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American poet who wrote with bemused sarcasm about mundane topics, infusing them with irony. A fully developed style is evident in his first verse collection, Poems (1961), which in 1962 won a National Book Award and a Pulitzer Prize.......

...(1851), is full of heartrending laments and bleak glosses on the human condition; many of these poems are now regarded as among his finest. A final collection, Gedichte 1853 und 1854 (Poems 1853 and 1854), is of the same order. After nearly eight years of torment, Heine died and was buried in the Montmartre Cemetery....

With Poemas y antipoemas (1954; Poems and Antipoems), Parra’s efforts to make poetry more accessible gained him national and international fame. In lucid, direct language, these verses treat with black humour and ironic vision common, everyday problems of a grotesque and often absurd world....

...(1865), in which he attempted to re-create in English the spirit and form of Greek tragedy; his lyric powers are at their finest in this work. Atalanta was followed by the first series of Poems and Ballads in 1866, which clearly display Swinburne’s preoccupation with masochism, flagellation, and paganism. This volume contains some of his finest poems, among them......

...Casa Guidi Windows (1851) had been a deliberate attempt to win sympathy for the Florentines, and she continued to believe in the integrity of Napoleon III. In Poems Before Congress (1860), the poem A Curse for a Nation was mistaken for a denunciation of England, whereas it was aimed at U.S. slavery....

Horton’s first book of poetry, The Hope of Liberty (1829; retitled Poems by a Slave), includes several love lyrics originally written for students, as well as hopeful poems about freedom from enslavement. Probably because of fears of punishment, The Poetical Works of George M. Horton, The Colored Bard of North Carolina (1845) addresses the issue of slavery in a subtle.....

In 1846 Anne contributed 21 poems to Poems by Currer, Ellis and Acton Bell, a joint work with her sisters Charlotte and Emily. Her first novel, Agnes Grey, was published together with Emily’s Wuthering Heights in three volumes (of which Agnes Grey was the third) in December 1847. The reception to these volumes, associated in the public mind......

...had felt that her poems were so original that they were nearly unpublishable. He and Todd undertook to polish and “correct” several of the poems chosen for publication. A volume of Poems by Emily Dickinson appeared in 1890 and was followed by a second volume in 1891. By herself Todd prepared a third volume, published in 1896. She also published two volumes of Letters of....

...the health of Tennyson’s father began to break down, and he took refuge in drink. Alfred, though depressed by unhappiness at home, continued to write, collaborating with Frederick and Charles in Poems by Two Brothers (1826; dated 1827). His contributions (more than half the volume) are mostly in fashionable styles of the day....

...first wanted to show his country what he could do. In the midst of his troubles he went ahead with his plans for publishing a volume of his poems at the nearby town of Kilmarnock. It was entitled Poems, Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect and appeared on July 31, 1786. Its success was immediate and overwhelming. Simple country folk and sophisticated Edinburgh critics alike hailed it, and the...

...club of earnest intellectual interests. Tennyson’s reputation as a poet increased at Cambridge. In 1829 he won the chancellor’s gold medal with a poem called Timbuctoo. In 1830 Poems, Chiefly Lyrical was published; and in the same year Tennyson, Hallam, and other Apostles went to Spain to help in the unsuccessful revolution against Ferdinand VII. In the meantime, Hal...

In 1820 his first book, Poems Descriptive of Rural Life and Scenery, was published and created a stir. Clare visited London, where he enjoyed a brief season of celebrity in fashionable circles. He made some lasting friends, among them Charles Lamb, and admirers raised an annuity for him. That same year he married Martha Turner, the daughter of a neighbouring farmer, the “Patty of......

African-American poet who emerged as a robust voice of the black aesthetic movement with his first volume of verse, Poems from Prison (1968). His poetry combined the energy and bravado of African-American “toasts” (long narrative poems that were recited in a mixture of street slang, specialized argot, and obscenities) with a concern for freedom from oppression....

...the seeds of revolution in the virgin soil of the Russian peasantry. Despite its realism and his efforts to give the war topicality, it is the least successful of his novels. His last major work, Poems in Prose, is remarkable chiefly for its wistfulness and for its famous eulogy to the Russian language....

