women received right to stand for election1929
Year first woman elected (E) or appointed (A) to parliament1956 E
Women in government at ministerial level (as % of total), 200514.3
Seats in lower house or single house (% held by women), 19904.5
Seats in lower house or single house (% held by women), 200725.0
Seats in upper house or senate (% held by women), 2007NA
34. Status of major international human rights instruments
Status of human rights instruments: International convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (year of ratification/signature), 19481949
Status of human rights instruments: International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (year of ratification/signature), 19651966
Status of human rights instruments: International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (year of ratification/signature), 19661969
Status of human rights instruments: International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (year of ratification/signature), 19661969
Status of human rights instruments: International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (year of ratification/signature), 19791981
Status of human rights instruments: Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (year of ratification/signature), 19841988
Status of human rights instruments: Convention on the Rights of the Child (year of ratification/signature), 19891990
35. Status of fundamental labour rights conventions
Status of labour rights conventions: Freedom of association and collective bargaining - Convention 87 (year of ratification/signature)1967
Status of labour rights conventions: Freedom of association and collective bargaining - Convention 98 (year of ratification/signature)1959
Status of labour rights conventions: Elimination of forced and compulsory labour - Convention 29 (year of ratification/signature)1954
Status of labour rights conventions: Elimination of forced and compulsory labour - Convention 105 (year of ratification/signature)1962
Status of labour rights conventions: Elimination of discrimination in respect of employment and occupation - Convention 100 (year of ratification/signature)1957
Status of labour rights conventions: Elimination of discrimination in respect of employment and occupation - Convention 111 (year of ratification/signature)1962
Status of labour rights conventions: Abolition of child labour - Convention 138 (year of ratification/signature)2000
Status of labour rights conventions: Abolition of child labour - Convention 182 (year of ratification/signature)2000

Notes:
1 - Because the combined gross enrolment ratio was unavailable, the following HDRO estimates were used: Antigua and Barbuda 76, Bhutan 52, Ecuador 75, Haiti 53 and Turkmenistan 73.
2 -
3 - National or UNESCO Institute for Statistics estimate.
4 - Data refer to an earlier year than that specified (in the period 1999 to 2001).
5 - National or UNESCO Institute for Statistics estimate.
6 - Data refer to an earlier year than that specified.
7 - Data refer to 2004.
8 - Data refer to expenditure shares by percentiles of population, ranked by per capita expenditure.
9 - National or UNESCO Institute for Statistics estimate.
10 - Data refer to an earlier year than that specified; from 1999 onwards.
11 - No wage data are available. For the purposes of calculating the estimated female and male earned income, a value of 0.75 was used for the ratio of the female nonagricultural wage to the male nonagricultural wage.
12 - National or UNESCO Institute for Statistics estimate.
13 - Data refer to an earlier year than that specified.

Symbols :
.. Data not available
(.) Greater (or less) than zero but small enough to be rounded off to zero at the displayed number of decimal points
<Less than
-Not applicable
TTotal