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Alcoa combination process (chemical process)
During World War II the Alcoa combination process was developed for processing lower-grade ores containing relatively high percentages of silica. Very briefly, this process reclaims the alumina that has combined with silica during the digestion process and has been filtered out with the red mud. The red mud is not discarded but is heated with limestone (calcium carbonate) and soda ash (sodium......
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Alcobaça (Portugal)
town, west-central Portugal. It lies at the confluence of the Alcoa and Baça rivers, just south-southwest of the city of Leiria. Alcobaça is notable for its Cistercian monastery (Mosteiro de Santa Maria), founded in 1152 by King Afonso I in thanksgiving for the reconquest of Santarém from the Moors and rebuilt in the 13th century. During the Middle Ages the...
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Alcock Convention (Chinese history)
...for them to be revised in the year 1868, at which time the Qing were able to negotiate with due preparations and in an atmosphere of peace for the first time since the Opium Wars. The result was the Alcock Convention of 1869, which limited the unilateral most-favoured-nation clause of the original treaty, a sign of gradual improvement in China’s foreign relations. However, under pressure...
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Alcock, George Eric Deacon (British astronomer)
British schoolteacher and amateur astronomer (b. Aug. 28, 1912, Peterborough, Cambridgeshire, Eng.—d. Dec. 15, 2000, England), was ranked as one of the world’s finest amateur astronomers; his 10 major discoveries exceeded the previous record of 8 discoveries made by 18th-century English astronomer Caroline Herschel. Despite the notorious vagaries of English weather, between 1959 and ...
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Alcock, John (English bishop and statesman)
architect, bishop, and statesman who founded Jesus College, Cambridge, and who was regarded as one of the most eminent pre-Reformation English divines....
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Alcock, Sir John William (British aviator)
aviator who, with his fellow British aviator Arthur Brown, made the first nonstop transatlantic flight....
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Alcock, W. J. (architect)
...structure built in steel, with large infill brick panels inset as a sunscreen. This structure is a synthesis of Louis I. Kahn and Mies van der Rohe but is not imitative of either. In Caracas W.J. Alcock adapted R. Buckminster Fuller’s geodesic dome as the roof for his Poliedro Stadium (1972), creating the biggest span of any aluminum structure. Alcock’s residential work, such as h...
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Alcoforado, Mariana (Portuguese nun)
Portuguese nun, long believed to have written Lettres portugaise (1669; “Portuguese Letters”), a collection of five love letters, though most modern authorities reject her authorship....
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alcohol (chemical compound)
any of a class of organic compounds characterized by one or more hydroxyl (−OH) groups attached to a carbon atom of an alkyl group (hydrocarbon chain). Alcohols may be considered as organic derivatives of water (H2O) in which one of the hydrogen atoms has been replaced by an alkyl group, typically represe...
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alcohol abuse
excessive and repetitive drinking of alcoholic beverages to the extent that the drinker repeatedly is harmed or harms others. The harm may be physical or mental; it may also be social, legal, or economic. Because such use is usually considered to be compulsive and under markedly diminished voluntary control, alcoholism is considered by a majority of, but not all, clinicians as an addiction and a d...
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alcohol consumption
the drinking of beverages containing ethyl alcohol. Alcoholic beverages are consumed largely for their physiological and psychological effects, but they are often consumed within specific social contexts and may even be a part of religious practices. Because of the effects that alcohol has on the body and on behaviour, governments often regulate its use. ...
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alcohol dehydrogenase (enzyme)
...intestine. In general, a lower percentage of the alcohol is degraded in a young woman’s stomach than in a young man’s because a young woman’s gastric secretions contain lower levels of the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), which breaks down alcohol prior to absorption....
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Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms, Bureau of (United States government)
...federal agents were killed in the assault. A lengthy standoff between the group and government agents then followed. It ended on April 19, after some 80 members of the group, including their leader David Koresh, died when the Mt. Carmel complex was burned to the ground following an attempted entrance by Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) agents....
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alcoholate (chemical compound)
...concept of polybasic acids developed. In 1835 he reported on the properties of the water of crystallization in hydrated salts; he also obtained definite compounds of salts and alcohol, the “alcoholates,” analogues of the hydrates. In his final paper he described palladium hydride, the first known instance of a solid compound formed from a metal and a gas....
