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Parti Radical-Socialiste (political party, France)
the oldest of the French political parties, officially founded in 1901 but tracing back to “radical” groups of the 19th century. Traditionally a centrist party without rigid ideology or structure, it was most prominent during the Third Republic (to 1940) and the Fourth Republic...
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Parti Républicain (political party, France)
French political party formed in May 1977 when the former National Foundation of Independent Republicans (Fédération Nationale des Républicains Indépendents)—founded in 1966 by Valéry Giscard d’Estaing—was merged with other small groups. It is conservative in domestic social and ...
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Parti Républicain Radical et Radical-Socialiste (political party, France)
the oldest of the French political parties, officially founded in 1901 but tracing back to “radical” groups of the 19th century. Traditionally a centrist party without rigid ideology or structure, it was most prominent during the Third Republic (to 1940) and the Fourth Republic...
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Parti Rouge (political party, Canada)
radical party formed in Canada East (now Quebec) about 1849 and inspired primarily by the French-Canadian patriot Louis-Joseph Papineau. In general the Parti Rouge advocated a more democratic system of government, with a broadly based electorate, and the abolition of the old semi-feudal laws that still surv...
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Parti Social Démocrate (political party, Madagascar)
...of political inactivity followed until the 1950s. After the Overseas Territories Law of 1956 gave Madagascar an executive elected by the local assembly, Vice-Premier Philibert Tsiranana founded the Social Democratic Party (Parti Social Démocrate; PSD), which, though most of its members were non-Merina from the coastal areas, offered to cooperate with the Merina. In 1958 France agreed to....
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Parti Social Français (political party, France)
Thereafter, Rocque’s organization suffered a loss of prestige and finally was dissolved by the Popular Front government in 1936. Rocque then formed the Parti Social Français, an openly fascist political party. In the mid-1940s he was arrested by the Nazis and spent more than two years in a German prison, from which he was liberat...
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Parti Socialiste (political party, France)
major French political party formally established in 1905....
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Parti Socialiste de France (political party, France)
...Parti Socialiste Français), consisting of Marxists and anti-Marxists who were prepared to participate in progressive governments; and the Socialist Party of France (Parti Socialiste de France), led by Guesde and Édouard-Marie Vaillant, both of whom opposed any participation......
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Parti Socialiste Destourien (political party, Tunisia)
Tunisian political party that led the movement for independence from France (1956) and ruled Tunisia thereafter....
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Parti Socialiste Français (political party, France)
...in France. Despite efforts to unite the parties, no agreement could be reached at congresses held in 1899 and 1900. Following a third congress, held at Lyon in 1901, two parties emerged: the French Socialist Party (Parti Socialiste Français), consisting of Marxists and anti-Marxists who were prepared to participate in......
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Parti Socialiste Suisse (political party, Switzerland)
Swiss political party of the centre-left that supports an extensive government role in the economy. With the Christian Democratic People’s Party, the Radical Democratic Party, and the Swiss People’s Party, the Social Democratic Party has governed Switzerl...
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Partia Demokratyczna (political party, Poland)
...by Wałęsa. Just prior to the 1990 elections, he served as founder and first chairman of the Democratic Union (now Freedom Union); he left the party in 2002. In 2005 he helped found the Democratic Party (Partia Demokratyczna [PD]; not to be confused with Poland’s other Democratic Party, Stronnictwo Demokratyczne [SD], founded in 1939). From 1992 to 1995 Mazowiecki represente...
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Partia e Punes se Shqiperise (political party, Albania)
...and he opened a retail tobacco store at Tiranë, which became headquarters for a communist cell. After Germany invaded Yugoslavia in 1941, Yugoslav communists helped Hoxha found the Albanian Communist Party (afterward called the Party of Labour). Hoxha became first secretary of the party’s ......
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partial (acoustics)
...the pitches of the harmonic series are usually present in some strength with the primary pitch heard as the fundamental. For this reason, the pitches of the harmonic series are known as partials and are numbered in the order in which they appear. The following example shows the harmonic series for the fundamental pitch C. (Asterisked notes are noticeably out of tune with the......
