(Translated by https://www.hiragana.jp/)
Human Development Report 2007/2008 - Turkey
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2007/2008 Human Development Report

Turkey
HDI Rank - 84
ExcelCountry Factsheet

01. Human development index
Human development index value, 20050.775
Life expectancy at birth, annual estimates (years), 200571.4
Adult literacy rate (% aged 15 and older), 1995-200587.4
Combined gross enrolment ratio for primary, secondary and tertiary education (%), 200568.71
GDP per capita (PPP US$), 20058,407
Life expectancy index0.773
Education index0.812
GDP index0.740
GDP per capita (PPP US$) rank minus HDI rank- 18
1a. Basic indicators for other UN member states
Life expectancy at birth, annual estimates (years), 2000-0571.4
Adult literacy rate (% aged 15 and older), 1995-200587.4
Combined gross enrolment ratio for primary, secondary and tertiary education (%), 200568.7
GDP per capita (PPP US$), 20058,407
Population, total (thousands), 200472,970
Fertility rate, total (births per woman), 2000-052.2
Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000 live births), 200529
Net primary enrolment rate (%), 200489
HIV prevalence (% aged 15-49), 2005[<0.2]
Population undernourished (% of total population), 2002/043
Population using an improved water source (%), 200496
02. Human development index trends
Human development index (trends), 19750.594
Human development index (trends), 19800.615
Human development index (trends), 19850.651
Human development index (trends), 19900.683
Human development index (trends), 19950.717
Human development index (trends), 20000.753
Human development index (trends), 20050.775
03. Human and income poverty: developing countries
Human poverty index (HPI-1) rank22
Human Poverty Index (HPI-1) value (%)9.2
Probability at birth of not surviving to age 40 (% of cohort), 2000-056.5
Adult illiteracy rate (% aged 15 and older), 1995-200512.6
Population not using an improved water source (%), 20044
Children underweight for age (% under age 5), 1996-20054
Population living below $1 a day (%), 1990-20053.4
Population living below $2 a day (%), 1990-200518.7
Population living below the national poverty line (%), 1990-200427.02
HPI-1 rank minus income poverty rank- 1
04. Human and income poverty: OECD countries, Central and Eastern Europe and the CIS
Human poverty index (HPI-2) rank..
Human poverty index (HPI-2) value (%)..
Probability at birth of not surviving to age 60 (% of cohort), 2000-0516.3
Population lacking functional literacy skills (% aged 16-65), 1994-2003..
Long-term unemployment (% of labour force), 20063.5
Population living below 50% of median income (%), 2000-2004..2
Population living below $11 a day (1994 PPP US$), 1994-95..
Population living below $4 a day (1990 PPP US$), 2000-0452.52
HPI-2 rank minus income poverty rank..
05. Demographic trends
Population, total (millions), 197541.2
Population, total (millions), 200573.0
Population, total (millions), 201582.1
Population, annual growth rate (%), 1975-20051.9
Population, annual growth rate (%), 2005-151.2
Population, urban (% of total population), 197541.6
Population, urban (% of total population), 200567.3
Population, urban (% of total population), 201571.9
Population under age 15 (% of total population), 200528.3
Population under age 15 (% of total population), 201524.4
Population aged 65 and older (% of total population), 20055.6
Population aged 65 and older (% of total population), 20156.5
Fertility rate, total (births per woman), 1970-755.3
Fertility rate, total (births per woman), 2000-052.2
06. Commitment to health: resources, access and services
Public expenditure on health (% of GDP), 20045.23
Private expenditure on health (% of GDP), 20042.13
Health expenditure per capita (PPP US$), 2004557
One-year-olds fully immunized against tuberculosis (%), 200589
One-year-olds fully immunized against measles (%), 200591
Children with diarrhoea receiving oral rehydration and continued feeding (% under age 5), 1998-200519
Contraceptive prevalence rate (% of married women aged 15-49), 1997-200571
Births attended by skilled health personnel (%), 1997-200583
Physicians (per 100,000 people), 2000-041352
07. Water, sanitation and nutritional status
Population using improved sanitation (%), 199085
Population using improved sanitation (%), 200488
Population using an improved water source (%), 199085
Population using an improved water source (%), 200496
Population undernourished (% of total population), 1990-92..2
Population undernourished (% of total population), 2002-043
Children under weight for age (% under age 5), 1996-20054
Children under height for age (% under age 5), 1996-2005192
Infants with low birthweight (%), 1998-200516
08. Inequalities in maternal and child health
Survey year for inequality data in table 81998
Births attended by skilled health personnel, poorest 20% (%)53
Births attended by skilled health personnel, richest 20% (%)98
One-year-olds fully immunized, poorest 20% (%)28
One-year-olds fully immunized, richest 20% (%)70
Children under height for age, poorest 20% (% children under age 5)29
Children under height for age, richest 20% (% children under age 5)4
Infant mortality rate, poorest 20% (per 1,000 live births)68
Infant mortality rate, richest 20% (per 1,000 live births)30
Under-five mortality rate, poorest 20% (per 1,000 live births)85
Under-five mortality rate, richest 20% (per 1,000 live births)33
09. Leading global health crises and risks
HIV prevalence (% aged 15-49), 2005[<0.2]
Condom use at last high-risk sex, women (% aged 15-24), 1999-2005..
