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yüeh-fu (Chinese poetic form)
form of Chinese poetry derived from the folk-ballad tradition. The yuefu takes its name from the Yuefu (“Music Bureau”) created in 120 bc by Wudi of Han for the purpose of collecting songs and their musical scores for ceremonial occasions at court. The music for these songs was later lost, but ...
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Yüeh-yang (China)
city, northern Hunan sheng (province), southeast-central China. It is situated on the east bank of the outlet from the Dongting Lake into the Yangtze River (Chang Jiang), some 5 miles (8 km) from the outlet’s confluence with the Yangtze. Its port on the Yangtze is known as Chenglingji. The city ...
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Yüeh-yü
variety of Chinese spoken by more than 55 million people in Guangdong and southern Guangxi provinces of China, including the important cities of Canton, Hong Kong, and Macau. Throughout the world it is spoken by some 20 million more. In Vietnam alone, Cantonese (Yue) speakers (who went there as soldiers and railroad workers) number nearly 1 million....
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Yuen Ren Chao (Chinese linguist)
...it received formal backing from the government, but World War II stopped further progress.) In 1929 a National Romanization, worked out by the author and language scholar Lin Yutang, the linguist Zhao Yuanren, and others, was adopted. This attempt also was halted by war and revolution. A rival Communist effort known as Latinxua, or Latinization of 1930,......
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yueqin (musical instrument)
Chinese lute, one of a family of flat, round-bodied lutes found in Central and East Asia. The yueqin, which evolved from the ruan, has a length of some 18 inches (about 45 cm), with a short neck and a round resonator that is some 12 inches (30 cm) in diameter. It has two pairs of silk strings, tuned (in relative pitch)...
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yueshan (musical instrument)
...The qin’s high bridge near the wide end of the soundboard is called the “great mountain” (yueshan), the low bridge at the narrow end is called the “dragon’s gums” (longyin), and the two pegs for fastening the strings are......
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Yueyang (China)
city, northern Hunan sheng (province), southeast-central China. It is situated on the east bank of the outlet from the Dongting Lake into the Yangtze River (Chang Jiang), some 5 miles (8 km) from the outlet’s confluence with the Yangtze. Its port on the Yangtze is known as Chenglingji. The city ...
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Yueyu
variety of Chinese spoken by more than 55 million people in Guangdong and southern Guangxi provinces of China, including the important cities of Canton, Hong Kong, and Macau. Throughout the world it is spoken by some 20 million more. In Vietnam alone, Cantonese (Yue) speakers (who went there as soldiers and railroad workers) number nearly 1 million....
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Yuezhi (ancient people)
ancient people who ruled in Bactria and India from about 128 bc to about ad 450. The Yuezhi are first mentioned in Chinese sources at the beginning of the 2nd century bc as nomads living in the western part of Gansu province, northwest China. When Lao Shang (reigned c. 174–161 bc), ruler of the Xiongnu (a powerful people of Nort...
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Yuezhiuezhi (ancient people)
ancient people who ruled in Bactria and India from about 128 bc to about ad 450. The Yuezhi are first mentioned in Chinese sources at the beginning of the 2nd century bc as nomads living in the western part of Gansu province, northwest China. When Lao Shang (reigned c. 174–161 bc), ruler of the Xiongnu (a powerful people of Nort...
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Yuezhou (China)
city, northern Hunan sheng (province), southeast-central China. It is situated on the east bank of the outlet from the Dongting Lake into the Yangtze River (Chang Jiang), some 5 miles (8 km) from the outlet’s confluence with the Yangtze. Its port on the Yangtze is known as Chenglingji. The city ...
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Yuʿfur, Banū (Arabian nobility)
...slaves or local Afro-Asians—supplanted the Ziyādids in Zabīd; however, though independent, neither dynasty renounced vague ʿAbbāsid suzerainty. The Banū Yaʿfur, lords north of Sanaa, expelled the Ziyādid governor and ruled independently from 861 to 997. Najāḥid rule ended when ʿAlī ibn Mahdī captured......
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Yug (language)
one of two surviving members of the Yeniseian family of languages spoken by about 500 people living in central Siberia. (The other, a moribund close relative called Yug [Yugh], or Sym, is sometimes considered a dialect of Ket.)...
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Yug language
The Yeniseian group is spoken in the Turukhansk region along the Yenisey River. Its only living members are Ket (formerly called Yenisey-Ostyak), which is spoken by about 500 persons, and Yug, with no more than 5 speakers. Kott (Kot; also called Assan or Asan), Arin, and Pumpokol, now extinct members of this group, were spoken chiefly to the south of the present-day locus of Ket and Yug....
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yuga (Hinduism)
in Hindu cosmology, an age of mankind. Each yuga is progressively shorter than the preceding one, corresponding to a decline in the moral and physical state of humanity. Four such yugas (called Kṛta, Tretā, Dvāpara, and Kali after throws of an Indian game of dice) make up the mahāyuga (“great yuga”), and 2,000 mahāyugas make up the ba...
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yugei (Japanese society)
...special ones called nashiro and koshiro set up for the support of certain royal relatives. Others were controlled by powerful clans directly in the service of the court, such as the yugei, the quiver bearers, who were attached to the Ōtomo clan, a major military support group for the Yamato ruling house....
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yūgen (Japanese art)
...including the singing and dancing appropriate to each. The two main elements in nō acting were monomane, “an imitation of things,” or the representational aspect, and yūgen, the symbolic aspect and spiritual core of the nō, which took precedence and which became the touchstone of excellence in the nō. Zeami wrote, “The essence of......
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Yugh (language)
one of two surviving members of the Yeniseian family of languages spoken by about 500 people living in central Siberia. (The other, a moribund close relative called Yug [Yugh], or Sym, is sometimes considered a dialect of Ket.)...
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Yugntruf (American journal)
Among the Yiddish authors who published in the New York journal Yugntruf were Hershl Glasser, Shmoyl Nydorf, Avrom Rosenblatt, Gitl Schaechter, Yermiahu Aaron Taub, and Sheva Zucker. Since the 1970s, this journal had sponsored a shraybkrayz (Yiddish writers’ circle). Yiddish culture clubs around the United States supported the publicatio...
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yugo (yoke)
...significance. Experts now consider the palma a ritual object or trophy representing an actual protective device—worn together with the yugo, or yoke, and the hacha, or axe—used in tlachtli, the ceremonial ball game.......
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Yugoslav Air Transport (airline, Serbia)
...1990s, an extensive network of air routes had been developed. Almost half of the airline passengers embarked or debarked at Belgrade, which was also the major centre of air freight transportation. Yugoslav Air Transport, the country’s principal airline, maintained links with the rest of Europe, the Middle East, North Africa, North America, and Australia....
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Yugoslav Army of the Fatherland (Serbian military organization)
member of a Serbian nationalist guerrilla force that formed during World War II to resist the Axis invaders and Croatian collaborators but that primarily fought a civil war against the Yugoslav communist guerrillas, the Partisans....
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Yugoslav Committee (Yugoslavian history)
...of its state. During the early part of the war, a number of prominent political figures from the South Slav lands under the Dual Monarchy had fled to London where they had set up a “Yugoslav Committee.” Aided by sympathetic British intellectuals, the committee had worked to improve the position of Slavs within the Monarchy in any postwar settlement. One of the most......
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Yugoslav People’s Army (Yugoslavian armed force)
The Yugoslav People’s Army was designed to repel invasion, and, as part of its strategy, it used the geographically central republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina as a storehouse for armaments and as the site of most military production. Bosnian Serb forces, aided by the Yugoslav People’s Army and fighting for a separate Serb state, appropriated most of this weaponry. Elsewhere, the Croa...
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Yugoslav region
country of the southern Balkans. It is bordered to the north by Kosovo and Serbia, to the east by Bulgaria, to the south by Greece, and to the west by Albania. The capital is Skopje....
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Yugoslav region
country in central Europe that was part of Yugoslavia for most of the 20th century. Slovenia is a small but topographically diverse country made up of portions of four major European geographic landscapes—the European Alps, the karstic Dinaric Alps, the Pannonian and Danubian lowlands and hills, and the Mediterranea...
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Yugoslav region
country in the west-central Balkans. For most of the 20th century, it was a part of Yugoslavia....
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Yugoslav region
country of the western Balkan Peninsula. The larger region of Bosnia occupies the northern and central parts of the republic, and Herzegovina occupies the south and southwest. The capital is Sarajevo....
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Yugoslav region (former federated nation, 1929–2003)
former federated country situated on the west-central Balkan Peninsula....
