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Pfund series (physics)
...Brackett of the United States and Friedrich Paschen of Germany. The Lyman series lies in the ultraviolet, whereas the Paschen, Brackett, and Pfund series lie in the infrared. Their formulas are similar to Balmer’s except that the constant term is the reciprocal of the square of 1, 3, 4, or 5, instead of 2, and the running number n...
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Pfyffer, Ludwig (Swiss military leader)
Swiss military leader, spokesman for Roman Catholic interests in the cantons, and probably the most important Swiss political figure in the latter half of the 16th century....
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PGA (British sports organization)
...them won the Open Championship 16 times between 1894 and 1914. These three supreme golfers were known as “the great triumvirate” and were primarily responsible for the formation of the Professional Golfers Association in 1901. This body is responsible for professional tournaments in Great Britain and for the biennial Ryder Cup match (for professionals) when it is played there....
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PGA (American sports organization)
organization formed in the United States in 1916 at the instigation of Rodman Wanamaker, a Philadelphia businessman, with the stated purpose of promoting interest in professional golf, elevating the standards of the game, and advancing the welfare of its members. By the early 21st century, the PGA had a me...
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PGA (chemical compound)
Several degradable polyesters are commercially available. These include polyglycolic acid (PGA), polylactic acid (PLA), poly-2-hydroxy butyrate (PHB), and polycaprolactone (PCL), as well as their copolymers:...
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PGA (chemical compound)
All green plants apparently photosynthesize in the same way, yielding as an immediate product the compound 3-phosphoglyceric acid; the formula, in which P represents phosphorus, is illustrated below....
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PGD (medicine)
FISH is commonly used for preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) during in vitro fertilization. PGD involves obtaining a single cell from an embryo in the blastocyst stage of development. This single cell can then be analyzed using FISH. One problem with using FISH for PGD is that a single cell is scant material for diagnosis; therefore, a large array of tests cannot be performed. Similarly,......
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PGI2 (chemical compound)
Under normal conditions the adhesion of platelets to vessel walls is prevented by the vascular endothelial cells, at least in part by their ability to release prostaglandins called prostacyclin or prostaglandin I2, which reduce platelet stickiness and cause dilation of the blood vessels....
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PGP (chemical compound)
...inositol, or glycerol 1-phosphate—to form CMP and, respectively, phosphatidylserine [85a], phosphatidylinositol [85b], or, in [85c], 3-phosphatidyl-glycerol 1′-phosphate (PGP). These reactions differ from those of polysaccharide biosynthesis ([79], [82]) in that phosphate is retained in the phospholipid, and the nucleotide product (CMP) is therefore a nucleoside......
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PGR (neurophysiology)
a change in the electrical properties of the body (probably of the skin) following noxious stimulation, stimulation that produces emotional reaction, and, to some extent, stimulation that attracts the subject’s attention and leads to an aroused alertness. The response appears as an increase in the electrical conductance of the skin (a d...
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PGRV (missile)
MaRVs would present ABM systems with a shifting, rather than ballistic, path, making interception quite difficult. Another technology, precision-guided warheads, or PGRVs, would actively seek a target, then, using flight controls, actually “fly out” reentry errors. This could yield such accuracy that nuclear warheads could be replaced by conventional explosives....
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pH (chemistry)
quantitative measure of the acidity or basicity of aqueous or other liquid solutions. The term, widely used in chemistry, biology, and agronomy, translates the values of the concentration of the hydrogen ion—which ordinarily ranges between about 1 and 10-14 gram-equivalents per litre—into numbers be...
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Ph chromosome (genetics)
...thus giving rise to a clone of leukemic cells. In many cases of leukemia, the mutation is detectable by analysis of the chromosomes of leukemic cells. A well-studied abnormality of this type, the Philadelphia chromosome, occurs in almost all cases of chronic myelogenous leukemia. The chromosomal.....
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pH meter (instrument)
electric device used to measure hydrogen-ion activity (acidity or alkalinity) in solution. Fundamentally, a pH meter consists of a voltmeter attached to a pH-responsive electrode and a reference (unvarying) electrode. The pH-responsive electrode is usually glass, and the reference is usually a mercury–mercurous chloride (calomel) electrode, although a silver–silver...
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PHA (astronomy)
When computations indicate that a NEO estimated to be larger than about 200 metres (650 feet) could strike Earth during the next century or two, the object is called a potentially hazardous asteroid (PHA). As of mid-2004 there were more than 570 identified PHAs. Observations of PHAs are continued until their orbits are refined to the point where their future positions can be reliably......
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Pha Muang (Thai leader)
Bang Klang Hao headed a petty Tai principality near Sukhothai when, about 1245, he joined with another Tai leader, Pha Muang, to rebel against the governor of Sukhothai, who was a deputy of the Khmer kings of Angkor. The two seized nearby Sawankhalok, and Bang Klang Hao defeated the Khmer governor in personal combat before Sukhothai. Pha......