Condom use at last high-risk sex, men (% aged 15-24), 1999-2005..
Children under age 5 using insecticide-treated bednets (%), 1999-2005..
Children under age 5 with fever treated with antimalarial drugs (%), 1999-2005..
Tuberculosis cases, prevalence (per 100,000 people), 200544
Tuberculosis cases detected under DOTS (%), 20053
Tuberculosis cases cured under DOTS (%), 200391
Prevalence of smoking, women (% of adults), 2002-04182
Prevalence of smoking, men (% of adults), 2002-04492
10. Survival: progress and setbacks
Life expectancy at birth, quinquennial estimates (years), 1970-7557.0
Life expectancy at birth, quinquennial estimates (years), 2000-0570.8
Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births), 1970150
Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births), 200526
Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000 live births), 1970201
Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000 live births), 200529
Probability at birth of surviving to age 65, female (% of cohort), 2000-0582.3
Probability at birth of surviving to age 65, male (% of cohort), 2000-0571.9
Maternal mortality ratio, reported (per 100,000 live births), 1990-20041304
Maternal mortality ratio, adjusted (per 100,000 live births), 2000442
11. Commitment to education: public spending
Public expenditure on education (% of GDP), 19912.4
Public expenditure on education (% of GDP), 2002-053.7
Public expenditure on education (% of total government expenditure), 1991..
Public expenditure on education (% of total government expenditure), 2002-05..
Current public expenditure on education, pre-primary and primary (as % of all levels), 199159
Current public expenditure on education, pre-primary and primary (as % of all levels), 2002-054056
Current public expenditure on education, secondary (% of all levels), 199129
Current public expenditure on education, secondary (% of all levels), 2002-053256
Current public expenditure on education, tertiary (% of all levels), 1991..
Current public expenditure on education, tertiary (% of all levels), 2002-052856
12. Literacy and enrolment
Adult literacy rate (% aged 15 and older), 1985-199579.2
Adult literacy rate (% aged 15 and older), 1995-200587.4
Youth literacy rate (% aged 15-24), 1985-199592.5
Youth literacy rate (% aged 15-24), 1995-200595.6
Net primary enrolment rate (%), 199189
Net primary enrolment rate (%), 200589
Net secondary enrolment rate (%), 199142
Net secondary enrolment rate (%), 2005677
Children reaching grade 5 (% of grade 1 students), 199198
Children reaching grade 5 (% of grade 1 students), 200497
Tertiary students in science, engineering, manufacturing and construction (% of tertiary students), 1999-2005218
13. Technology: diffusion and creation
Telephone mainlines (per 1,000 people), 1990122
Telephone mainlines (per 1,000 people), 2005263
Cellular subscribers (per 1,000 people), 19901
Cellular subscribers (per 1,000 people), 2005605
Internet users (per 1,000 people), 19900
Internet users (per 1,000 people), 2005222
Patents granted to residents (per million peole), 20051
Receipts of royalties and license fees (US$ per person), 200509
Research and development expenditure (% of GDP), 2000-20050.664071450708138
Researchers in R&D; (per million people), 1990-2005341
14. Economic performance
GDP (current US$ billions), 2005362.5
GDP, PPP (current international $ billions), 2005605.9
GDP per capita (US$), 20055,030
GDP per capita, PPP (2005 international $), 20058,407
GDP per capita, annual growth rate (%), 1975-20051.8
GDP per capita, annual growth rate (%), 1990-20051.7
GDP per capita, highest value (2005 PPP US$), 1975-20058,407
GDP per capita, year of highest value2005
Consumer price index, average annual change in (%), 1990-200564.2
Consumer price index, average annual change in (%), 2004-058.2
15. Inequality in income or expenditure
Survey Year200310
Share of income or consumption, poorest 10% (%)2.0
Share of income or consumption, poorest 20% (%)5.3
Share of income or consumption, richest 20% (%)49.7
Share of income or consumption, richest 10% (%)34.1
Inequality measures, ratio of richest 10% to poorest 10%16.8
Inequality measures, ratio of richest 20% to poorest 20%9.3
Gini index43.6
16. Structure of trade
Imports of goods and services (% of GDP), 199018
Imports of goods and services (% of GDP), 200534
Exports of goods and services (% of GDP), 199013
Exports of goods and services (% of GDP), 200527
Primary exports (% of merchandise exports), 199032
Primary exports (% of merchandise exports), 200517
Manufactured exports (% of merchandise exports), 199068
Manufactured exports (% of merchandise exports), 200582
High-technology exports (% of manufactured exports), 19901.2
High-technology exports (% of manufactured exports), 20051.5
Terms of trade (2000=100), 2004-2005101
17. OECD-DAC country expenditures on aid
Official development assistance, net disbursed (US$ millions), 2005..