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partial abruptio placentae (medicine)
When a small portion of the placenta separates from the uterus, a condition called partial abruptio placentae, blood either collects in a pool between the uterus and the placenta (concealed hemorrhage) or seeps out of the uterus into the vagina (external hemorrhage). When the entire placenta separates from the uterus, there is massive hemorrhage into the uterine cavity and sometimes into the......
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partial acid hydrolysis (biochemistry)
...the chains and separated two fractions. One fraction had phenylalanine at its amino terminus; the other had glycine. Whereas complete acid hydrolysis degraded insulin to its constituent amino acids, partial acid hydrolysis generated insulin peptides composed of several amino acids. Using another recently introduced technique, paper chromatography, Sanger was able to sequence the amino-terminal....
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partial derivative (mathematics)
In differential calculus, the derivative of a function of several variables with respect to change in just one of its variables. Partial derivatives are useful in analyzing surfaces for maximum and minimum points and give rise to partial differential equations. As with ordinary derivat...
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partial differential equation (mathematics)
in mathematics, equation relating a function of several variables to its partial derivatives. A partial derivative of a function of several variables expresses how fast the function changes when one of its variables is changed, the others being held constant (compare ordi...
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partial eclipse (astronomy)
...such an eclipse is called total (see the video). To an observer within the penumbra, the Moon’s disk appears projected against the Sun’s disk so as to overlap it partly; the eclipse is then called partial for that observer. The umbral cone is narrow at the distance of Earth, and a total eclipse is observable only within...
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partial Empiricism (philosophy)
The least thoroughgoing type of Empiricism here distinguished, ranking third in degree, can be termed partial Empiricism. Many philosophers hold that other concepts besides the formal are a priori and that there are substantially informative propositions about the world that are nevertheless not empirical. The theses of transcendental, or Kantian, metaphysics and those of theology, the general......
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partial geometry (mathematics)
A partial geometry (r, k, t) is a system of two kinds of objects, points and lines, with an incidence relation obeying the following axioms:...
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partial indulgence (Roman Catholicism)
...archbishops and bishops as ways of helping ordinary people measure and amortize their remaining debt. “Plenary,” or full, indulgences cancelled all the existing obligation, while “partial” indulgences remitted only a portion of it. People naturally wanted to know how much debt was forgiven (just as modern students want to know exactly what they need to study for......
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partial integration (economics)
A major policy issue concerns the question of integrating income taxes on corporations and shareholders. Partial integration (or dividend relief) may be attained by lessening or eliminating the so-called double taxation of distributed profits resulting from separate income taxes on corporations and shareholders. Full integration could be achieved only by overlooking the existence of the......
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partial miscibility (physics)
Only pairs of liquids that are completely miscible have been considered so far. Many pairs of liquids, however, are only partially miscible in one another, the degree of miscibility often depending strongly on temperature. In most cases, rising temperature produces enhanced solubility, but this is not always so. For example, at 50° C the solubility (weight percent) of n-butyl alcohol...
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partial phase (astronomy)
...portion of the figure. The designation “first contact” refers to the moment when the disk of the Moon, invisible against the bright sky background, first touches the disk of the Sun. The partial phase of the eclipse then begins as a small indentation in the western rim of the Sun becomes noticeable. The dark disk of the Moon now gradually moves across the Sun’s disk, and th...
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partial placentae abruptio (medicine)
When a small portion of the placenta separates from the uterus, a condition called partial abruptio placentae, blood either collects in a pool between the uterus and the placenta (concealed hemorrhage) or seeps out of the uterus into the vagina (external hemorrhage). When the entire placenta separates from the uterus, there is massive hemorrhage into the uterine cavity and sometimes into the......
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partial pressure (physics)
...sea level to high altitude has well-known effects upon respiration. The progressive fall in barometric pressure is accompanied by a fall in the partial pressure of oxygen, both in the ambient air and in the alveolar spaces of the lung; and it is this fall that poses the major respiratory challenge to humans at high altitude. Humans and some...
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partial pressure, law of (physical science)
the statement that the total pressure of a mixture of gases is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of the individual component gases. The partial pressure is the pressure that each gas would exert if it alone occupied the volume of the mixture at the same temperature....