...in Scots, Seeds in the Wind (1933), are beast fables that express a mature insight into the life of things viewed with the “innocent eye” of childhood. In Poems in Scots (1935) he developed the ballad style toward the objective expression of individual lyricism. During his last 10 years his principal output in Scots consisted of......

...references to his work in Lawrence Durrell’s Alexandria Quartet. Cavafy’s poems were first published without date before World War II and reprinted in 1949. An English translation, The Poems of C.P. Cavafy, appeared in 1951....

The sentimentality that is sometimes an unconscious compensatory gesture in a time of ruthless materialism expressed itself in the idyllic Poems of Childhood (1896), by Eugene Field, and the rural dialect Rhymes of Childhood (1891), by James Whitcomb Riley. These poems can hardly speak to the children of the second half of the 20th century. But it is not clear that the same is......

...the poetry based on these bitter, despairing premises was far from depressing. Most of Leopardi’s poems were contained in one book, I canti (“Songs”; Eng. trans. The Poems of Leopardi), first published in 1831. Some were patriotic and were once very popular; but the most memorable came from deeper lyrical inspiration. Among them were......

...The rejection of her next book, a collection of love poems, by a Chicago publisher on grounds that it was immoral helped ensure its success when it was issued by another publisher in 1883 as Poems of Passion, a titillating title that was as racy as any of the contents. The sale of 60,000 copies in two years firmly established Wheeler’s reputation....

...pseudo-Oriental quality was acknowledged by Goethe in its title: West-östlicher Divan (“The Parliament of East and West”; Eng. trans. Poems of the East and West). Goethe was fleeing from the upheavals of his own time. But in 1816 he was cruelly reminded that he could not flee present reality entirely. His wife died in June,......

...impression reinforced by the author’s own idiosyncratic illustrations—and acceptance of Hardy’s verse was slowed, then and later, by the persistence of his reputation as a novelist. Poems of the Past and the Present (1901) contained nearly twice as many poems as its predecessor, most of them newly written. Some of the poems are explicitly or implicitly grouped...

English author of 11 battle songs, preserved in an early 15th-century manuscript, first published by the antiquarian Joseph Ritson in 1795 as Poems on Interesting Events in the Reign of King Edward III. Minot’s poems were evidently written contemporaneously with the events they describe; the first celebrates the English triumph over the Scots at Halidon Hill (1333) and the last the.....

...the state Anti-Slavery Society, and from 1856 to 1860 she spoke throughout the East and Midwest. In addition to her antislavery lecturing, she read frequently from her second book, Poems on Miscellaneous Subjects (1854), which was quite successful and was several times enlarged and reissued. It addressed the subjects of motherhood, separation, and death and contained th...

...today, however, for work that attracted less contemporary interest but was to be admired by the Romantics William Wordsworth, Samuel Coleridge, and Charles Lamb. The posthumous Poems on Several Occasions (1689) includes deft poetry of friendship and love written with the familiar, colloquial ease of the Cavalier tradition and carefully observed, idiosyncratically......

...Written in Spring.” His reputation was spread, first through sympathy for his early death, and second through the alleged theft by John Logan of several of his poems. Logan edited in 1770 Poems on Several Occasions, by Michael Bruce, in which “Ode to the Cuckoo” appeared. In the preface he stated that “to make up a miscellany, some poems written by different.....

...Americans. Couching a social justice argument in the Christian gospel of the universal brotherhood of humanity, African-born Phillis Wheatley, enslaved in Boston, dedicated her Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral (1773), the first African American book, to proving that “Negros, black as Cain,” were not inherently......

...(or Gheorghe) Topârceanu (1886–1937) are found in Namaeşti. Topoloveni town has a craft cooperative that makes traditional costumes and wood carvings. The 15th-century fortress of Poenari was constructed, overlooking the Argeş River valley, by Vlad Ţepeş, or Vlad the Impaler, a prince known for executing his enemies by impalement, who was the prototype ...