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Pha That Luang (temple, Vientiane, Laos)
...provides enough hydroelectric power for the surrounding areas and for export to Thailand as well. Vientiane’s outstanding building is the That Luang, a stupa (temple), dating from about 1566 and restored by Lao civil servants under Prince Phetsarath during the French colonial period. Pop. (2003 est.) city, 194,200; (2005 est.) urban....
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Pha-dam-pa Sangs-rygas (Buddhist monk)
...famous are Padmasambhava (also called Guru Rimpoche), an 8th-century Indian yogi credited with having quelled the evil spirits of Tibet, and Pha-dam-pa Sangs-rgyas (died 1117), a Brahman of South India who became a Buddhist and visited Tibet and possibly China in the 11th century. Doubtless historical, Pha-dam-pa Sangs-rgyas passed out of.....
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pha-ra (jackal)
...wild goats, stone martens (a kind of cat), langurs (long-tailed monkeys), lynx, jackals, wild buffaloes, pha-ra (small members of the jackal family), and gsa’s (spotted cats that are smaller than leopards). In the high grasslands and dry bush areas there are ......
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Phacelia (plant genus)
genus of 150 species of white to blue or purple-flowering annual herbs, native to North America and Andean South America and including several species of garden flowers. It belongs to the family B...
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Phacelia campanularia (plant)
...South America and including several species of garden flowers. It belongs to the family Boraginaceae. Phacelia campanularia, native to dry slopes of southern California, bears blue, five-lobed blooms in loose sprays over the dark green, toothed, oval leaves on plants about 23 cm (9 inches) tall.......
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Phacelia whitlavia (plant)
...slopes of southern California, bears blue, five-lobed blooms in loose sprays over the dark green, toothed, oval leaves on plants about 23 cm (9 inches) tall. From similar areas the closely related California bluebell, or wild Canterbury bell (P. whitlavia), has urn-shaped blooms....
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Phacellodomus (bird)
...domed oven-shaped nest, but of plant materials on the forest floor. Some species, especially members of the Icteridae, make soft hanging nests that range to 0.6 metre (2 feet) or more in length. The thorn birds (Phacellodomus), as well as many other Furnariidae, build huge nests of twigs suspended from the ends of tree branches; these nests, which may be more than 2 metres (nearly 7 feet...
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Phacochoerus aethiopicus (mammal)
(Phacochoerus aethiopicus), member of the pig family, Suidae (order Artiodactyla), found in open and lightly forested areas of Africa. The warthog is a sparsely haired, large-headed, blackish or brown animal standing about 76 centimetres (30 inches) at the shoulder. It has a coarse mane extending from the neck to the...
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Phacops (trilobite)
genus of trilobites (an extinct group of aquatic arthropods) found as fossils in Silurian and Devonian rocks (between 359,000,000 and 444,000,000 years old) in Europe and North America. Phacops is a common and easily recognizable form, with its rounded rather than ...
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Phädon, oder über die Unsterblichkeit der Seele (work by Mendelssohn)
...winning essay compared the demonstrability of metaphysical propositions with that of mathematical ones and was the first to be printed under his own name (1764). His most celebrated work, Phädon, oder über die Unsterblichkeit der Seele (1767; “Phaedo, or on the Immortality of the Soul”), defended the immortality of the soul against the materialism prevalent......
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Phaedo (work by Plato)
...of geometrical “knowledge,” in this view, are quite different in their perfect exactness from the approximately circular and triangular things present to man’s senses. In the Phaedo, Plato expounded a theory of literally innate ideas; man, for example, has a conception of exact “equality,” which, since it could not have been supplied by the senses, must...
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Phaedo (Greek philosopher)
philosopher, founder of a Socratic school of philosophy at Elis on the Peloponnese, and author of works on dialectics and ethics....
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Phaedon (Greek philosopher)
philosopher, founder of a Socratic school of philosophy at Elis on the Peloponnese, and author of works on dialectics and ethics....
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Phaedra (Greek myth)
In Euripides’ tragedy Hippolytus, he was son of Theseus, king of Athens, and the Amazon Hippolyte. Theseus’ queen, Phaedra, fell in love with Hippolytus. When Phaedra’s passion was revealed to him, he reacted with such revulsion that she killed herself, leaving a note accusing Hippolytus of having tried to rape her. Theseus, refusing to believe Hippolytus’ protes...
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Phaedrus (dialogue by Plato)
...dialectic gives a central place to specifying each subject’s account in terms of genus and differentiae (and so, relatedly, to mapping its position in a genus-species tree). The Phaedrus calls the dialectician the person who can specify these relations—and thereby “carve reality at the joints.” Continuity among all the kinds of dialectic i...
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Phaedrus (Roman fabulist)
Roman fabulist, the first writer to Latinize whole books of fables, producing free versions in iambic metre of Greek prose fables then circulating under the name of Aesop....
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Phaenias (Greek philosopher)
Greek philosopher of Eresus on the island of Lesbos, a pupil of Aristotle and a friend of Theophrastus, whom he joined in the Peripatetic school....
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Phaenomena (work by Eudoxus of Cnidus)
In two works, Phaenomena and Mirror, Eudoxus described constellations schematically, the phases of fixed stars (the dates when they are visible), and the weather associated with different phases. