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audiovisual aids
use of supplementary teaching aids, such as recordings, transcripts, and tapes; motion pictures and videotapes; radio and television; and computers, to improve learning....
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audiovisual education
use of supplementary teaching aids, such as recordings, transcripts, and tapes; motion pictures and videotapes; radio and television; and computers, to improve learning....
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Audit Bureau of Circulation (advertising organization)
...naturally asserted their right to verify them. The first attempt, made in 1899 by the Association of American Advertisers, only lasted until 1913, but fresh initiatives in 1914 created the Audit Bureau of Circulation. Though resented at first by publishers, it was eventually seen as a guarantee of their claims. Interest in circulation led publishers into ......
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auditing (accounting)
examination of the records and reports of an enterprise by specialists other than those responsible for their preparation. Public auditing by independent, impartial accountants has acquired professional status and become increasingly common with the rise of large business units and the separation of ownership from managerial control. The public accountant performs tests to determine whether the ma...
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audition (sense)
in biology, physiological process of perceiving sound. See ear; mechanoreception; perception; sound reception....
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Audition (autobiography by Walters)
...year. Four years later she began cohosting the daytime talk show The View. In her autobiography, Audition (2008), so named because she felt she had to prove herself over and over again, Walters reflected on both her public and private life....
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Auditorium (building, Caracas, Venezuela)
Villanueva’s best known works were buildings for the Ciudad Universitaria, Caracas; the Olympic Stadium (1951); the Auditorium (Aula Magna) and covered plaza (Plaza Cubierta), both 1952–53; and the School of Architecture (1957). The Auditorium was particularly notable for its ceiling, from which are suspended floating panels of.....
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auditorium (architecture)
the part of a public building where an audience sits, as distinct from the stage, the area on which the performance or other object of the audience’s attention is presented. In a large theatre an auditorium includes a number of floor levels frequently designed as stalls, private boxes, dress circle, balcony or upper circle, and gallery...
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Auditorium Building and Theatre (building, Chicago, Illinois, United States)
...south end of Grant Park to the Adler Planetarium & Astronomy Museum (1930), the John G. Shedd Aquarium (1930), and the Field Museum of Natural History (1893). Several blocks farther north, the Auditorium Theatre (1889) is the site of touring plays, popular concerts, and visiting orchestras and is the home of the Joffrey Ballet, which moved from New York City to Chicago in 1995. A few mor...
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Auditors, Court of (European government)
...of rejection over legislation in most of the areas subject to qualified majority voting, and in a few areas, including citizenship, it was given veto power. The treaty formally incorporated the Court of Auditors, which was created in the 1970s to monitor revenue and expenditures, into the EC....
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auditory canal, external (anatomy)
passageway that leads from the outside of the head to the tympanic membrane, or eardrum membrane, of each ear. The structure of the external auditory canal is the same in all mammals. In appearance it is a slightly curved tube that extends inward from the floor of the auricle, or protruding portion of the ...
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auditory cortex (anatomy)
The auditory cortex provides the temporal and spatial frames of reference for the auditory data that it receives. In other words, it is sensitive to aspects of sound more complex than frequency. For instance, there are neurons that react only when a sound starts or stops. Other neurons are sensitive only to particular durations of sound. When a sound is repeated many times, some neurons......
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auditory meatus, external (anatomy)
passageway that leads from the outside of the head to the tympanic membrane, or eardrum membrane, of each ear. The structure of the external auditory canal is the same in all mammals. In appearance it is a slightly curved tube that extends inward from the floor of the auricle, or protruding portion of the ...
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auditory nerve (anatomy)
Auditory receptors of the cochlear division are located in the organ of Corti and follow the spiral shape (about 2.5 turns) of the cochlea. Air movement against the eardrum initiates action of the ossicles of the ear, which, in turn, causes movement of fluid in the spiral cochlea. This fluid movement is converted by the organ of Corti into nerve impulses that are......
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auditory nerve (anatomy)
nerve in the human ear, serving the organs of equilibrium and of hearing. It consists of two anatomically and functionally distinct parts: the cochlear nerve, distributed to the hearing organ, and the vestibular nerve, distributed to the organ of equilibrium....
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auditory ossicle (anatomy)
any of the three tiny bones in the middle ear of all mammals. These are the malleus, or hammer, the incus, or anvil, and the stapes, or stirrup. Together they form a short chain that crosses the middle ear and transmits vibrations caused by sound waves from the eardrum membrane...
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auditory system (anatomy)
Organ of hearing and balance....
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auditory tube (anatomy)
tube that extends from the middle ear to the pharynx (throat). About 3 to 4 centimetres (1.2–1.6 inches) long in humans and lined with mucous membrane, it is directed downward and inward from the tympanic cavity, or middle ear, to that portion of the pharynx calle...
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Audley of Walden, Baron (lord chancellor of England)
lord chancellor of England from 1533 to 1544, who helped King Henry VIII break with the papacy and establish himself as head of the English church. Historians have viewed him as an unprincipled politician completely subservient to Henry’s will....
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Audley, Thomas (lord chancellor of England)
lord chancellor of England from 1533 to 1544, who helped King Henry VIII break with the papacy and establish himself as head of the English church. Historians have viewed him as an unprincipled politician completely subservient to Henry’s will....
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Audley, Thomas Audley, Baron (lord chancellor of England)
lord chancellor of England from 1533 to 1544, who helped King Henry VIII break with the papacy and establish himself as head of the English church. Historians have viewed him as an unprincipled politician completely subservient to Henry’s will....
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Audoenus (Welsh epigrammatist)
Welsh epigrammatist whose perfect mastery of the Latin language brought him the name of “the British Martial,” after the ancient Roman poet....
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Audoin (king of the Lombards)
In 546 a new Lombard royal dynasty was begun by Audoin. At that time, it seems, the Lombards began to adapt their tribal organization and institutions to the imperial military system of the period, in which a hierarchy of dukes, counts, and others commanded warrior bands formed from related families or kin groups. For two decades the Lombards waged intermittent wars with the Gepidae, who were......
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Audran, Claude III (French decorator)
...Jean Berain, who included dressed figures of monkeys in many of his arabesque wall decorations. The emergence of singerie as a distinct genre, however, is usually attributed to the decorator Claude III Audran, who in 1709 painted a large picture of monkeys seated at table for the Château de Marly. Antoine Watteau experimented......
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Audrey (fictional character)
...of the girls’ true identities precipitates a group wedding ceremony. When word arrives that Frederick has repented, the Duke’s exile is at an end. A group of forest inhabitants—William, Audrey, Silvius, and Phoebe—and the courtier Le Beau further round out the cast of characters, and an abundance of song compleme...
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Audubon, Jean-Jacques Fougère (American artist)
ornithologist, artist, and naturalist who became particularly well known for his drawings and paintings of North American birds....
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Audubon, John James (American artist)
ornithologist, artist, and naturalist who became particularly well known for his drawings and paintings of North American birds....
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Audubon Society, National (American organization)
U.S. organization dedicated to conserving and restoring natural ecosystems. Founded in 1905 and named for John James Audubon, the society has 600,000 members and maintains more than 100 wildlife sanctuaries and nature centres throughout the U.S. Its high-priority campaigns include preserving wetlands and endangered forests, protecting corridors for migratory birds, and conservin...
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Audubon’s caracara (bird)
...Falkland Islands and Tierra del Fuego. The subspecies occurring in the United States is called Audubon’s caracara (P. p. auduboni)....
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Auḍulomi (Indian philosopher)
...individual and the absolute are both identical and different (as causes and their effects are different—a view that seems to have been the ancestor of the later theory of Bhedābheda). Auḍulomi, another pre-Bādarāyaṇa Vḥẖānta philosopher, is said to have held the view that the finite individual becomes identical with Brahman after......
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Audumla (Norse mythology)
...that formed when the ice of Niflheim met the heat of Muspelheim. Aurgelmir was the father of all the giants; a male and a female grew under his arm, and his legs produced a six-headed son. A cow, Audumla, nourished him with her milk. Audumla was herself nourished by licking salty, rime-covered stones. She licked the stones into the shape of a man; this was Buri, who became the grandfather of......
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Aue, Hartmann von (German poet)
Middle High German poet, one of the masters of the courtly epic....
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Auenbrugger von Auenbrugg, Leopold (Austrian physician)
physician who devised the diagnostic technique of percussion (the art of striking a surface part of the body with short, sharp taps to diagnose the condition of the parts beneath the sound). In 1761, after seven years of investigation, he published a description of the method in his book Inventum Novum. Although a few doctors began to use Auenbrugger’s techniques, i...
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Auer, Jane Sydney (American author)
American author whose small body of highly individualistic work enjoyed an underground reputation even when it was no longer in print....
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Auer, Leopold (Hungarian violinist)
Hungarian-American violinist especially renowned as a teacher, who numbered among his pupils such famous performers as Mischa Elman, Jascha Heifetz, Efrem Zimbalist, and Nathan Milstein....
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Auerbach, Arnold Jacob (American coach)
American professional basketball coach whose National Basketball Association (NBA) Boston Celtics won nine NBA championships and 885 games against 455 losses....
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Auerbach, Berthold (German novelist)
German novelist noted chiefly for his tales of village life....
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Auerbach, Ellen (American photographer)
German-born avant-garde photographer (b. May 20, 1906, Karlsruhe, Ger.—d. July 31, 2004, New York, N.Y.), created innovative experimental advertising images and portraits, particularly during the Weimar Republic (1919–33). Auerbach studied in Berlin with Walter Peterhans of the Bauhaus design school. When Peterhans relocated to Dessau, Auerbach and fellow student Grete Stern took ove...
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Auerbach, Erich (American scholar)
educator and scholar of Romance literatures and languages....
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Auerbach, Oscar (American pathologist)
American pathologist whose research showing that cigarette smoking was causally related to lung cancer, based on his examination of thousands of lung tissue samples, gained national prominence in the first Surgeon General’s Report on Smoking and Health in 1964 (b. Jan. 1, 1905--d. Jan. 15, 1997)....
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Auerbach plexus (anatomy)
...of neurons, embedded in the wall of the gastrointestinal tract. The outermost plexus, located between the inner circular and outer longitudinal smooth-muscle layers of the gut, is called the Auerbach, or myenteric, plexus. Neurons of this plexus regulate peristaltic waves that move digestive products from the oral to the anal opening. In addition, myenteric neurons control local muscular......
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Auerbach, Red (American coach)
American professional basketball coach whose National Basketball Association (NBA) Boston Celtics won nine NBA championships and 885 games against 455 losses....
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Auersperg, Adolf Karl Daniel, Prince von, Duke von Gottschee (prime minister of Austria)
liberal and anticlerical prime minister of the western half of the Habsburg empire (1871–79)....
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Auersperg, Anton Alexander, Count von (Austrian poet)
Austrian poet and statesman known for his spirited collections of political poetry....
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Auersperg, Johann Weikhart, Prince von (Austrian statesman)
Austrian diplomat and statesman, head of the Aulic Council (Reichshofrat) under the Habsburg emperor Leopold I....
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Auerstädt, Battle of (European history)
(Oct. 14, 1806), military engagement of the Napoleonic Wars, fought between 122,000 French troops and 114,000 Prussians and Saxons, at Jena and Auerstädt, in Saxony (modern Germany). In the battle, Napoleon smashed the outdated Prussian army inherited from Frederick II the Great, which resulted in the reduction of Prussia to half its former size at the ...
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Auerstedt, Louis-Nicolas Davout, duc d’ (French general)
French general who was one of the most distinguished of the Napoleonic field commanders....
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Auez-ulï, Mukhtar (Kazakh writer)
...1920. All these figures disappeared into Soviet prisons and never returned, as a result of Joseph Stalin’s purges, which destroyed much of the Kazakh intelligentsia. An early Soviet Kazakh writer, Mukhtar Auez-ulï, won recognition for the long novel Abay, based on the life and poetry of Kūnanbay-ulï, and for his plays, including Änglik-Kebek....
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Auezov, Mukhtar (Kazakh writer)
...1920. All these figures disappeared into Soviet prisons and never returned, as a result of Joseph Stalin’s purges, which destroyed much of the Kazakh intelligentsia. An early Soviet Kazakh writer, Mukhtar Auez-ulï, won recognition for the long novel Abay, based on the life and poetry of Kūnanbay-ulï, and for his plays, including Änglik-Kebek....
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Auf dem See (poem by Goethe)
...famous—blue tailcoat and buff waistcoat and trousers—the party eventually reached Zürich. A boat trip led to the writing of one of Goethe’s most perfect poems, Auf dem See (“On the Lake”), and was followed by a walking tour through the mountains, with Goethe sketching all the time. Up on St. Gotthard Pass he contemplated the roa...
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“Auf den Marmorklippen” (work by Jünger)
...to power in Germany in 1933. Indeed, during Hitler’s chancellorship, he wrote a daring allegory on the barbarian devastation of a peaceful land in the novel Auf den Marmorklippen (1939; On the Marble Cliffs), which, surprisingly, passed the censors and was published in Germany. Jünger served as an army staff officer...
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“Auf Wiedersehen, Franziska!” (film by Käutner)
...effect in such films as Kleider machen Leute (1940; “Clothes Make the Man”), the tale of a humble tailor mistaken for a Russian prince, and Auf Wiedersehen, Franziska! (1941; “Goodbye, Franziska!”), which concerns the marital troubles between a reporter and his neglected wife. When the authorities forced Käutne...
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Aufbau principle (chemistry)
(from German Aufbauprinzip, “building-up principle”), rationalization of the distribution of electrons among energy levels in the ground (most stable) states of atoms. The principle, formulated by the Danish physicist Niels Bohr about 1920, is an application of the laws of ...
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Aufbauprinzip (chemistry)
(from German Aufbauprinzip, “building-up principle”), rationalization of the distribution of electrons among energy levels in the ground (most stable) states of atoms. The principle, formulated by the Danish physicist Niels Bohr about 1920, is an application of the laws of ...
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Aufeis (ice formation)
...very cold periods. At other times all the water in a small stream freezes; subsequent inflowing water then flows over the surface and freezes, forming large buildups of ice. These are known as icings, Aufeis (German), or naleds (Russian). Icings may become so thick that they completely block culverts and in some cases overflow onto adjacent roads....
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Aufgesang (music)
In form the music follows, in the main, the tripartite structure taken over from the Provençal canso: two identical sections, called individually Stollen and collectively Aufgesang, and a third section, or Abgesang (the terms derive from the later meistersingers); the formal ratio between Aufgesang and Abgesang is variable. The basic aab......
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“Aufhaltsame Aufsteig des Arturo Ui, Der” (play by Brecht)
...The Life of Galileo); Der gute Mensch von Sezuan (1943; The Good Woman of Setzuan), a parable play set in prewar China; Der Aufhaltsame Aufstieg des Arturo Ui (1957; The Resistible Rise of Arturo Ui), a parable play of Hitler’s rise to power set in prewar Chicago; Herr Puntila und sein Knecht Mat...
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Aufidius (fictional character)
...When he refuses to flatter the Roman citizens, for whom he feels contempt, or to show them his wounds to win their vote, they turn on him and banish him. Bitterly he joins forces with his enemy Aufidius, a Volscian, against Rome. Leading the enemy to the edge of the city, Coriolanus is ultimately persuaded by his mother, Volumnia—who brings with her Coriolanus’s wife, Virgilia, an...
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Aufklärung (European history)
a European intellectual movement of the 17th and 18th centuries in which ideas concerning God, reason, nature, and man were synthesized into a worldview that gained wide assent and that instigated revolutionary developments in art, philosophy, and politics. Central to Enlightenment thought were the use and the celebration of reason, the power by which man understands the univers...
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“Aufstieg und Fall der Stadt Mahagonny” (opera by and Brecht and Weill)
...(q.v.) he wrote the satirical, successful ballad opera Die Dreigroschenoper (1928; The Threepenny Opera) and the opera Aufstieg und Fall der Stadt Mahagonny (1930; Rise and Fall of the City of Mahagonny). He also wrote what he called “Lehr-stücke” (“exemplary......