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partial recursive function (mathematics)
...foundations of mathematics and elsewhere. It can also be stated that a useful class of functions that are definable without reference to machines, namely, the so-called partial recursive functions, has the same membership as the class of computable functions. For the present purposes, then, no effort need be......
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partial seizure (pathology)
A partial seizure originates in a specific area of the brain. Partial seizures consist of abnormal sensations or movements, and a lapse of consciousness may occur. Epileptic individuals with partial seizures may experience unusual sensations called auras that precede the onset of a seizure. Auras may include unpleasant odours or tastes, the......
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partial sum (mathematics)
...an, which involves adding only the first n terms, is called a partial sum of the series. If sn approaches a fixed number S as n becomes larger and larger, the series is said to converge. In this case, S is called......
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partial thermoremanent magnetization (physics)
...most important, because it is stable and widespread, occurring in igneous and sedimentary rocks. TRM also can occur when dealing exclusively with temperatures below the Curie temperature. In PTRM (partial thermoremanent magnetization) a sample is cooled from a temperature below the Curie point to yet a lower temperature....
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partial thickness skin graft (medicine)
Split, or partial-thickness, skin grafts are by far the most commonly used grafts in plastic surgery. Superficial slices of skin the thickness of tissue paper are cut with a hand or mechanical razor. The graft, which contains living cells, is so thin that it usually gains adequate nourishment directly from the raw surface to which it is......
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partial thromboplastin time (biochemistry)
The activity of the intrinsic pathway may be assessed in a simple laboratory test called the partial thromboplastin time (PTT), or, more accurately, the activated partial thromboplastin time. Plasma is collected and anticoagulated with citrate buffer; the citrate binds and effectively removes functional calcium ions from the plasma. Under......
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partial tone (acoustics)
...the pitches of the harmonic series are usually present in some strength with the primary pitch heard as the fundamental. For this reason, the pitches of the harmonic series are known as partials and are numbered in the order in which they appear. The following example shows the harmonic series for the fundamental pitch C. (Asterisked notes are noticeably out of tune with the......
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partial-birth abortion
...to determine if a patient is mature or competent to consent. In 2007 the U.S. Supreme Court made a dramatic exception to this rule in the case of a procedure that was labeled by Congress as “partial-birth” abortion (a surgical abortion in which a late-term fetus is removed through the cervix). In a 5–4 opinion, the Supreme Court permitted Congress to entirely outlaw......
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partial-syndrome anorexia (pathology)
...12 and 25. An estimated 0.5–3.7 percent of women in the United States suffer from anorexia nervosa at some time in their life. However, partial-syndrome anorexia is far more common. Researchers report that close to 5 percent of adolescent girls have this “mild form” of anorexia nervosa, displaying some, but not all, of....
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partially balanced incomplete block design (mathematics)
Given υ objects 1, 2, · · · , υ, a relation satisfying the following conditions is said to be an m-class partially balanced association scheme:...
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partially hydrogenated fat
fat produced from the industrial process of hydrogenation, in which molecular hydrogen (H2) is added to vegetable oil, thereby converting liquid fat to semisolid fat....
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partially mixed estuary (oceanography)
In a partially mixed estuary, the vigorous rise and fall of the tide generates strong turbulence and causes partial mixing between the fresh water above and the salt water below (Figure 1). Under these conditions the river flow entrains 10 to 20 or more times its own volume of salt water, and the compensatory landward flow of seawater near the bottom is correspondingly increased. The effect of......
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partially oriented yarn (fibre manufacturing)
...a temperature no greater than about 70 °C [160 °F])—a process referred to as cold drawing. Other fibres, such as polyester, that are spun at extremely high rates yield what is known as partially oriented yarns (POY)—i.e., filaments that are partially drawn and partially crystallized and that can be drawn at a later time during textile operations. Many fibres, such as...
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participant observation (anthropology)
...learning the local language or dialect and, to the greatest extent possible, participating in everyday life while at the same time maintaining an observer’s objective detachment. This method, called participant-observation, while necessary and useful for gaining a thorough understanding of a foreign culture, is in practice quite difficult. Just as the anthropologist brings to the situati...