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Yugoslav region
country located in the northwestern part of the Balkan Peninsula. It is a small yet highly diverse crescent-shaped country. Its capital is Zagreb, located in the north....
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Yugoslavia (former federated nation, 1929–2003)
former federated country situated on the west-central Balkan Peninsula....
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Yugoslavia (former federated nation, 1929–2003)
former federated country situated on the west-central Balkan Peninsula....
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Yugoslavia, Kingdom of (former federated nation, 1929–2003)
former federated country situated on the west-central Balkan Peninsula....
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Yugoslavia, Socialist Federal Republic of (former federated nation, 1929–2003)
former federated country situated on the west-central Balkan Peninsula....
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Yugoslavian republic
former federated country situated on the west-central Balkan Peninsula.......
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Yugoslavism (Croatian history)
...an independent Great Croatia. The necessity of relying on the other South Slavs in opposition to the Habsburgs and Hungarians also kept alive the Illyrian idea, revived in the 1860s under the name Yugoslavism. The Yugoslavists, under the patronage of Bishop Josip Juraj Štrossmajer, advocated South Slav unity within a federated Habsburg state as the basis for an independent Balkan state.....
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Yugyo Temple (temple, Fujisawa, Japan)
city, Kanagawa ken (prefecture), Honshu, Japan, on Sagami Bay of the Pacific Ocean. It was a post town during the Tokugawa period (1603–1867) and is the site of the Shojoko Temple (Yugyo Temple; 1325), the main temple of the Buddhist Ji sect. After the Tōkaidō Line (railway) was opened in 1889, Fujisawa grew as a residential suburb of the Tokyo–Yokohama......
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Yuhai (Chinese encyclopaedia)
...Treatises”), an original work with a strong personal contribution; the printed edition (1747) was in 118 volumes. One of the richest and most important of all Chinese encyclopaedias, the Yuhai (“Sea of Jade”), was compiled about 1267 by the renowned Song scholar Wang Yinglin (1223–92) and was reprinted in 240 volumes in 1738....
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yuhangyuan
designation, derived from the Greek words for “star” and “sailor,” commonly applied to an individual who has flown in outer space. More specifically, astronauts are those persons who went to space aboard a U.S. spacecraft. Those individuals who first traveled aboard a spacecraft operated by the Soviet Union or Russia are known as co...
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Yui Shōsetsu (Japanese rebel)
Japanese rebel whose attempted coup d’état against the Tokugawa shogunate led to increased efforts by the government to redirect the military ethos of the samurai (warrior) class toward administrative matters....
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Yuima Koji (Indian sage)
...Kyōto. They were painted about 1450 and are located in the temple. The other three paintings are a landscape in the Boston Museum of Fine Arts; an ink painting of the semilegendary Indian sage Vimalakīrti, who is called Yuima Koji by the Japanese (1457; in the Yamato Bunkakan in Nara); and a boldly executed ink drawing of the legendary three monks from a Buddhist tale, “The...
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yujo kabuki (Japanese arts)
...normally had the patronage of the nobility; but their appeal was directed toward ordinary townspeople, and the themes of their dramas and dances were taken from everyday life. The popularity of onna (“women’s”) Kabuki remained high until it was officially banned in 1629 by the shogun (military ruler), who thought that the prostitution practiced by many of the dancers...
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Yuk language
the western division of the Eskimo languages, spoken in southwestern Alaska and in Siberia....
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Yukaghir (people)
remnant of an ancient human population of the tundra and taiga zones of Arctic Siberia east of the Lena River in Russia, an area with one of the most severe climates in the inhabited world. Brought close to extinction by privation, encroachment, and diseases introduced by other groups, they numbered some 1,100 in the late 20th century. Although they still generally inhabit the upper valley of the ...
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Yukaghir and the Yukaghirized Tungus, The (work by Jochelson)
...(now St. Petersburg). He emigrated to the United States in 1922 and was associated with the American Museum of Natural History and later with the Carnegie Institution, Washington, D.C. He wrote The Yukaghir and the Yukaghirized Tungus (1926) and Peoples of Asiatic Russia (1928)....
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Yukaghir language
language spoken by not more than a few hundred persons in the Kolyma River region of Sakha (Yakutiya) republic of Russia. Yukaghir was traditionally grouped in the catchall category of Paleo-Siberian languages with a number of languages that are not genetically related or structurally similar. More recently, however, Yukaghir has been considered a distant relative of the Uralic language family. Y...