In 1980 A. Sandulescu, D.N. Poenaru, and W. Greiner described calculations indicating the possibility of a new type of decay of heavy nuclei intermediate between alpha decay and spontaneous fission. The first observation of heavy-ion radioactivity was that of a 30-MeV, carbon-14 emission from radium-223 by H.J. Rose and G.A. Jones in 1984. The ratio of carbon-14 decay to alpha decay is about 5......

...segmentation; external or internal commensals or parasites of echinoderms, especially crinoids; size, minute to 1 cm; genera include Myzostoma.Order PoeobiidaBody saclike without external segmentation; anterior end with circle of tentacles; 2 internal septa only polychaete characteristics; pelagic; single genus,......

...PoeobiidaBody saclike without external segmentation; anterior end with circle of tentacles; 2 internal septa only polychaete characteristics; pelagic; single genus, Poeobius.Class OligochaetaPrimarily freshwater or terrestrial with setae arising directly from body wa...

...tails are long and pointed, their bills stoutly conical. Grass finches live chiefly in hot open country near rivers. Several grass finches are well-known cage birds. One of the most colourful is the Gouldian finch (Chloebia, formerly Poephila, gouldiae) whose plumage is purple, gold, green, blue, and black; its face may be red, orange, or black. The star finch (Neochmia......

Domesticated zebra finches (Poephila guttata) show marked loss of specificity in their mating interactions and in care of the young, when compared with their wild counterparts. Wild chickens will kill their own chicks that lack specific colour patterns. Domestic chickens, on the other hand, will care for almost any chick regardless of colour and pattern; yet, they retain specific......

Italian liberal during the Risorgimento, brother of Carlo Poerio....

Italian revolutionary, distinguished for his services to liberalism during the Risorgimento....

...his initial broad manifesto of 1909, Marinetti wrote or had a hand in creating a whole series of manifestos dealing with poetry, the theatre, architecture, and other arts. He founded the journal Poesia at Paris in 1905, and he later founded a press with the same name to publish Futurist works. On proselytizing visits to England, France, Germany, and Russia, Marinetti influenced the work....

...however. Although he was best known for his “Negro poetry,” his reflective and introspective personality found expression in poetry of many other moods and themes. The collection Poesía, 1915–56 (1957) reveals his more personal side as a lyric poet and as a melancholy man, ill at ease in the modern world....

In 1972 Castellanos published her collected poetry in a volume entitled Poesía no eres tú (“Poetry Is Not You”; Eng. trans., The Selected Poems, by Magda Bogin), a polemical allusion to a well-known verse by Spanish Romantic poet Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer, in which he tells his beloved that she is poetry....

...Formal discipline, devotion to clarity through direct imagery, and a reduced vocabulary were stressed, and the social and human content increased. Leaders of postwar poesía social (social poetry) are sometimes referred to as a “Basque triumvirate”: Gabriel Celaya, a prewar Surrealist who became a leading spokesman for the opposition.....

...University of Madrid. He spent most of his life trying to educate people in the Neoclassic principles of good taste, emphasizing the need for balance between form and content. His Poesías (1822, 1837; “Poems”) show faint influences of the Romantic movement. Among his best-known works are El imperio de la estupidez (1798;......

Spanish lyric poet who achieved great popularity with an early book of poems, Poesías eróticas y amatorias (1617–18)....

...Cuban stay she had a strong influence on Cuban literature. Her first poems, originally published under the pseudonym of La Peregrina (The Pilgrim), were collected in 1841 into a volume entitled Poesías líricas (“Lyrical Poems”). Combining the classical style of Manuel José Quintana with her own romantic vision, tinged with a pessimism born of much......

...and cultivated family, Ippolito Pindemonte was educated at a college in Modena and then traveled in Europe. He published a volume of Arcadian verse, Le stanze (1779), and one of lyrics, Poesie campestri (1788; “Rural Poetry”). Both showed a sensitivity to nature and the influence of the contemporary English poets Thomas Gray and Edward Young. A stay in Paris inspired...