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“Aufzeichnungen des Malte Laurids Brigge, Die” (work by Rilke)
Die Aufzeichnungen des Malte Laurids Brigge (1910; The Notebook of Malte Laurids Brigge, 1930), on which he began work in Rome in 1904, is a prose counterpart to the Neue Gedichte. That which hovered in the background in the poems, behind the perfection of style, is in the foreground of the prose work: the subjective, personal problems of the lonely occupant of a Paris......
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Augeas (Greek mythology)
in Greek legend, king of the Epeians in Elis, a son of the sun-god Helios. He possessed an immense wealth of herds, and King Eurystheus imposed upon the Greek hero Heracles the task of clearing out all of Augeas’s stables unaided in one day. Heracles did so by turning the Alpheus (or Peneus) River (or both) through th...
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Augeias (Greek mythology)
in Greek legend, king of the Epeians in Elis, a son of the sun-god Helios. He possessed an immense wealth of herds, and King Eurystheus imposed upon the Greek hero Heracles the task of clearing out all of Augeas’s stables unaided in one day. Heracles did so by turning the Alpheus (or Peneus) River (or both) through th...
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auger (tool)
tool (or bit) used with a carpenter’s brace for drilling holes in wood. It looks like a corkscrew and has six parts: screw, spurs, cutting edges, twist, shank, and tang. The screw looks like a tapered wood screw and is short and small in diameter; it centres the bit and draws it into the work. At th...
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Auger, Arleen (American opera singer)
U.S. opera singer (b. Sept. 13, 1939, South Gate, Calif.--d. June 10, 1993, Leusden, Neth.), projected a commanding stage presence and was especially praised for her flexible coloratura soprano voice and subtle interpretations of works by Bach, Handel, Haydn, Monteverdi, Gluck, and especially Mozart. After graduating from California State University at Long Beach (1963), she taught elementary sch...
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auger boring (tool)
tool (or bit) used with a carpenter’s brace for drilling holes in wood. It looks like a corkscrew and has six parts: screw, spurs, cutting edges, twist, shank, and tang. The screw looks like a tapered wood screw and is short and small in diameter; it centres the bit and draws it into the work. At th...
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Auger effect (physics)
in atomic physics, a spontaneous process in which an atom with an electron vacancy in the innermost (K) shell readjusts itself to a more stable state by ejecting one or more electrons instead of radiating a single X-ray photon. This internal photoelectric process is named for the French physicist Pierre-Victor Auger, who discovered it in 1925....
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Auger electron spectroscopy (physics)
Energies of Auger electrons (named after French physicist Pierre Auger), like energies of XPS photoelectrons, are characteristic of the individual chemical elements. Thus, it is possible to use AES to analyze surfaces in much the same way as XPS is used. However, because of the differences in the characteristics and limitations of the primary beams for the two techniques, photons versus......
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auger mining (coal mining)
method for recovering coal by boring into a coal seam at the base of strata exposed by excavation. Normally one of the lowest-cost techniques of mining, it is limited to horizontal or slightly pitched seams that have been exposed by geologic erosion. Augering is usually associated with contour strip-mining...
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auger shell (gastropod)
...active predators or scavengers; many olive, volute, and marginella shells are highly polished and colourful.Superfamily ToxoglossaAuger shells (Terebridae), cone shells (Conidae) and turrid shells (Turridae) are carnivorous marine snails with poison glands attached to highly modified radular teeth; several cone shells hav...
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Auger yield (physics)
...has two electron vacancies. The process may be repeated as the new vacancies are filled, otherwise X-radiation will be emitted. The probability that an Auger electron will be emitted is called the Auger yield for that shell. The Auger yield decreases with atomic number (the number of protons in the nucleus), and at atomic number 30 (zinc)......
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Augereau, Pierre-François-Charles, duc de Castiglione (French army officer)
army officer whose military ability won for France a series of brilliant victories in Italy under Napoleon’s command....
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Aughrabies Falls (waterfall, South Africa)
series of separately channeled cataracts and rapids on the Orange River in arid Northern Cape province, South Africa. The falls, which form the central feature of Augrabies Falls...