Official development assistance, net disbursed (% of GNI), 1990..
Official development assistance, net disbursed (% of GNI), 2005..
Official development assistance per capita of donor country (2005 US$), 1990..
Official development assistance per capita of donor country (2005 US$), 2005..
Official development assistance to least developed countries (% of total), 1990..
Official development assistance to least developed countries (% of total), 2005..
Official development assistance to basic social services (% of total allocable by sector), 1996-1997..
Official development assistance to basic social services (% of total allocable by sector), 2004-2005..
Untied bilateral ODA (% of total), 1990..
Untied bilateral ODA (% of total), 2005..
18. Flows of aid, private capital and debt
Official development assistance received (net disbursements) (US$ millions), 2005464.0
Official development assistance received (net disbursements) per capita (US$), 20056.4
Official development assistance received (net disbursements) (% of GDP), 19900.8
Official development assistance received (net disbursements) (% of GDP), 20050.1
Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP), 19900.5
Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP), 20052.7
Private flows, other (% of GDP), 19900.8
Private flows, other (% of GDP), 20056.5
Debt service, total (% of GDP), 19904.9
Debt service, total (% of GDP), 200511.6
Debt service, total (% of exports of goods, services and net income from abroad), 199029.4
Debt service, total (% of exports of goods, services and net income from abroad), 200539.1
19. Priorities in public spending
Public expenditure on health (% of GDP), 20045.61112
Public expenditure on education (% of GDP), 19912.4
Public expenditure on education (% of GDP), 2002-053.7
Military expenditure (% of GDP), 19903.5
Military expenditure (% of GDP), 20052.8
Debt service, total (% of GDP), 19904.9
Debt service, total (% of GDP), 200511.6
20. Unemployment in OECD countries
Unemployed people (thousands), 20062,445.0
Unemployment rate Total (% of labour force), 20069.9
Unemployment rate, average annual (% of labour force), 1996-20068.6
Unemployment rate Female (% of male rate), 2006106
Youth unemployment rate, total (% of labour force aged 15-24), 200618.7
Youth unemployment rate (female rate as % of male rate), 2006109
Long-term unemployment, women (% of total unemployment), 200644.2
Long-term unemployment, men (% of total unemployment), 200632.6
21. Unemployment and informal sector work in non-OECD countries
Unemployed people (thousands), 1996-20052,519
Unemployment rate Total (% of labour force), 1996-200510.3
Unemployment rate (female rate as % of male rate), 1996-2005100
Employment, total (thousands), 1996-200522,047
Employment in agriculture (% of total employment), 1996-200530
Employment in industry (% of total employment), 1996-200525
Employment in services (% of total employment), 1996-2005462
Survey year, 1990-20042004
Employment in non-agricultural informal sector, both sexes (% of non-agricultural employment), 1990-200435
Employment in non-agricultural informal sector, female (% of non-agricultural employment), 1990-200435
Employment in non-agricultural informal sector, male (% of non-agricultural employment), 1990-200435
22. Energy and the environment
Electricity consumption per capita (kilowatt-hours), 20042,122
Electricity consumption per capita (% change), 1990-20041.1
Electrification rate (%)..
Population without electricity (millions)..