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alcoholic beverage
any fermented liquor, such as wine, beer, or distilled spirit, that contains ethyl alcohol, or ethanol (CH3CH2OH), as an intoxicating agent. A brief treatment of alcoholic beverages follows. For full treatment, see alcohol consumption....
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alcoholic hepatitis
...hepatitis, a disorder associated with a malfunction of the immune system, generally occurs in young women. Treatment for autoimmune hepatitis includes corticosteroids, which help to reduce symptoms. Alcoholic hepatitis results from sustained consumption of excessive amounts of alcohol. The condition can be reversed if it is caught in its early stages and if the individual either significantly.....
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Alcoholics Anonymous (organization)
voluntary fellowship of alcoholic persons who seek to get sober and remain sober through self-help and the help of other recovered alcoholics. Although general conventions meet periodically and Alcoholics Anonymous World Services, Inc., is headquartered in New York City, all AA groups are essentially local and autonomous. To counteract self-indulgence and promote the group’s welfare, member...
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alcoholism
excessive and repetitive drinking of alcoholic beverages to the extent that the drinker repeatedly is harmed or harms others. The harm may be physical or mental; it may also be social, legal, or economic. Because such use is usually considered to be compulsive and under markedly diminished voluntary control, alcoholism is considered by a majority of, but not all, clinicians as an addiction and a d...
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Alconedo, José Luis Rodríguez de (artist)
...emerged, leading to works that reveal a more informal, human quality. A fine example of this tradition is a pastel (an informal, spontaneous medium much favoured by Rococo artists) self-portrait by José Luis Rodríguez de Alconedo from 1810. He depicted himself as a mestizo, with tousled hair and an open-necked shirt. His torso, in half-length, is turned in a different direction......
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Alcools (work by Apollinaire)
...under the title L’Hérésiarque et Cie (1910; “The Heresiarch and Co.”). Then came Le Bestiaire (1911), in mannered quatrains. But his poetic masterpiece was Alcools (1913; Eng. trans., 1964). In these poems he relived all his experiences and expressed them sometimes in alexandrines and regular stanzas, sometimes in short unrhymed lines, and...
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Alcor (star)
star with apparent magnitude of 4.01. The ability to see the dim star Alcor with the unaided eye may have been regarded by the Arabs (and others) as a test of good vision. Alcor makes a visual double with the brighter star Mizar in the middle of the handle of the Big Dipper (Ursa Major); the pair have also been called the Horse and Rider....
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Alcorn Agricultural and Mechanical College (university, Claiborne county, Mississippi, United States)
public, coeducational institution of higher learning near Lorman, Mississippi, U.S. It is a land-grant university consisting of schools of Arts and Sciences, Business, Education and Psychology, Nursing, and Agriculture and Applied Sciences. The university’s School of Nursing is located in Natchez. In addition to undergraduate studies, Alcorn State offer...
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Alcorn, Al (American electronic game designer)
In 1972 Bushnell, Dabney, and Al Alcorn, another Ampex alumnus, founded the Atari Corporation. Bushnell asked Alcorn to design a simple game based on Ping-Pong, explaining by way of inspiration that Atari had received a contract to make it. While there was in fact no such contract, Alcorn was adept at television electronics and produced a simple and addictive game, which they named ......
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Alcorn State University (university, Claiborne county, Mississippi, United States)
public, coeducational institution of higher learning near Lorman, Mississippi, U.S. It is a land-grant university consisting of schools of Arts and Sciences, Business, Education and Psychology, Nursing, and Agriculture and Applied Sciences. The university’s School of Nursing is located in Natchez. In addition to undergraduate studies, Alcorn State offer...
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Alcorn University (university, Claiborne county, Mississippi, United States)
public, coeducational institution of higher learning near Lorman, Mississippi, U.S. It is a land-grant university consisting of schools of Arts and Sciences, Business, Education and Psychology, Nursing, and Agriculture and Applied Sciences. The university’s School of Nursing is located in Natchez. In addition to undergraduate studies, Alcorn State offer...
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Alcorta, José Figueroa (president of Argentina)
...Quintana, was not one of Roca’s staunchest supporters. Quintana was forced to quell a radical revolution in 1905, and he died the following year. His death opened the way to the presidency for José Figueroa Alcorta, a Cordoban who turned immediately to the task of destroying Roca’s political machine. In 1910 Alcorta installed as his successor Roque Sáenz Peña,...
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Alcott, Amos Bronson (American philosopher and educator)
American philosopher, teacher, reformer, and member of the New England Transcendentalist group....