...powerful Grimani family. In 1768 he became professor of Greek and Hebrew at the University of Padua. His versified translation, from the English version of James Macpherson, of the Ossian poems (Poesie di Ossian, 1763–72; modern ed., 1924) revived interest in nature poetry. Two important essays also encouraged would-be Romantic writers: Saggio sulla filosofia del gusto......

...There she wrote Contes en vers (1855; “Stories in Verse”) and Contes et poésies (1862; “Stories and Poetry”), but her real reputation rests on the Poésies, premières poésies, poésies philosophiques (1874; “Poetry, First Poetry, Philosophical Poetry”), a volume of sombre and powerful verse, expressi...

literature that evokes a concentrated imaginative awareness of experience or a specific emotional response through language chosen and arranged for its meaning, sound, and rhythm....

Lorca’s stay in the United States and Cuba yielded Poeta en Nueva York (published 1940; Poet in New York), a series of poems whose dense, at times hallucinatory images, free-verse lines, and thematic preoccupation with urban decay and social injustice mark an audacious departure from Lorca’s previous work. The collection is redolent of Charles Baudelaire, Ed...

title first granted in England for poetic excellence. Its holder is a salaried member of the British royal household, but the post has come to be free of specific poetic duties. The title of the office stems from a tradition, dating to the earliest Greek and Roman times, of honouring achievement with a crown of laurel, a tree sacred to Apollo, patron of poets....

In 1889 Clarke and Porter launched a new monthly, Poet Lore, “devoted to Shakespeare, Browning, and the Comparative Study of Literature.” The magazine found an immediate and growing audience among the proliferating literary clubs and societies across the nation, most if not all of them sharing the Victorian literary standards and interests of the editors. In 1891 they moved......

Romantic poet whose sympathy for the Brazilian abolitionist cause won him the name “poet of the slaves.”...

Lorca’s stay in the United States and Cuba yielded Poeta en Nueva York (published 1940; Poet in New York), a series of poems whose dense, at times hallucinatory images, free-verse lines, and thematic preoccupation with urban decay and social injustice mark an audacious departure from Lorca’s previous work. The collection is redolent of Charles Baudelaire, Ed...

...high price of admission they charged meant a select audience, and they were willing to try strong satire and formal experiment; for them Jonson wrote Cynthia’s Revels (c. 1600) and Poetaster (1601). Even in these, however, there is the paradox of contempt for human behaviour hand in hand with a longing for human order....

(French: “accursed poet”), in literary criticism, the poet as an outcast of modern society, despised by its rulers who fear his penetrating insights into their spiritual emptiness. The phrase was first applied by Paul Verlaine in Les Poètes maudits (1884), a collection of critical and biographical studies that focused on the tragedy of the lives of t...

...satisfaction with reality. At that time, life was becoming much happier for him, not only because his liaison was agreeable but also because a review of him in the series of articles entitled Les Poètes maudits (“The Accursed Poets”) published by Verlaine in 1883 and the praise lavished on him by J.-K. Huysmans in his novel À rebours (“The Wrong....

...social observer Roberto Roversi. All of these poets, and a few of those mentioned below, were already represented in Pier Vincenzo Mengaldo’s standard anthology of 20th-century poetry, Poeti italiani del Novecento (1978; “Italian Poets of the 20th Century”)....

...more poets in Italy than readers of poetry. An authoritative 1,200-page anthology by two experts in the field, poet Maurizio Cucchi and critic of contemporary literature Stefano Giovanardi, Poeti italiani del secondo Novecento, 1945–1995 (1996; “Italian Poets of the Second Half of the 20th Century, 1945–1995”), introduced a useful taxonomy. Cucchi and......

grandiose, elevated, and unfamiliar language, supposedly the prerogative of poetry but not of prose....

oral court poetry originating in Norway but developed chiefly by Icelandic poets (skalds) from the 9th to the 13th century. Skaldic poetry was contemporary with Eddaic poetry but differed from it in metre, diction, and style. Eddaic poetry is anonymous, simple, and terse, often taking the form of an objective dramatic dialogue....

in literature, an outcome in which vice is punished and virtue rewarded, usually in a manner peculiarly or ironically appropriate. The term was coined by the English literary critic Thomas Rymer in the 17th century, when it was believed that a work of literature should uphold moral principles and instruct the reader in correct moral behaviour. ...

the right assumed by poets to alter or invert standard syntax or depart from common diction or pronunciation to comply with the metrical or tonal requirements of their writing....