GDP per unit of energy use (2000 PPP US$ per kg of oil equivalent), 20046.2
GDP per unit of energy use (% change), 1990-20040.1
Forest area (% total land), 200513.2
Forest area (thousand sq km), 2005101.8
Forest area change from 1990-2005 (thousand sq km), 1990-20055.0
Forest area, average annual change (%), 1990-20050.3
23. Energy sources
Total primary energy supply (TPES) (Mt of oil equivalent), 199053.0
Total primary energy supply (TPES) (Mt of oil equivalent), 200585.2
Coal (% of total primary energy supply), 199031.9
Coal (% of total primary energy supply), 200526.4
Oil (% of total primary energy supply), 199044.6
Oil (% of total primary energy supply), 200535.1
Gas (% of total primary energy supply), 19905.4
Gas (% of total primary energy supply), 200526.7
Hydro, solar, wind and geothermal power (% of total primary energy supply), 19904.6
Hydro, solar, wind and geothermal power (% of total primary energy supply), 20055.6
Biomass and waste (% of total primary energy supply), 199013.6
Biomass and waste (% of total primary energy supply), 20056.3
Nuclear power (% of total primary energy supply), 19900
Nuclear power (% of total primary energy supply), 20050
24. Carbon dioxide emissions and stocks
CO2 emissions, total (Mt CO2), 1990146.2
CO2 emissions, total (Mt CO2), 2004226.0
CO2 emissions, average annual change in (%), 1990-20043.9
CO2 emissions (% of world total), 19900.6
CO2 emissions (% of world total), 20040.8
CO2 emissions per capita (tonnes), 19902.6
CO2 emissions per capita (tonnes), 20043.2
Carbon intensity of energy (kt CO2 per kt of oil equivalent), 19902.76
Carbon intensity of energy (kt CO2 per kt of oil equivalent), 20042.76
Carbon intensity of growth ( kt CO2 per million 2000 PPP US$), 19900.48
Carbon intensity of growth ( kt CO2 per million 2000 PPP US$), 20040.45
CO2 emissions/sequestration from forests (Mt CO2 per year), 1990-2005- 18.0
Carbon stocks in forests (living biomass) (Mt C), 2005816.8
25. Status of major international environmental treaties
Status of environmental treaties - Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety (year of ratification/signature)2003
Status of environmental treaties - Framework Convention on Climate Change (year of ratification/signature)2004
Status of environmental treaties - Kyoto Protocol to the Framework Convention on Climate Change (year of ratification/signature)..
Status of environmental treaties - Convention on Biological Diversity (year of ratification/signature)1997
Status of environmental treaties - Vienna Convention for the protection of the Ozone Layer (year of ratification/signature), 19881991
Status of environmental treaties - Montreal Protocol on Substances that deplete the Ozone Layer (year of ratification/signature)1991
Status of environmental treaties - Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (year of ratification/signature), 2001200113
Status of environmental treaties - UN Law of the Sea (year of ratification/signature)..
Status of environmental treaties - UN Convention to Combat Desertification in those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or Desertification, Particularly in Africa (year of ratification/signature)1998
26. Refugees and armaments
Internally displaced people (thousands), 2006..
Refugees by country of asylum (thousands), 20063
Refugees by country of origin (thousands), 2006227
Conventional arms transfers, imports (1990 US$ millions), 19961,510
Conventional arms transfers, imports (1990 US$ millions), 2006454
Conventional arms transfers, exports (1990 US$ millions), 200645
Conventional arms transfers, exports (% of world total), 2002-06(.)