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Alcott, Bronson (American philosopher and educator)
American philosopher, teacher, reformer, and member of the New England Transcendentalist group....
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Alcott, John (British cinematographer)
Original Screenplay: Frank Pierson for Dog Day AfternoonAdapted Screenplay: Lawrence Hauben and Bo Goldman for One Flew over the Cuckoo’s NestCinematography: John Alcott for Barry LyndonArt Direction: Ken Adam and Roy Walker for Barry LyndonOriginal Score: John Williams for JawsScoring—Original Song......
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Alcott, Louisa May (American author)
American author known for her children’s books, especially the classic Little Women....
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Alcoutim, Peace of (Portugal [1371])
...throne was raging. On the murder of Peter in 1369, several Castilian towns offered Ferdinand their allegiance, which he was unwise enough to accept. Henry II duly invaded Portugal, and, by the Peace of Alcoutim (1371), Ferdinand was forced to renounce his claim and to promise to marry Henry’s daughter; however, he instead took a Portuguese wife, Leonor Teles, despite the fact that she wa...
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alcove (architecture)
recess opening off a room or other space enclosed by walls or hedges. In medieval architecture it was commonly used as a sleeping space off the main body of a drafty hall. The separation of the alcove from the main space was accomplished at first by means of curtains and later by timber partitions to form independent rooms and thus conserve heat. In later centuries bed alcoves and kitchen alcoves...
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Alcoy (Spain)
town, Alicante provincia (province), in the comunidad autónoma (autonomous community) of Valencia, southeastern Spain. It lies in rugged foothills at the confluence of the two headstreams of the Serpis River, north of Alicante city. The site was settled be...
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Alcoyll (Spain)
town, Alicante provincia (province), in the comunidad autónoma (autonomous community) of Valencia, southeastern Spain. It lies in rugged foothills at the confluence of the two headstreams of the Serpis River, north of Alicante city. The site was settled be...
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Alcudia, Manuel de Godoy, duque de (prime minister of Spain)
Spanish royal favourite and twice prime minister, whose disastrous foreign policy contributed to a series of misfortunes and defeats that culminated in the abdication of King Charles IV and the occupation of Spain by the armies of Napoleon Bonaparte....
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Alcuin (Anglo-Saxon scholar)
Anglo-Latin poet, educator, and cleric who, as head of the Palatine school established by Charlemagne at Aachen, introduced the traditions of Anglo-Saxon humanism into western Europe. He was the foremost scholar of the revival of learning known as the Carolingian Renaissance. He also made important reforms in the Roman Catholic liturgy and left more than 300 Latin letters that h...
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Alcune poesie di Ripano Eupilino (work by Parini)
Of humble origins, Parini was educated by the Barnabites in Milan. A volume of Arcadian verse, Alcune poesie di Ripano Eupilino (1752), brought him into literary circles; the following year he joined the prestigious Milanese Accademia dei Trasformati (“Academy of the Transformed”)....
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Alcyonacea (invertebrate order)
...and sea whips. Colonies commonly arborescent with axial skeleton of gorgonin and/or calcareous spicules. Polyps rarely dimorphic. Tropical and subtropical.Order AlcyonaceaSoft corals. Small to massive colonial forms. Lower parts of polyps fused into a fleshy mass; oral ends protrude. Internal skeleton of isolated calcareo...
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Alcyonaria (subclass of cnidarians)
Many cnidarian polyps are individually no more than a millimetre or so across. Polyps of most hydroids, hydrocorals, and soft and hard corals, however, proliferate asexually into colonies, which can attain much greater size and longevity than their component polyps. Certain tropical sea anemones (class Anthozoa) may be a metre in diameter, and some temperate ones are nearly that tall.......
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Alcyone (astronomy)
...and several hundred stars, of which six or seven can be seen by the unaided eye and have figured prominently in the myths and literature of many cultures. In Greek mythology the Seven Sisters (Alcyone, Maia, Electra, Merope, Taygete, Celaeno, and Sterope, names now assigned to individual stars), daughters of Atlas and Pleione,......
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Alcyone (work by D’Annunzio)
...major poetic work is the lyrical collection Laudi del cielo del mare della terra e degli eroi (1899; “In Praise of Sky, Sea, Earth, and Heroes”). The third book in this series, Alcyone (1904), a re-creation of the smells, tastes, sounds, and experiences of a Tuscan summer, is considered by many his greatest poetic work....