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Yukagir (people)
remnant of an ancient human population of the tundra and taiga zones of Arctic Siberia east of the Lena River in Russia, an area with one of the most severe climates in the inhabited world. Brought close to extinction by privation, encroachment, and diseases introduced by other groups, they numbered some 1,100 in the late 20th century. Although they still generally inhabit the upper valley of the ...
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Yukagir language
language spoken by not more than a few hundred persons in the Kolyma River region of Sakha (Yakutiya) republic of Russia. Yukaghir was traditionally grouped in the catchall category of Paleo-Siberian languages with a number of languages that are not genetically related or structurally similar. More recently, however, Yukaghir has been considered a distant relative of the Uralic language family. Y...
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yukata (clothing)
comfortable cotton kimono decorated with stencil-dyed patterns usually in shades of indigo, worn by Japanese men and women. The yukata was originally designed as a nightgown and for wear in the home after a bath....
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Yukawa Hideki (Japanese physicist)
Japanese physicist and recipient of the 1949 Nobel Prize for Physics for research on the theory of elementary particles....
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Yukawa meson (physics)
...theory ultimately unacceptable. Quantum field theory did not seem applicable to the nuclear binding force. Then in 1935 a Japanese theorist, Yukawa Hideki, took a bold step: he invented a new particle as the carrier of the nuclear binding force....
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Yuki (people)
...the Coast Ranges and along the coast of what is now northwestern California, U.S. They spoke distinctive languages that are unaffiliated with any other known language. The four Yuki groups were the Yuki-proper, who lived along the upper reaches of the Eel River and its tributaries; the Huchnom of Redwood Valley to the west; the Coast Yuki, who were distributed farther westward along the redwood...
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Yuki (family of peoples)
four groups of North American Indians who lived in the Coast Ranges and along the coast of what is now northwestern California, U.S. They spoke distinctive languages that are unaffiliated with any other known language. The four Yuki groups were the Yuki-proper, who lived along the upper reaches of the Eel River and its tributaries; the Huchnom of Redwood Valley to the west; the Coast Yuki, who wer...
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“Yukiguni” (work by Kawabata)
...of Kawabata’s writing that is reminiscent of the fluid composition of renga. His best-known novel, Yukiguni (1948; Snow Country), the story of a forlorn country geisha, was begun in 1935. After several different endings were discarded, it was completed 12 years later, although the final version did...
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“Yukoku” (work by Mishima)
The short story “Yukoku” (“Patriotism”) from the collection Death in Midsummer, and Other Stories (1966) revealed Mishima’s own political views and proved prophetic of his own end. The story describes, with obvious admiration, a young army officer who commits seppuku, or ritual disembowelment, to demonstrate his loyalty to the Japanese emperor. Mishima was...
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Yukon (Florida, United States)
The short story “Yukoku” (“Patriotism”) from the collection Death in Midsummer, and Other Stories (1966) revealed Mishima’s own political views and proved prophetic of his own end. The story describes, with obvious admiration, a young army officer who commits seppuku, or ritual disembowelment, to demonstrate his loyalty to the Japanese emperor. Mishima was...
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Yukon College (college, Yukon Territory, Canada)
...services are administered by the territorial government with financial assistance from the federal government. Primary and secondary education are provided by a territorial school system, and Yukon College, with its main campus at Whitehorse and a network of community branches, provides two years of university-level courses and a number of vocational and adult-education programs.......
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Yukon River (river, North America)
major North American river that flows through the central Yukon Territory of Canada and central Alaska. It measures 1,980 miles (3,190 kilometres) from the headwaters of the McNeil River (a tributary of the Nisutlin River). The Yukon discharges into the Bering Sea after flowing northwestward and then generally southwestward through a low plateau that slopes down across Alaska. The main east- and n...
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Yukon Territory (territory, Canada)
territory of northwestern Canada, an area of rugged mountains and high plateaus. It is bounded by the U.S. state of Alaska to the west, the Northwest Territories to the east, and British Columbia to the south, and it extends northward above the Arctic Circle to the Beaufort Sea. It has an area of 186,661 square miles (483,450 square kilometres). The capital is Whitehorse....
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Yukon Territory, flag of (Canadian territorial flag)
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Yukon-Charley Rivers National Preserve (park, Alaska, United States)
national preserve in east-central Alaska, U.S., on the Canadian border. Proclaimed a national monument in 1978, the area underwent boundary and name changes in 1980, becoming a national preserve in the latter year. Preserving the entire 88-mile (142-kilometre) Charley River basin and 115 miles (185 km) of the 1,980-mile (3,190-kilometre) Yukon River, the area contains numerous ...
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Yul-’khor-bsrung (Hindu and Buddhist mythology)
...Varuṇa the west, and Kubera the north. Kubera, also referred to as Vaiśravaṇa, is common to both Hindu and Buddhist traditions. The other Buddhist lokapālas are Dhṛtarāṣṭra (east), Virūḍhaka (south), and Virūpākṣa (west)....
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Yule (holiday)
Christian festival celebrating the birth of Jesus. The English term Christmas (“mass on Christ’s day”) is of fairly recent origin. The earlier term Yule may have derived from the Germanic jōl or the Anglo-Saxon geōl, which referred to the feast of t...
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Yule, Doug (American musician)
...(1968), featuring contributions by Reed, Cale, and Morrison, and The Marble Index (1969), produced by Cale. Also in 1967, Reed dismissed Warhol as the group’s manager. Cale was replaced by Doug Yule in 1968, after the release of White Light/White Heat, an album of extraordinary proto-punk ferocity. The 1950s rhythm-and-blues balladry and pop classicism that subtly flavoured...
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Yule, Joe, Jr. (American actor)
American motion-picture, stage, and musical star noted for his energy, charisma, and versatility. A popular child star best known for his portrayal of the wholesome, wisecracking title character in the Andy Hardy series of films, the short-statured, puckish performer established himself as a solid character actor as an adult....
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Yulin (China)
city, southeastern Zhuang Autonomous Region of Guangxi, southern China. It is situated on the upper course of the Nanliu River, which drains southwestward into the Gulf of Tonkin to the west of Beihai....
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Yuliya Tymoshenko Bloc (Ukrainian political alliance)
...Tymoshenko, a fellow leader of the Orange Revolution who had briefly served as prime minister in 2005. Despite the relatively poor showing of Yushchenko’s party, an alliance between it and the Yuliya Tymoshenko Bloc—the so-called Orange parties—gave them a large enough majority to form a government....
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Yulongkashi River (river, Asia)
The oasis of Hotan, the largest of these, includes Karakax (Moyu), to the northwest, and Luopu (Lop), to the east. The oasis is watered by the Karakax (Kalakashi) and Yurungkax (Yulongkashi) rivers, which flow from the high Kunlun Mountains to the south. They join in the north of the oasis to form the Hotan (Khotan) River, which discharges into the desert to the north. The rivers have their......
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yum (Buddhist concept)
(Tibetan: “father-mother”), in Buddhist art of India, Nepal, and Tibet, the representation of the male deity in sexual embrace with his female consort. The pose is generally understood to represent the mystical union of the active force, or method (upāya, conceived of as masculine), with wisdom (prajna, conceived of as feminine)—a fusio...
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Yuma (people)
...Yuman peoples were the westernmost residents of the region; they lived in the river valleys and the higher elevations of the basin and range system there. The so-called River Yumans, including the Quechan (Yuma), Mojave, Cocopa, and Maricopa, resided on the Lower Colorado and the Gila River; their cultures combined some traditions of the Southwest culture area with others of the California......
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Yuma (Arizona, United States)
city, seat (1871) of Yuma county, southwestern Arizona, U.S. It is situated on the Colorado River at the mouth of the Gila River, just north of the Mexican frontier. Founded in 1854 as Colorado City, it was renamed Arizona City (1862) and Yuma (1873), probably from the Spanish word humo, meaning ...
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Yuma Desert (desert, North America)
arid part of the Sonoran Desert. It lies south of the Gila River and east of the Colorado River in the extreme southwestern corner of Arizona, U.S., and in the northwestern corner of Sonora, Mexico. The desert south of the Mexican border often is called the Great Desert (Spanish: Gran Desierto)....
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Yuma Territorial Prison State Historic Park (Yuma, Arizona, United States)
...the economy, which is augmented by the nearby Yuma Proving Ground (1942), the Marine Corps Air Station (1928), federal and local government centres, and the two-year Arizona Western College (1962). Yuma Territorial Prison (1876), now a state historical park, displays artifacts and photographs of prison life in the old West. Inc. town, 1871; city, 1914. Pop. (1990) city, 54,923; Yuma MSA,......