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participating policy
...clause provides that the amount payable is the amount of insurance that would have been purchased for the premium had the correct age been stated. Many life insurance policies, known as participating policies, return dividends to the insured. The dividends, which may amount to 20 percent of the premiums, may be accumulated in cash left with the insurer at interest, used to buy......
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participating provider option
...became popular in the late 20th century as a way to control medical costs through the use of prenegotiated fees for medical services and prescription medicines. An alternative to the HMO is the preferred provider organization (PPO), also known as a participating provider option, which offers features of traditional fee-for-service insurance plans, such as the ability of patients to choose......
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participation (philosophy)
...developed around the theory of Forms, many difficulties were revealed, most of them familiar to Plato himself. The question of how the one Form was supposed to relate to the many particulars that participated in or resembled it was nowhere satisfactorily answered. The difficulty turned on how the Form was to be thought of at once as an existent and as a structure. Plato seemed on occasion to......
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participative management (industry)
The firm was also an early pioneer in participative management, an approach popularized by such social scientists as Rensis Likert. In 1950 Herman Miller’s employees were given opportunities to structure their workloads and comment on corporate decision making, and in 1983 the compa...
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participatory management (industry)
The firm was also an early pioneer in participative management, an approach popularized by such social scientists as Rensis Likert. In 1950 Herman Miller’s employees were given opportunities to structure their workloads and comment on corporate decision making, and in 1983 the compa...
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particle (grammar)
...native speakers but formerly spoken by perhaps 100,000 persons. Samoan is the national language of Samoa (formerly Western Samoa), and Tongan is the official tongue of the Kingdom of Tonga....
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particle (physics)
Up to this point, only separations at the molecular level have been discussed. Separations of particles are also important in both industry and research. Particle separations are performed for one of two purposes: (1) to remove particles from gases or liquids, or (2) to separate particles of different sizes or properties. The first reason underlies many important applications. The electronics......
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particle accelerator (instrument)
Device that accelerates a beam of fast-moving, electrically charged atoms (ions) or subatomic particles....
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particle beam (physics)
...overall acceleration time. The highest energy imparted to protons in a classical cyclotron is less than 25 MeV, and this achievement requires the imposition of hundreds of kilovolts to the dees. The beam current in a classical cyclotron operated at high voltages can be as high as five milliamperes; intensities of this magnitude are very useful in the synthesis of radioisotopes....
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particle beam fusion
...In an inertial confinement power plant, the extreme density is achieved by compressing a millimetre-scale solid pellet of fuel with lasers or particle beams. These approaches are sometimes referred to as laser fusion or particle-beam fusion....
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particle density (physics)
...weight per unit volume of substances are also available; this quantity has various titles, such as weight density, specific weight, or unit weight. See also specific gravity. The expression particle density refers to the number of particles per unit volume, not to the density of a single particle. ...
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particle electrophoresis (chemistry)
As the name implies, particle electrophoresis involves the separation of charged particles under the influence of an electric field; this method is used especially for the separation of viruses and bacteria. Electrostatic precipitation is a method for the precipitation of fogs (suspensions of particles in the atmosphere or in other gases): a high voltage is applied across the gas phase to......
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particle physics
Study of the fundamental subatomic particles, including both matter (and antimatter) and the carrier particles of the fundamental interactions as described by quantum field theory. Particle physics is concerned with structure and forces at this level of existence and below. Fundamental particles possess ...
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particle radiation (physics)
...radiation is monitored. X rays are emitted when an electron in an outer orbital falls into a vacancy in an inner orbital. The vacancy is created by bombarding the atom with electrons, protons, alpha particles, or another type of particles. The vacancy also can be created by absorption of X-ray radiation or by nuclear capture of an inner-shell electron as it approaches the nucleus. Often the......
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particle range (particle radiation)
in radioactivity, the distance that a particle travels from its source through matter. The range depends upon the type of particle, its original energy of motion (kinetic energy), the medium through which it travels, and the particular way in which range is further defined. Range applies especially to charged particles, suc...
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particle separation (chemistry)
Up to this point, only separations at the molecular level have been discussed. Separations of particles are also important in both industry and research. Particle separations are performed for one of two purposes: (1) to remove particles from gases or liquids, or (2) to separate particles of different sizes or properties. The first reason underlies many important applications. The electronics......