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Alcyone (Greek mythology)
in Greek mythology, the seven daughters of the Titan Atlas and the Oceanid Pleione: Maia, Electra, Taygete, Celaeno, Alcyone, Sterope, and Merope. They all had children by gods (except Merope, who married Sisyphus)....
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Aldabaran (eschatology)
One of the strangest notions to be advanced by rabbinic Judaism—and of relevance to the evolution of the concept of death—was that of the “bone called Luz” (or Judenknöchlein, as it was to be called by early German anatomists). In his Glossa magna in Pentateuchum (ad 210), Rabbi Oshaia had affirmed that there was a bone in the human bo...
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Aldabra giant tortoise (reptile)
...(120 per acre) in the red-eared slider. In contrast, the North American bog turtle (Clemmys muhlenbergi) lives in isolation, each bog containing only a dozen or fewer adults. The Aldabra giant tortoise (Geochelone gigantea) of the Indian Ocean has received modest protection, and as a result it has attained a total population of about 100,000, with......
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Aldabra Islands (atoll, Seychelles)
atoll, one of the world’s largest, in the Indian Ocean about 600 miles (1,000 km) southwest of the Seychelles group, and part of the Republic of the Seychelles. The Aldabras, together with Farquhar and Desroches islands and the Chagos Archipelago, formed part of the British Indian Ocean Territory from 1965 to 1976. The Aldabra Islands were formerly under the hegemony of the Seychelles, to ...
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Aldactone A (drug)
...distal tubule. Its function is to increase sodium retention in sodium-depleted states. Aldosterone levels, however, may be abnormally high in hyperaldosteronism and in hypertension. Drugs such as spironolactone act as antagonists of aldosterone and compete with it for its site of action in the distal tubule. As with most antagonists, spironolactone has no direct action of its own but simply......
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Aldan River (river, Russia)
river in eastern Siberia, Russia. It rises in the Stanovoy Range and flows northwestward in a huge curve to join the Lena River at Batamay. The Aldan River is 1,412 miles (2,273 km) long, the second largest tributary (after the Vilyuy) of the Lena, and drains more than 281,500 square miles (729,000 square km). Its annual discharge varies considerably both seasonally and annually. The river is nav...
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Aldan Shield (geological region, Siberia, Russia)
...the Norwegian coast) and the northwestern corner of Russia. The two other blocks are smaller. The Angaran Shield is exposed between the Khatanga and Lena rivers in north-central Siberia and the Aldan Shield is exposed in eastern Siberia....
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Aldanov, Mark (Russian writer)
Russian émigré writer best known for work bitterly critical of the Soviet system....
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Aldea perdida, La (work by Palacio Valdés)
...colour of Asturias, his native province, abounds in Marta y María, as it does in his other Asturian novels, José (1885), a realistic picture of seafaring life, and La aldea perdida (1903; “The Lost Village”), on the destruction of rural life by civilization. His occasionally excessive sentimentality is mitigated by sincerity and humour....
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Aldebaran (star)
reddish giant star in the constellation Taurus. Aldebaran is one of the 15 brightest stars, with an apparent visual magnitude of 0.86. Its diameter is approximately 50 times that of the Sun. It is accompanied by a very faint (13th magnitude) red companion star. Aldebaran lies about 65 light-years from the Earth. The star was once thought to be a member of the Hyades cluster, but in fact Aldebaran ...
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Aldeburgh Festival (English music festival)
...Chester miracle plays. The Rape of Lucretia marked the inception of the English Opera Group, with Britten as artistic director, composer, and conductor. This undertaking gave rise to the Aldeburgh Festival (founded 1947), which became one of the most important English music festivals and the centre of Britten’s musical activities....
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Aldecoa, Ignacio (Spanish novelist)
Spanish novelist whose work is noted for its local colour and careful composition....
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aldehyde (chemical compound)
any of a class of organic compounds, in which a carbon atom shares a double bond with an oxygen atom, a single bond with a hydrogen atom, and a single bond with another atom or group of atoms (designated R in general chemical formulas and structure diagrams). The double bond between carbon and oxygen is characteristic of ...
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aldehyde condensation polymer (chemistry)
Aldehyde condensation polymers are compounds produced by the reaction of formaldehyde with phenol, urea, or melamine. The reaction is usually accompanied by the release of water and other by-products. The monomers have the following structures:...