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Yuman (people)
any of various Native American groups who traditionally lived in the lower Colorado River valley and adjacent areas in what are now western Arizona and southern California, U.S., and northern Baja California and northwestern Sonora, Mex. They spoke related languages of the Hokan language stock....
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Yuman language
...(called phyla or superstocks), Hokan and Penutian. The formulation was accepted and extended by others. Hokan included Shasta, Achumawi, Atsugewi, Chimariko, Karok, Yanan, Pomoan, Washoe, Esselen, Yuman, Salinan, and Chumashan. By 1891/92 it had been suggested that Yuman, Seri (3), and Tequistlatec (4) were related. In 1915 the matter was re-examined in the light of the Hokan hypothesis, and......
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Yume no shima (landfill, Tokyo, Japan)
...of the city. Though pretty parks are situated on them, for the most part they remain eyesores. From one of these fills, named with great though probably unintended irony “Dream Island” (Yume no shima), originated in 1965 a huge plague of flies that spread over the eastern part of the city. The site has been under better control since but continues to be a not very dreamlike place....
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Yume no shiro (work by Yamagata Bantō)
...similar human beings, thus insisting on human equality. Bantō was chief manager for a wealthy Ōsaka merchant and a noted student of the Kaitokudō, discussed above. In his work Yume no shiro (“Instead of Dreams”), he reconstructed Japanese history in the age of gods on the basis of natural science....
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Yume-dono (hall, Hōryū Temple, Japan)
...of the Triad suggests that the ensemble was dedicated to the recently deceased Shōtoku and his consort. A stylistically related work is the wooden statue of the bodhisattva Kuze Kannon in the Yumedono (“Hall of Dreams”) of the Hōryū Temple. The Tori style seen in these works reveals an interpretive dependence on Chinese Buddhist sculpture of the Northern Wei.....
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Yumedono (hall, Hōryū Temple, Japan)
...of the Triad suggests that the ensemble was dedicated to the recently deceased Shōtoku and his consort. A stylistically related work is the wooden statue of the bodhisattva Kuze Kannon in the Yumedono (“Hall of Dreams”) of the Hōryū Temple. The Tori style seen in these works reveals an interpretive dependence on Chinese Buddhist sculpture of the Northern Wei.....
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Yumen (China)
city, western Gansu sheng (province), northwestern China. It is situated on the ancient Silk Road from China into Central Asia....
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Yumi Yawata (Japanese play)
The musical-dramatic form of nō has as many variations as any other creative genre, such as an opera or a symphony. Table 1 shows the outline of the form of one play, Yumi Yawata (“The Bow at the Hachiman Shrine”). In it one can see the manner in which the concept of jo-ha-kyū, or tripartite form, is applied in the context of sections (dan).....
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Yün chi ch’i ch’ien (Taoism)
...such mystical doctrines as alchemy were soon grafted onto the Taoist canon. What is known of Chinese alchemy is mainly owing to that graft, and especially to a collection known as Yün chi ch’i ch’ien (“Seven Tablets in a Cloudy Satchel”), which is dated 1023. Thus, sources on alchemy in China (as elsewhere) are compilations of much earlier writings....
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Yun, Isang (German composer)
Korean-born German composer who sought to express a distinctly Asian sensibility by means of contemporary Western techniques....
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Yun Nantian (Chinese painter)
artist who, together with the Four Wangs and Wu Li, is grouped among the major artists of the early Qing (1644–1911/12) period. He and these other artists continued the orthodox tradition of painting, following the great codifications of the painter and art theoretician Dong Qichang....
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Yun Po Sun (president of South Korea)
Korean politician who served (1960–62) as a liberal president of South Korea during the Second Republic....
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Yün Shou-p’ing (Chinese painter)
artist who, together with the Four Wangs and Wu Li, is grouped among the major artists of the early Qing (1644–1911/12) period. He and these other artists continued the orthodox tradition of painting, following the great codifications of the painter and art theoretician Dong Qichang....
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Yun Shouping (Chinese painter)
artist who, together with the Four Wangs and Wu Li, is grouped among the major artists of the early Qing (1644–1911/12) period. He and these other artists continued the orthodox tradition of painting, following the great codifications of the painter and art theoretician Dong Qichang....