The 1830s and ’40s saw the emergence of romantisme, a movement that reflected a fading faith in the philosophic ideals of Romanticism. The literature of romantisme became more contemplative and more concerned with form than with content. Johan Ludvig Heiberg, who led this movement, attempted to revivify Danish dram...

...set designer whose work transformed French set design. His studio-built street scenes and sets for Jacques Feyder and René Clair in the 1930s marked the beginning of the development of French poetic realism, a complete break from the expressionism and impressionism popular at the time....

in poetry, the patterned recurrence, within a certain range of regularity, of specific language features, usually features of sound. Although difficult to define, rhythm is readily discriminated by the ear and the mind, having as it does a physiological basis. It is universally agreed to involve qualities of movement, repetition, and pattern and to arise from the poem’s nature as a tempora...

...suggested different definitions of dance that have amounted to little more than descriptions of the kind of dance with which each writer was most familiar. Thus, Aristotle’s statement in the Poetics that dance is rhythmic movement whose purpose is “to represent men’s characters as well as what they do and suffer” refers to the central role that dance pla...

Castelvetro then lived in France and in Vienna, where his work on the Poetics of Aristotle, called La poetica di Aristotele vulgarizzata (“Aristotle’s Poetics Popularized”), was published in 1570. Though often erroneous in transmitting Aristotle’s ideas, La poetica was extremely influential in the history of drama and of criticism. Castelvetr...

...playwright Plautus’ Menaechmi. He also wrote the first Italian odes modeled on the irregular lyric verse of the Greek poet Pindar and the first Italian versions of the Horatian ode. His La poetica (1529) used Italian poetry to exemplify his theory....

in literature, an outcome in which vice is punished and virtue rewarded, usually in a manner peculiarly or ironically appropriate. The term was coined by the English literary critic Thomas Rymer in the 17th century, when it was believed that a work of literature should uphold moral principles and instruct the reader in correct moral behaviour. ...

In 1820 Lamartine married Maria Ann Birch, a young Englishwoman connected by marriage to the Churchills. The same year he published his first collection of poetry, Méditations poétiques, and finally joined the diplomatic corps, as secretary to the French embassy at Naples. Méditations was immensely successful because of its new romantic tone and sincerity of......

Congreve’s character was praised in Giles Jacob’s Poetical Register (1719), where he is described as being “so far from being puff’d up with Vanity…that he abounds with Humility and good Nature. He does not shew so much the Poet as the Gentleman.” The last phrase will serve as a comment on the notorious meeting with Voltaire, who i...

...In 1783 Harriet Mathew’s husband, the Rev. Anthony Stephen Mathew, and Blake’s friend John Flaxman had some of these poems printed in a modest little volume of 70 pages titled Poetical Sketches, with the attribution on the title page reading simply, “By W.B.” It contained an “advertisement” by Reverend Mathew that stated, ...

...by precise grammatical and phonetic conventions. No such rules and conventions obtain in English; Robert Bridges, the British poet laureate and an authority on prosody, remarked in his Poetical Works (1912) that the difficulty of adapting English syllables to the Greek rules is “very great, and even deterrent.” Longfellow’s hexameter is in reality a syllable-stress.....

Bahāʾ al-Dīn Zuhayr’s divan (collection of poems) was published in an Arabic edition with an English translation by E.H. Palmer, The Poetical Works of Behá-ed-Dín Zoheir of Egypt, 2 vol. (1876–77). Among his poems are qasida (odes) of praise to members of the Ayyūbid dynasty or to officials; other...

...Poems by a Slave), includes several love lyrics originally written for students, as well as hopeful poems about freedom from enslavement. Probably because of fears of punishment, The Poetical Works of George M. Horton, The Colored Bard of North Carolina (1845) addresses the issue of slavery in a subtle manner. His last and largest volume of verse is Naked Genius......