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aldehyde dehydrogenase (enzyme)
...ADH present in the liver cells. The alcohol molecule is converted by this action to acetaldehyde, itself a highly toxic substance, but the acetaldehyde is immediately acted upon by another enzyme, aldehyde dehydrogenase, and converted to acetate, most of which enters the bloodstream and is ultimately oxidized to carbon dioxide and water. Considerable utilizable energy—200 calories per......
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aldehyde group (chemical compounds)
...monosaccharides containing five carbon atoms, and hexose (hex = six) is used for those containing six. In addition, because the monosaccharides contain a chemically reactive group that is either an aldehydo group ... , they are frequently referred to as aldopentoses or ketopentoses or aldohexoses or ketohexoses; in the examples below, the aldehydo group is at position 1 of the aldopentose, the...
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aldehyde oxidase (enzyme)
...ADH present in the liver cells. The alcohol molecule is converted by this action to acetaldehyde, itself a highly toxic substance, but the acetaldehyde is immediately acted upon by another enzyme, aldehyde dehydrogenase, and converted to acetate, most of which enters the bloodstream and is ultimately oxidized to carbon dioxide and water. Considerable utilizable energy—200 calories per......
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aldehydo group (chemical compounds)
...monosaccharides containing five carbon atoms, and hexose (hex = six) is used for those containing six. In addition, because the monosaccharides contain a chemically reactive group that is either an aldehydo group ... , they are frequently referred to as aldopentoses or ketopentoses or aldohexoses or ketohexoses; in the examples below, the aldehydo group is at position 1 of the aldopentose, the...
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aldeia (village)
...to protecting and converting the Indians and raising the moral level of the colonists. As soon as they converted Indians to Christianity, the Jesuits settled them in aldeias (“villages”) that were akin to the missions in Spanish America. Most other Portuguese colonists owned Indian slaves, however, and resented the Jesuits’ control...
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Alden, Cynthia May Westover (American social worker and journalist)
American social worker and journalist whose energies in the latter half of her life focused on securing the welfare of blind infants and children....
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Alden, Isabella Macdonald (American author)
American children’s author whose books achieved great popularity for the wholesome interest and variety of their situations and characters and the clearly moral but not sombre lessons of their plots....
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Alden, John (English colonist)
John Alden was hired as a cooper by the London merchants who financed the expedition to the New World. Priscilla Mullins went to America with her parents and younger brother. The other three members of her family died during the terrible first winter of the Plymouth Colony. Probably in 1623 she and John were married. They lived in Plymouth until about 1631, when they and others founded the......
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Alden, John; and Alden, Priscilla (English colonists)
Pilgrims who in 1620 immigrated to America on the Mayflower and took part in the founding of the Plymouth Colony, the first permanent English colony in New England....
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Alden, Priscilla (English colonist)
John Alden was hired as a cooper by the London merchants who financed the expedition to the New World. Priscilla Mullins went to America with her parents and younger brother. The other three members of her family died during the terrible first winter of the Plymouth Colony. Probably in 1623 she and John were married. They lived in Plymouth until about 1631, when they and others founded the......
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alder (plant)
any of about 30 species of ornamental shrubs and trees constituting the genus Alnus, in the birch family (Betulaceae), distributed throughout the Northern Hemisphere and western South America on cool, wet sites at elevations up to 2,500 m (8,200 feet)....
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alder buckthorn (shrub)
woody shrub or small tree, of the buckthorn family (Rhamnaceae), native to western Asia, Europe, and northern Africa. It has been introduced into North America and other regions, where it is often cultivated as an ornamental. The plant grows rapidly, reaching a height of 5.5 m (about 18 feet); its dark, dense, and lustrous foliage turns yellow in autumn. The alternate, rather oval leaves are 3.75...
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alder dogwood (shrub)
woody shrub or small tree, of the buckthorn family (Rhamnaceae), native to western Asia, Europe, and northern Africa. It has been introduced into North America and other regions, where it is often cultivated as an ornamental. The plant grows rapidly, reaching a height of 5.5 m (about 18 feet); its dark, dense, and lustrous foliage turns yellow in autumn. The alternate, rather oval leaves are 3.75...
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Alder, Kurt (German chemist)
German chemist who was the corecipient, with the German organic chemist Otto Diels, of the 1950 Nobel Prize for Chemistry for their development of the Diels-Alder reaction, or diene synthesis, a widely used method of synthesizing cyclic organic compounds....