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particle shape (geology)
The methodology used for detailed study of siliciclastic sedimentary rock textures, particularly grain-size distribution and grain shape (angularity and sphericity) has been described above. The information that results from textural analyses is especially useful in identifying sandstone depositional environments. Dune sands in all parts of the world, for example, tend to be fine-sand-size......
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particle, subatomic (physics)
Any of various self-contained units of matter or energy....
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particle-antiparticle collider (device)
Some colliding-beam machines have been built with two rings that cross at two or more positions, with beams of the same kind circulating in opposite directions. More common yet have been particle-antiparticle colliders. An antiparticle has opposite electric charge to its related particle. For example, an antielectron (or positron) has positive charge, while the electron has negative charge.......
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particle-antiparticle conjugation (physics)
in particle physics, an operation that replaces particles with antiparticles (and vice versa) in equations describing subatomic particles. The name charge conjugation arises because a given particle and its antiparticle generally carry opposite ...
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particle-induced X-ray emission (physics)
Several methods of surface analysis utilize X rays. Particle-induced X-ray emission (PIXE) is the method in which a small area on the surface of a sample is bombarded with accelerated particles and the resulting fluoresced X rays are monitored. If the bombarding particles are protons and the analytical technique is used to obtain an elemental map of a surface, the apparatus utilized is a proton......
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particle-size analysis
Coarsely ground minerals can be classified according to size by running them through special sieves or screens, for which various national and international standards have been accepted. One old standard (now obsolete) was the Tyler Series, in which wire screens were identified by mesh size, as measured in wires or openings per inch. Modern standards now classify sieves according to the size of......
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particleboard (construction material)
...or 24 inches) apart, which rest on a horizontal timber, or plate, nailed to the floor platform and support a double plate at the top. The walls are sheathed on the outside with panels of plywood or particleboard to provide a surface to attach the exterior cladding and for lateral stability against wind. Plywood and particleboard are fabricated in panels of standard sizes. Plywood is made of......
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particular (philosophy)
...be inferred. Dharmakīrti consolidated the central epistemological thesis of the Buddhists that perception and inference have their own exclusive objects. The object of the former is the pure particular (svalakṣaṇa), and the object of the latter (he regarded judgments as containing elements of inference) is the universal......
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Particular Baptist (religion)
There were two groups in early Baptist life: the Particular Baptists and the General Baptists. The Particular Baptists adhered to the doctrine of a particular atonement—that Christ died only for an elect—and were strongly Calvinist (following the Reformation teachings of John Calvin) in orientation; the General Baptists held to......
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particular affirmative proposition (logic)
I:particular affirmativeSome A’s are B’s....
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particular average (law)
...maritime law, loss or damage, less than total, to maritime property (a ship or its cargo), caused by the perils of the sea. An average may be particular or general. A particular average is one that is borne by the owner of the lost or damaged property (unless he was insured against the....
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particular lien (property law)
...a creditor to retain possession of a debtor’s goods until the satisfaction of the debt, generally the payment of the purchase price. In time, the common law developed two kinds of possessory liens: specific liens and general liens. The specific lien extended only to the indebtedn...
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particular negative proposition (logic)
O:particular negativeSome A’s are not B’s....
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particular proposition (logic)
Secondly, categorical propositions may be distinguished by their quantity, either universal or particular. When the assertion is that all of a class of objects are or are not included in another class of objects, the proposition is universal. When only some (precisely, at least one) of a class are or are not included in another, the proposition is particular....
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particularism (anthropology)
school of anthropological thought associated with the work of Franz Boas and his students (among them A.L. Kroeber, Ruth Benedict, and Margaret Mead), whose studies of culture emphasized the integrated and distinctive way of life of a given people. Particularism stood in opposition to theories such as ...
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particularism (religion)
...role) can be sorted into those with and those without a ceremonial emphasis, and, in this formal sense, the latter are the simpler. The salient characteristic of all animistic religions is their particularism, a quality opposite to the universalism of the “great religions,” which conceive the individual as subject to global powers and personal destiny....