...of the late 18th century (1859) and commentaries on contemporary Russian literature. During the period 1866–69 he brought out his Poeticheskiye vozzreniya slavyan na prirodu (The Slav’s Poetical Views of Nature) in three volumes, which provided the first synthesis of the theories of the Mythological school, a 19th-century Romantic literary movement that drew its......

...suggested different definitions of dance that have amounted to little more than descriptions of the kind of dance with which each writer was most familiar. Thus, Aristotle’s statement in the Poetics that dance is rhythmic movement whose purpose is “to represent men’s characters as well as what they do and suffer” refers to the central role that dance pla...

The 1830s and ’40s saw the emergence of romantisme, a movement that reflected a fading faith in the philosophic ideals of Romanticism. The literature of romantisme became more contemplative and more concerned with form than with content. Johan Ludvig Heiberg, who led this movement, attempted to revivify Danish dram...

...Hansaften-spil (“A Midsummer Night’s Play”); this latter work is a lyrical drama combining literary satire with poetic discourses on love and nature. His Poetiske skrifter (1805; “Poetic Writings”) contains two long cycles of lyric poems and Aladdin, a poetic drama on the writer’s own life, ...

literature that evokes a concentrated imaginative awareness of experience or a specific emotional response through language chosen and arranged for its meaning, sound, and rhythm....

Just as modern American drama had its beginnings in little theatres, modern American poetry took form in little magazines. Particularly important was Poetry: A Magazine of Verse, founded by Harriet Monroe in Chicago in 1912. The surrounding region soon became prominent as the home of three poets: Vachel Lindsay, Carl Sandburg, and Edgar Lee Masters. Lindsay’s....

...some of her best-known poems, including “To a Steam Roller,” “The Fish,” “When I Buy Pictures,” “Peter,” “The Labors of Hercules,” and “Poetry.” The last named is the source of her often-quoted admonition that poets should present imaginary gardens with real toads in them....

Just as modern American drama had its beginnings in little theatres, modern American poetry took form in little magazines. Particularly important was Poetry: A Magazine of Verse, founded by Harriet Monroe in Chicago in 1912. The surrounding region soon became prominent as the home of three poets: Vachel Lindsay, Carl Sandburg, and Edgar Lee Masters. Lindsay’s....

...possible explanation of the power of music, was widely adopted. Treatises on musical expression proliferated during the late 18th century. One illustrative example is James Beattie’s Essay on Poetry and Music as They Affect the Mind (1776), in which the author rejects the view of music as a representational (imitative) art form and argues that expression is the true source of musi...

...engages directly with such 19th-century themes as industrialization, utopian socialism, public education, and immigration to America. He wrote a fourth section of his autobiography Poetry and Truth, completing the story of his life up to his departure for Weimar in 1775; he compiled an account of his time in Rome in 1787–88, Zweiter Römis...

a group of late 19th-century English poets associated with Dante Gabriel Rossetti. The term was invented by the Scottish author Robert Williams Buchanan (1841–1901) and appeared as the title of a pseudonymous article in the Contemporary Review (October 1871) in which he castigated the poetry of Rossetti and his colleagues, notably Algernon Swinburne...

...Poems 1942–1954 (1955), contained a harshly critical but increasingly compassionate view of the Welsh people and their stark homeland. In Thomas’s later volumes, starting with Poetry for Supper (1958), the subjects of his poetry remained the same, yet his questions became more specific, his irony more bitter, and his compassion deeper. In such later works...

...book of verse, he expressed strong political convictions. The Silent Land followed in 1906, and the philosophical Dominions of the Boundary in 1907. In an important prose pamphlet “Poetry Militant” (1909), O’Dowd, a political and philosophical radical, argued that the poet should educate, propagandize, and indoctrinate. His later work included The Bush....