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Alderdice, Lord John (Northern Irish politician)
...and 1972, Oliver Napier acted as de facto leader during that period. Since then, the party has been led by Phelim O’Neill (1972–73), Napier (1973–84), John Cushnahan (1984–87), Lord John Alderdice (1989–98), Sean Neeson (1998–2001), and David Ford (2001– )....
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alderfly (insect)
any insect of the megalopteran family Sialidae, characterized by long, filamentous antennae and two pairs of large wings (anterior wing length 20 to 50 mm [ 34 inch to 2 inches]), membranous and well-developed, with part of the hind wing folding like a fan. The adult alderfly is dark-coloured, 15 to 30 mm (35 inch to 1 ...
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alderman (government)
member of the legislative body of a municipal corporation in England and the United States. In Anglo-Saxon England, ealdormen, or aldermen, were high-ranking officials of the crown who exercised judicial, administrative, or military functions. Earls, the governors of shires (counties), and other persons of distinction were among those who received the title of alderman. Later the title was used to...
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Alderman, Edwin A. (American university president)
In 1904 Edwin A. Alderman was elected the first president; previously the chief administrative officer had been the chairman of the faculty. Under Alderman (1904–31), the university established its basic modern structure. The McIntire School of Commerce was established there in 1952 and the Center for Advanced Studies in 1965. Special programs include Asian, Afro-American, and African......
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Alderney (island, Channel Islands, English Channel)
one of the Channel Islands, in the English Channel, separated from the Normandy coast (Cap de la Hague) by the dangerously swift 10-mile (16-km) Race of Alderney. Swinge Race, on the west, separates it from the uninhabited Burhou, Ortac, and smaller islets, beyond which the notorious Casquets, a group of jagged rocks, carry a lighthouse. The nearest English co...
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Aldersgate Street Experience (life of John Wesley)
...and he also discovered Martin Luther’s commentary on the Letter of Paul to the Galatians, which emphasized the scriptural doctrine of justification by grace through faith alone. On May 24, 1738, in Aldersgate Street, London, during a meeting composed largely of Moravians under the auspices of the Church of England, Wesley’s intellectual conviction was transformed into a personal e...
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Aldershot (England, United Kingdom)
...the district on the south, and the Basingstoke Canal bisects it east-west. The district is a major centre of the United Kingdom’s military establishment. A military camp, established at the town of Aldershot in 1854–55, is now the largest permanent military base in the country. Adjacent to Farnborough, the district seat, and lying to the north of the canal is the site of the Royal...
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Alderson, Samuel W. (American inventor)
American inventor (b. Oct. 21, 1914, Cleveland, Ohio—d. Feb. 11, 2005, Los Angeles, Calif.), created (1968) the first example of what became known as the crash-test dummy, a device modeled on the average adult male that made it possible to study the effect an automobile crash had on the human body....
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Aldfrith (king of Northumbria)
king of Northumbria (685–704) and patron of literature. An illegitimate son of Oswiu and the Irish princess Fína, he succeeded to the throne when his brother Ecgfrith was killed at the Battle of Nechtansmere. Educated for the priesthood, he stimulated the growth of scholarship in Northumbria during his reign, producing conditions under which the historian Bede flourished....
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Aldhelm (abbot of Malmesbury)
(c. 639–709), West Saxon abbot of Malmesbury, the most learned teacher of 7th-century Wessex, a pioneer in the art of Latin verse among the Anglo-Saxons, and the author of numerous extant writings in Latin verse and prose....
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Aldine Press (Italian publishing company)
the leading figure of his time in printing, publishing, and typography, founder of a veritable dynasty of great printer-publishers, and organizer of the famous Aldine Press. Manutius produced the first printed editions of many of the Greek and Latin classics and is particularly associated with the production of small, excellently edited pocket-size books printed in inexpensive editions....
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Aldington, Edward Godfree (English author)
poet, novelist, critic, and biographer who wrote searingly and sometimes irascibly of what he considered to be hypocrisy in modern industrialized civilization....
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Aldington, Richard (English author)
poet, novelist, critic, and biographer who wrote searingly and sometimes irascibly of what he considered to be hypocrisy in modern industrialized civilization....
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Aldiss, Brian W. (English author)
prolific English author of science-fiction short stories and novels that display great range in style and approach....