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particulate
Very small fragments of solid materials or liquid droplets suspended in air are called particulates. Except for airborne lead, which is treated as a separate category, they are characterized on the basis of size and phase (i.e., solid or liquid) rather than by chemical composition. For example, solid particulates between roughly 1 and 100 μm (0.00004 and 0.004 inch) in diameter are called.....
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particulate matter (physics)
Up to this point, only separations at the molecular level have been discussed. Separations of particles are also important in both industry and research. Particle separations are performed for one of two purposes: (1) to remove particles from gases or liquids, or (2) to separate particles of different sizes or properties. The first reason underlies many important applications. The electronics......
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particulate radiation (physics)
...radiation is monitored. X rays are emitted when an electron in an outer orbital falls into a vacancy in an inner orbital. The vacancy is created by bombarding the atom with electrons, protons, alpha particles, or another type of particles. The vacancy also can be created by absorption of X-ray radiation or by nuclear capture of an inner-shell electron as it approaches the nucleus. Often the......
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Partido Acción Nacional (political party, Mexico)
conservative Mexican political party with close ties to the Roman Catholic Church. It generally supports minimal government intervention in the economy....
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Partido Africano da Independência da Guiné ê Cabo Verde (political party, Africa)
town located on the Corubal River in southeastern Guinea-Bissau. It was the site of the declaration of independence put forth in 1973 by the African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde (Partido Africano da Independência da Guiné e Cabo Verde; PAIGC). The mayor of Bissau city, Juvencio Gomes, announced at the country’s independence in 1974 that Boé would....
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Partido Colorado (political party, Paraguay)
Chávez, who received his law degree in 1905, was a longtime leader of the right-of-centre Colorado (National Republican) Party. When his party served in a coalition government in 1946, Chávez was appointed to the Supreme Court. He served as Paraguay’s foreign minister (1947, 1949) and as ambassador to France and Spain. The...
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Partido Comunista Chileno (political party, Chile)
...in 1973, but made a comeback in the mid-1990s under its new name); the Socialist Party of Chile (Partido Socialista de Chile; PS); and the Party for Democracy (Partido por la Democracia; PPD). The Communist Party of Chile (Partido Comunista de Chile; PCC), which was condemned under Pinochet’s rule, was reinstated by 1990. The centre-right Alliance for Chile (Alianza por Chile; AC) consis...
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Partido Comunista Cubano (political party, Cuba)
The Cuban Communist Party (Partido Comunista Cubano) was founded in 1925 by Moscow-trained members of the Third International (Comintern). For three decades it adhered to the Stalinist line but, nevertheless, opportunistically collaborated with the regime of Fulgencio Batista in the 1940s and early ’50s, its members even being rewarded with posts in government and labour. From 1954 to 1959,...
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Partido Comunista de Colombia (political party, Colombia)
Marxist guerrilla organization in Colombia. Formed in 1964 as the military wing of the Colombian Communist Party (Partido Comunista de Colombia; PCC), the FARC is the largest of Colombia’s rebel groups, estimated to possess some 10,000 to 15,000 armed soldiers and thousands of supporters, largely drawn from Colombia’s rural areas. The FARC supports a redistribution of wealth from the...
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Partido Comunista de Cuba (political party, Cuba)
Cuban communist party organized by Fidel Castro and others in 1965 but historically dating from communist activity begun in Cuba in 1923. Under the constitution of 1976, it became the only party permitted to function in Cuba, and in the revised constitution of 1992 it was defined as the “organized v...
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Partido Comunista de España (political party, Spain)
Spanish political party founded in 1921 by dissident members of the Spanish Socialist Workers’ Party (PSOE)....
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Partido Comunista de Peru (Peruvian revolutionary organization)
Peruvian revolutionary organization that endorsed Maoism and employed guerrilla tactics and violent terrorism....
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Partido Conservador de Nicaragua (political party, Nicaragua)
...and a conservative party. Leading political parties include the Constitutionalist Liberal Party (Partido Liberal Constitucionalista; PLC), the Conservative Party of Nicaragua (Partido Conservador de Nicaragua; PCN), and the Sandinista National Liberation Front (Frente Sandinista de Liberación Nacional; FSLN). The FSLN was established...
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Partido da Frente Liberal (political party, Brazil)
centre-right Brazilian political party that supports free-market policies....