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Yun Sŏndo (Korean poet)
During the later Yi dynasty there was also a great flowering of poetry by scholar-officials and commoners. The most gifted poet of the period was Yun Sŏndo. His 77 sijo poems, including Ŏbu sasi sa (1651; The Angler’s Calendar), a cycle of 40 poems on the theme of the fisherman as sage, show his mastery of topics and techniques of the sijo. Graduall...
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Yün T’ung (Chinese Taoist deity)
...he has assistants capable of producing other types of heavenly phenomena. Tien Mu (“Mother of Lightning”), for example, uses flashing mirrors to send bolts of lightning across the sky. Yün T’ung (“Cloud Youth”) whips up clouds, and Yü-tzu (“Rain Master”) causes downpours by dipping his sword into a pot. Roaring winds rush forth from...
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Yün-kang caves (cave temples, China)
series of magnificent Chinese Buddhist cave temples, created in the 5th century ce during the Six Dynasties period (220–598 ce). They are located about 10 miles (16 km) west of the city of Datong, near the northern border of Shanxi province (and the Great Wall...
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Yün-lin (county, Taiwan)
hsien (county), west-central Taiwan. It is bordered by the hsien of Chang-hua (north), Nan-t’ou (east), and Chia-i (south) and by the Taiwan Strait (west)....
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Yün-lin-hsien (Taiwan)
town and seat of Yün-lin hsien (county), west-central Taiwan. It is located 85 miles (137 km) northeast of Kao-hsiung city in the middle of the western coastal plain. The town, which developed in the early 17th century, is a marketing centre for rice, sweet potatoes, peanuts (groundnuts), and fruits produced in the fertile plains of the Hu-wei River t...
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Yün-ling Mountains (mountains, China)
...Tibetan border, branch out southeastward across the province in fanlike fashion. Running roughly northwest to southeast, these high ranges are, from west to east, the Kao-li-kung, the Nu, and the Yün-ling. Branching farther out from the Yün-ling are some secondary ranges—the Wu-liang and the Ai-lao in the central south area, the Liu-chao in the southeast, and the Wu-meng in...
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yün-lo (musical instrument)
Chinese gong chime usually consisting of 10 gongs that are suspended in individual compartments on a wooden frame and beaten with sticks that have hard or soft tips. It may be carried by a handle or set on a table. Pairs of yunluo may be played by one or two performers. The instrument is tuned with seven pitches to the octave, and its trad...
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Yün-nan (province, China)
sheng (province) of China. The fourth largest province of China, it is a mountain and plateau region on the country’s southwestern frontier. It is bounded by the Tibet Autonomous Region on the northwest, Szechwan on the north, and the Chuang Autonomous Region of Kwangsi and Kweichow Province on the east. To the south and southeast it adjoins Laos and Vietnam, and to the west...
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Yün-nan–Kuei-chou Kao-yüan (plateau, China)
highland region comprising the northern part of Yunnan province and the western part of Guizhou province, south-central China. Yunnan is more distinctly a plateau with areas of rolling uplands, precipitous folded and fault-block mountain ranges, and deep, river-cut gorges. About 6,000 feet (2,000 metres) in elevation, the Yunnan part has mou...
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Yün-t’ai, Mount (mountain, China)
...is less than 150 feet (45 metres) above sea level. Hills of moderate elevation are found only in the southwestern corner of the province and in the extreme north along the Shantung border. Mount Yün-t’ai, in northern Su-pei near the Yellow Sea, is the highest point in the province, at 2,050 feet (625 metres). Nearly 10 percent of the total area is occupied by shallow lakes and ree...
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Yuna, Río (river, Dominican Republic)
river in central and northeastern Dominican Republic. It is one of the country’s three most important river systems, the others being the Yaque del Norte and Yaque del Sur rivers....
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Yuna River (river, Dominican Republic)
river in central and northeastern Dominican Republic. It is one of the country’s three most important river systems, the others being the Yaque del Norte and Yaque del Sur rivers....
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Yunca language (South American language)
...textiles and in gold, silver, and copper. Pottery types tended to be standardized, with quantity production, made in molds, and generally of a plain black ware. The Chimú language, known as Yunca (Yunga), Mochica, or Moche, now extinct, was very different and definitely distinct from that of the Inca....
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