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Augias (Greek mythology)
in Greek legend, king of the Epeians in Elis, a son of the sun-god Helios. He possessed an immense wealth of herds, and King Eurystheus imposed upon the Greek hero Heracles the task of clearing out all of Augeas’s stables unaided in one day. Heracles did so by turning the Alpheus (or Peneus) River (or both) through th...
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Augier, Émile (French dramatist)
popular dramatist who wrote comedies extolling the virtues of middle-class life and who, with Alexandre Dumas fils and Victorien Sardou, dominated the French stage during the Second Empire (1852–70)....
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Augier, Guillaume-Victor-Émile (French dramatist)
popular dramatist who wrote comedies extolling the virtues of middle-class life and who, with Alexandre Dumas fils and Victorien Sardou, dominated the French stage during the Second Empire (1852–70)....
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augite (mineral)
the most common pyroxene mineral (a silicate of calcium, magnesium, iron, titanium, and aluminum). It occurs chiefly as thick, tabular crystals in basalts, gabbros, andesites, and various other dark-coloured igneous rocks. It also is a common constituent of lunar basalts and meteorites rich in basaltic material. Augites may...
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augmentation (navigation)
Although the travel time of a satellite signal to Earth is only a fraction of a second, much can happen to it in that interval. For example, electrically charged particles in the ionosphere and density variations in the troposphere may act to slow and distort satellite signals. These influences can translate into positional errors for GPS users—a problem that can be compounded by timing......
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augmentation of honour (heraldry)
The derivation of heraldic charges is more easily discerned in the augmentations of honour, as they are called, when something has been added to a coat of arms by the (British) crown in recognition of services rendered. The arms of the British naval hero Admiral Horatio Nelson show new heraldic charges added to his ancestral arms as his victories were won. Within the past 300 years,......
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Augmentations, Court of (United Kingdom)
in Reformation England, the most important of a group of financial courts organized during the reign of Henry VIII; the others were the courts of General Surveyors, First Fruits and Tenths, and Wards and Liveries. They were instituted chiefly so that the crown might gain better control over its lands and finances....
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augmented reality (computer science)
...both augmenting his night vision and providing a level of immersion sufficient for the pilot to equate his field of vision with the images from the camera. This kind of system would later be called “augmented reality” because it enhanced a human capacity (vision) in the real world. When Sutherland left DARPA for Harvard......
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Augmented Roman Alphabet
alphabet of 44 characters designed by Sir James Pitman to help children learn to read English more effectively. The Initial Teaching Alphabet is based on the phonemic (sound) system of English and uses the Roman alphabet, augmented by 14 additional characters, to represent each distinct sound with a separate symbol. It evol...
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augmented sixth chord (music)
...and a functionally ambiguous quality; for example, a chord that became of prime importance as a means of thickening the harmonic sound and of blurring the exact tonality of a musical passage was the augmented sixth chord. This is an altered chord, or one built by taking a chord normally occurring in its key and chromatically altering it. In this case, two of its notes are changed by a half step...
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augmented triad (music)
...the triad is a major triad; if a minor third and a perfect fifth, it is a minor triad. These are defined as consonant triads. If the third is major and the fifth is augmented, the triad is called an augmented triad; if the third is minor and the fifth is diminished, the triad is a diminished triad. Augmented and diminished triads are dissonant....
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augmentor wing (aviation)
...flying, where steep climb and approach angles and low landing speed are more important than high cruising speeds. These capabilities are provided by a combination of aerodynamic devices, such as the augmentor wing, which was introduced during the early 1960s. It consists of full span slats at the leading edge of the wing and full span double-slotted flaps at the trailing edge. Manipulation of.....
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Augrabies Falls (waterfall, South Africa)
series of separately channeled cataracts and rapids on the Orange River in arid Northern Cape province, South Africa. The falls, which form the central feature of Augrabies Falls...
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Augsburg (Germany)
city, Bavaria Land (state), southern Germany. It lies at the junction of the Wertach and Lech rivers and extends over the plateau country between the two rivers. In 1974 Augsburg annexed the neighbouring cities of Göggingen and Haunstetten....