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Aldiss, Brian Wilson (English author)
prolific English author of science-fiction short stories and novels that display great range in style and approach....
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Aldo Manuzio il Giovane (Italian printer)
last member of the Italian family of Manuzio to be active in the famous Aldine Press established by his grandfather Aldus Manutius the Elder....
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Aldobrandini, Cinzio (Italian cardinal)
...(1605; “Mount of Olives”) and Le sette giornate del mondo creato (1607; “The Seven Days of Creation”). In May 1592 he was given hospitality in Rome by Cardinal Cinzio Aldobrandini, a nephew of Pope Clement VIII. To this patron he dedicated a new version of his epic (Gerusalemme conquistata, published 1593), a poetic failure that reveals the extent of......
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Aldobrandini, Ippolito (pope)
pope from 1592 to 1605, the last pontiff to serve during the Counter-Reformation. The holder of numerous church offices, he was made cardinal in 1585 by Pope Sixtus V and elected pope as Clement VIII on Jan. 30, 1592....
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aldol (chemical compound)
Another important reaction of a carbon nucleophile with an aldehyde is the aldol reaction (also called aldol condensation), which takes place when any aldehyde possessing at least one α-hydrogen is treated with sodium hydroxide or sometimes with another base. The product of an aldol reaction is a β-hydroxyaldehyde....
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aldol condensation (chemistry)
Self-condensation of aldehydes, the so-called aldol condensation, occurs readily, when catalyzed by bases, to give β-hydroxy aldehydes. The prototype of this reaction is the conversion of acetaldehyde to β-hydroxybutyraldehyde, or aldol. The first step of this reaction is the production of an enolate ion (as in formation of the keto–enol tautomeric mixture), but this anion the...
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aldolase (enzyme)
...the reverse reaction is an aldol condensation—i.e., an aldehyde (glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate) combines with a ketone (dihydroxyacetone phosphate)—the enzyme is commonly called aldolase. The two three-carbon fragments produced in step [4], dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, are also called triose phosphates. They are readily converted to each other......
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Aldon Music (American company)
...Building professionals tended to focus more narrowly on elevating the craft of songwriting. The flagship company of Brill Building pop music (actually located across the street at 1650 Broadway) was Aldon Music, founded by Al Nevins and Don Kirshner. Brill Building-era songwriting teams such as Gerry Goffin and Carole King, Barry Mann and Cynthia Weil,......
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aldosterone (hormone)
a steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal gland. It serves as the principal regulator of the salt and water balance of the body (a mineralocorticoid) and has a small effect on the metabolism of fats, carbohydrates, and proteins. ...
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Aldred (Anglo-Saxon archbishop)
Anglo-Saxon archbishop of York from 1061, played an important part in secular politics at the time of the Norman conquest and legitimized the rule of William the Conqueror (William I) by crowning him king on Christmas Day, 1066....
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Aldrich, Bess Genevra Streeter (American author)
American author whose prolific output of novels and short stories evoked the American Plains and the people who settled them....
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Aldrich, Lyman T. (American geophysicist)
...to argon gas of mass 40 (40Ar) formed the basis of the first widely used isotopic dating method. Since radiogenic argon-40 was first detected in 1938 by the American geophysicist Lyman T. Aldrich and A.O. Nier, the method has evolved into one of the most versatile and widely employed methods available. Potassium is one of the 10 most abundant elements that together make up 99......
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Aldrich, Nelson W. (United States senator)
U.S. senator and financier whose work on the Aldrich-Vreeland Currency Act of 1908 and chairmanship of the National Monetary Commission (1908–12) helped prepare the way for the Federal Reserve Act of 1913....
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Aldrich, Nelson Wilmarth (United States senator)
U.S. senator and financier whose work on the Aldrich-Vreeland Currency Act of 1908 and chairmanship of the National Monetary Commission (1908–12) helped prepare the way for the Federal Reserve Act of 1913....
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Aldrich, Robert (American director)
American motion-picture director who earned his reputation with early realistic and socially conscious films....
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Aldrich, Thomas Bailey (American writer)
poet, short-story writer, and editor whose use of the surprise ending influenced the development of the short story. He drew upon his childhood experiences in New Hampshire in his popular classic The Story of a Bad Boy (1870)....
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Aldridge, Ira Frederick (British actor)
American-born English tragedian, considered one of the greatest interpreters of his day....
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