...book of verse, he expressed strong political convictions. The Silent Land followed in 1906, and the philosophical Dominions of the Boundary in 1907. In an important prose pamphlet “Poetry Militant” (1909), O’Dowd, a political and philosophical radical, argued that the poet should educate, propagandize, and indoctrinate. His later work included The Bush....

international organization of writers. The original PEN was founded in London in 1921 by the English novelist John Galsworthy, and it has since grown to include writers worldwide. The name PEN is an acronym standing for “poets, playwrights, editors, essayists, and novelists.” International PEN promotes international intellectual exchanges and goodwill among writers...

Common jasmine, or poet’s jasmine (J. officinale), native to Iran, produces fragrant white flowers that are the source of attar of jasmine used in perfumery. It is widely cultivated for its shining leaves and clusters of flowers that bloom in summer. Winter jasmine (J. nudiflorum), a Chinese species with solitary yellow flowers, is used as a cover plant on hillsides.......

...plants in the family Amaryllidaceae. The genus contains about 40 species, native primarily to Europe. Daffodil, or narcissus (N. pseudonarcissus), jonquil (N. jonquilla), and poet’s narcissus (N. poeticus) are popular garden flowers. The central crown of each yellow, white, or pink flower ranges in shape from the form of a trumpet, as in the daffodil, to a ringlike.....

English publisher who was one of the first to organize a book-publishing company on a joint-stock basis. Beginning in 1777 he issued the 109 volumes of The Poets of Great Britain complete from Chaucer to Churchill series. He influenced later publishing practice by introducing into his books illustrations prepared by competent artists and related to the text. In addition he founded a......

in English literary history, conflict involving the Elizabethan playwrights Ben Jonson, John Marston, and Thomas Dekker. It covered a period when Jonson was writing for one children’s company of players and Marston for another, rival group....

Mickiewicz was the greatest Polish poet and the leader of the Romantic period. His two-volume Poezye (1822–23; “Poems”) was the first major literary event of the period. The second volume included parts two and four of Dziady (Forefathers’ Eve), in which he combined folklore and mystic atmosphere to create a new kind of Romantic dr...

...Germany. Much of his lyric poetry received publication in the Kraków periodical Życie (“Life”). His nostalgic and pessimistic Poezje (“Poetry”), published in eight series between 1891 and 1924, shows the influence of the Romantic poet and playwright Juliusz Słowacki and of French and Belgian...

Mickiewicz was the greatest Polish poet and the leader of the Romantic period. His two-volume Poezye (1822–23; “Poems”) was the first major literary event of the period. The second volume included parts two and four of Dziady (Forefathers’ Eve), in which he combined folklore and mystic atmosphere to create a new kind of Romantic dr...

any of the marine fish of the family Agonidae (order Scorpaeniformes). Poachers live in cold water, on the bottom, and are found mainly in the northern Pacific. They are small fish, measuring about 30 cm (12 inches) or less in length, and are distinguished by the bony, often saw-edged armour plates covering their bodies....

...illusion is based on the Gestalt principles of convergence and divergence: the lines at the sides seem to lead the eye either inward or outward to create a false impression of length. The Poggendorff illusion depends on the steepness of the intersecting lines. As obliqueness is decreased, the illusion becomes less compelling. In the Zöllner illusion, the cross-hatching disturbs......

...vividness of expression and accuracy of detail. Liliencron’s insights and observations are original, and he portrays nature with a new realism and immediacy. His loosely constructed satiric epic Poggfred, ein kunter-buntes Epos (1896; “Poggfred, a Topsy-Turvy Epic”) achieved some success....

Italian humanist and calligrapher, foremost among scholars of the early Renaissance as a rediscoverer of lost, forgotten, or neglected classical Latin manuscripts in the monastic libraries of Europe....

Of a different order are the spectacular finds from the site of Poggio Civitate (Murlo) near Siena, where excavations (begun in 1966) have revealed a huge building of the Archaic period with rammed earth walls, measuring about 197 feet on each side and featuring a large court in the middle. It was adorned with life-size terra-cotta figures, male and female, human and animal; some of the figures......

American band of the 1970s and ’80s that strongly influenced the development of country rock. The original members were Richie Furay (b. May 9, 1944Yellow Springs, Ohio, U.S.), George Grantham ...