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Partido de Conciliación Nacional (political party, El Salvador)
A second coup, in January 1961, brought Lieut. Col. Julio Adalberto Rivera (1962–67) to power. PRUD was dismantled and replaced by the National Conciliation Party (Partido de Conciliación Nacional; PCN), which would control the national government for the next 18 years. Under the banner of the ......
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Partido de la Izquierda Revolucionaria (political party, Bolivia)
...middle-class and initially fascist-oriented Nationalist Revolutionary Movement (Movimiento Nacionalista Revolucionario; MNR) and the Marxist and largely pro-Soviet Party of the Revolutionary Left (Partido de la Izquierda Revolucionaria; PIR). Both groups established important factions in the national congress of 1940–44. In 1943 the civilian president General Enrique Peñaranda was...
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Partido de la Revolución Mexicana (political party, Mexico)
Mexican political party that dominated the country’s political institutions from its founding in 1929 until the end of the 20th century. Virtually all important figures in Mexican national and local politics belonged to the party, because the nomination of its candidate to a public office was almost always tantamount ...
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Partido de Liberación Nacional (political party, Costa Rica)
...Rica and earned a Ph.D. in political science from the University of Essex in England. In the 1960s he began working for the moderate socialist National Liberation Party (Partido de Liberación Nacional; PLN), and in 1972 he was appointed minister of planning in the government of President José Figueres Ferrer, a post he held......
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Partido Demócrata Cristiano (political party, Panama)
The new Endara government began as a broad coalition, but it soon broke up with the expulsion of the largest party, the Christian Democrats (Partido Demócrata Cristiano; PDC), led by Vice President Ricardo Arias Calderón. This left the administration without a legislative majority and allowed the remnants of Noriega’s Democratic Revolutionary Party (Partido Revolucionario......
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Partido Demócrata Cristiano (political party, El Salvador)
...to take advantage of the increased trade opportunities offered by the recently formed Central American Common Market (CACM). A greater degree of political liberty seemed evident from the rise of the Christian Democratic Party (Partido Demócrata Cristiano; PDC) and the victory of its candidate, José Napoleón Duarte, in the 1964 mayoral election in the city of San Salvador. A...
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Partido Demócrata Cristiano (political party, Chile)
...1989 resulted in the removal of the ban on Marxist parties, just one of the amendments to the 1981 constitution that was voted on in a national referendum. Parties under the CPD umbrella include the Christian Democratic Party (Partido Demócrata Cristiano; PDC), one of Chile’s strongest parties; the Social Democratic Radical Party (Partido Radical Social Demócrata; PRSD), wh...
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Partido Democrático Guinea Ecuatorial (political party, Equatorial Guinea)
The ruling party in Equatorial Guinea is the Democratic Party of Equatorial Guinea (Partido Democrático Guinea Ecuatorial; PDGE), formed in 1987. It was the only political party until 1991, when a new constitution allowing opposition parties was adopted. Since then, several other parties have formed, of which the Convergence for......
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Partido dos Trabalhadores (political party, Brazil)
A founding member of the Workers’ Party (Portuguese: Partido dos Trabalhadores), Lula first ran for political office as his party’s candidate for governor of the state of São Paulo in 1982, finishing fourth. He later led national efforts in favour of direct elections for president, organizing mass demonstrations in state c...
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Partido Justicialista (political party, Argentina)
Under the new name of the Justicialist Nationalist Movement (later the Justicialist Party), the Peronists swept back into power in 1973 when the military permitted the first general elections in 10 years. Perón returned from exile and became president. However, deep dissension between right-wing and left-wing Peronists erupted into......
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Partido Liberal (political party, Colombia)
The Liberal Party represented coffee plantation owners and import-export merchants who favoured a laissez-faire economic policy. Largely excluded from participation in government after the Conservative victory of 1885, they were further distressed by the drastic downturn in the international price of coffee; by 1899 many coffee growers were......
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Partido Liberal Colombiano (political party, Colombia)
The Liberal Party represented coffee plantation owners and import-export merchants who favoured a laissez-faire economic policy. Largely excluded from participation in government after the Conservative victory of 1885, they were further distressed by the drastic downturn in the international price of coffee; by 1899 many coffee growers were......
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