Armed forces (thousands), 2007515
Armed forces, index (1985=100), 200782
27. Crime and justice
Homicides (per 100,000 people), 2000-20043.8
Prison population total, 200765458
Prison population (per 100,000 people), 200791
Prison population (% female), 20073
Year in which countries have partially or completely abolished the death penalty2004
28. Gender-related development index
Gender-related development index (GDI) rank, 200578
Gender-related development index (GDI) value, 20050.763
Life expectancy at birth, female (years), 200573.9
Life expectancy at birth, male (years), 200569.0
Adult literacy rate, female (% aged 15 and older), 200579.6
Adult literacy rate, male (% aged 15 and older), 200595.3
Combined gross enrolment ratio for primary, secondary and tertiary education, female (%) , 200564
Combined gross enrolment ratio for primary, secondary and tertiary education, male (%) , 200573
Estimated earned income, female (PPP US$), 20054,385
Estimated earned income, male (PPP US$), 200512,368
HDI rank minus GDI rank, 2005- 3
29. Gender empowerment measure
Gender empowerment measure (GEM) rank90
Gender empowerment measure (GEM) value0.298
Seats in parliament (% held by women)4.4
Legislators, senior officials and managers (% female), 1999-20057
Professional and technical workers (% female), 1994-200532
Ratio of estimated female to male earned income0.35
30. Gender inequality in education
Adult literacy rate, female (% aged 15 and older) , 200579.6
Adult literacy rate (ratio of female rate to male rate), 20050.84
Youth literacy rate, female (% aged 15-24), 200593.3
Youth literacy rate (ratio of female rate to male rate), 20050.95
Net primary enrolment rate, female (%), 200587
Net primary enrolment rate (ratio of female rate to male rate), 20050.95
Gross primary enrolment ratio, female (%), 20059114
Gross primary enrolment ratio (ratio of female ratio to male ratio)0.9514
Gross secondary enrolment ratio, female (%), 20056814
Gross secondary enrolment ratio (ratio of female ratio to male ratio), 20050.8214
Gross tertiary enrolment ratio, female (%), 200526
Gross tertiary enrolment ratio (ratio of female ratio to male ratio), 20050.74
31. Gender inequality in economic activity
Economic activity rate, female (% aged 15 and older), 200527.7
Economic activity index (1990=100), female (aged 15 and older), 200581
Economic activity rate (female rate as % of male rate, aged 15 and older), 200536
Employment in agriculture, female (% of total female employment), 1995-200552
Employment in agriculture, male (% of total male employment), 1995-200422
Employment in industry, female (% of total female employment), 1995-200315
Employment in industry, male (% of total male employment), 1995-200328
Employment in services, female (% of total female employment), 1995-200333
Employment in services, male (% of total male employment), 1995-200350
Contributing family workers, women (% of total), 1995-200567
Contributing family workers, men (% of total), 1995-200433
33. Women’s political participation
Year women received right to vote1930, 1934
Year women received right to stand for election1930, 1934
Year first woman elected (E) or appointed (A) to parliament1935 A
Women in government at ministerial level (as % of total), 20054.3
Seats in lower house or single house (% held by women), 19901.3
Seats in lower house or single house (% held by women), 20074.4
Seats in upper house or senate (% held by women), 2007NA
34. Status of major international human rights instruments
Status of human rights instruments: International convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (year of ratification/signature), 19481950
Status of human rights instruments: International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (year of ratification/signature), 19652002
Status of human rights instruments: International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (year of ratification/signature), 19662003
Status of human rights instruments: International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (year of ratification/signature), 19662003
Status of human rights instruments: International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (year of ratification/signature), 19791985
Status of human rights instruments: Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (year of ratification/signature), 19841988
Status of human rights instruments: Convention on the Rights of the Child (year of ratification/signature), 19891995
35. Status of fundamental labour rights conventions
Status of labour rights conventions: Freedom of association and collective bargaining - Convention 87 (year of ratification/signature)1993
Status of labour rights conventions: Freedom of association and collective bargaining - Convention 98 (year of ratification/signature)1952
Status of labour rights conventions: Elimination of forced and compulsory labour - Convention 29 (year of ratification/signature)1998
Status of labour rights conventions: Elimination of forced and compulsory labour - Convention 105 (year of ratification/signature)1961
Status of labour rights conventions: Elimination of discrimination in respect of employment and occupation - Convention 100 (year of ratification/signature)1967
Status of labour rights conventions: Elimination of discrimination in respect of employment and occupation - Convention 111 (year of ratification/signature)1967
Status of labour rights conventions: Abolition of child labour - Convention 138 (year of ratification/signature)1998
Status of labour rights conventions: Abolition of child labour - Convention 182 (year of ratification/signature)2001

Notes:
1 - National or UNESCO Institute for Statistics estimate.
2 -
3 - Data refer to a year or period other than that specified, differ from the standard definition or refer to only part of a country.
4 - Data refer to years or periods other than those specified in the column heading, differ from the standard definition or refer to only part of a country.
5 - National or UNESCO Institute for Statistics estimate.
6 - Data refer to an earlier year than that specified (in the period 1999 to 2001).
7 - National or UNESCO Institute for Statistics estimate.
8 - Figure should be treated with caution because the reported number of enrolled students in the "Not known or unspecified" category represents more than 10% of total enrolment.
9 - Data refer to 2004.
10 - Data refer to expenditure shares by percentiles of population, ranked by per capita expenditure.
11 - Data differ from the standard definition or refer to only part of the country.
12 - Data refer to 2005.
13 - Signature not yet followed by ratification.
14 - National or UNESCO Institute for Statistics estimate.

Symbols :
.. Data not available
(.) Greater (or less) than zero but small enough to be rounded off to zero at the displayed number of decimal points
<Less than
-Not applicable
TTotal