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Augsburg Bible (German New Testament)
...translations must have gained wide popularity. Another impetus towards the use of the German Scriptures in this period can be traced to mystics of the Upper Rhine. A complete New Testament, the Augsburg Bible, can be dated to 1350, and another from Bohemia, Codex Teplensis (c. 1400), has also survived....
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Augsburg Confession (Lutheran confession)
the 28 articles that constitute the basic confession of the Lutheran churches, presented June 25, 1530, in German and Latin at the Diet of Augsburg to the emperor Charles V by seven Lutheran princes and two imperial free cities. The principal author was the Reformer Philipp Melanchthon, who drew on earlier Lutheran statements of faith. The purpose was to defen...
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Augsburg, Diet of (Holy Roman imperial council)
...led by the humanist Philipp Melanchthon, who dreaded the prospect of fragmentation within Protestantism, drew up a moderate outline of Lutheran positions. These were presented for discussion at the Diet of Augsburg in 1530, which was attended by the emperor. The Augsburg Confession, which became a fundamental statement of Lutheran belief, assumed that reconciliation with the Catholics was still...
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Augsburg Interim (German history)
temporary doctrinal agreement between German Catholics and Protestants, proclaimed in May 1548 at the Diet of Augsburg (1547–48), which became imperial law on June 30, 1548. It was prepared and accepted at the insistence of the Holy Roman emperor Charles V, who hoped to establish temporary religious unity in Germany until differences could be worked out in a ...
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Augsburg, League of (European alliance)
Coalition formed in 1686 by Emperor Leopold I, the kings of Sweden and Spain, and the electors of Bavaria, Saxony, and the Palatinate. The league was formed to oppose the expansionist plans of Louis XIV of France prior to the War of the Grand Alliance. It proved ineffective because of the reluctance of some princes to oppose France and the a...
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Augsburg, Peace of (Germany [1555])
first permanent legal basis for the existence of Lutheranism as well as Catholicism in Germany, promulgated on September 25, 1555, by the Diet of the Holy Roman Empire assembled earlier that year at Augsburg....
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Augsburg, War of the League of (European history)
(1689–97), the third major war of Louis XIV of France, in which his expansionist plans were blocked by an alliance led by England, the United Provinces of the Netherlands, and the Austrian Habsburgs. The deeper issue underlying the war was the bal...
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Augstein, Rudolf (German publisher)
German magazine publisher (b. Nov. 5, 1923, Hanover, Ger.—d. Nov. 7, 2002, Hamburg, Ger.), was the publisher, editor (until 1995), and chief editorial writer of Der Spiegel, the influential weekly newsmagazine that he founded in January 1947 and guided until the day of his death. Augstein, who imbued Der Spiegel with a strong political viewpoint, supported ...
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Augstein, Rudolf Karl (German publisher)
German magazine publisher (b. Nov. 5, 1923, Hanover, Ger.—d. Nov. 7, 2002, Hamburg, Ger.), was the publisher, editor (until 1995), and chief editorial writer of Der Spiegel, the influential weekly newsmagazine that he founded in January 1947 and guided until the day of his death. Augstein, who imbued Der Spiegel with a strong political viewpoint, supported ...
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augur (Roman religious official)
...by the 3rd century bc. The chief priest, the pontifex maximus (the head of the state clergy), was an elected official and not chosen from the existing pontifices. The augures, whose name may have been derived from the practice of magic in fertility rites and perhaps meant “increasers,” had the task of discovering whether or not the gods approved ...
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Augur (Roman jurist)
prominent Roman jurist. He was the cousin of Quintus Mucius Scaevola Pontifex, who founded the scientific study of Roman law....
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augures (Roman religious official)
...by the 3rd century bc. The chief priest, the pontifex maximus (the head of the state clergy), was an elected official and not chosen from the existing pontifices. The augures, whose name may have been derived from the practice of magic in fertility rites and perhaps meant “increasers,” had the task of discovering whether or not the gods approved ...
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Auguries of Innocence (work by Blake)
...in 1802, “I am under the direction of Messengers from Heaven Daily & Nightly.” These visions were the source of many of his poems and drawings. As he wrote in his Auguries of Innocence, his purpose was...
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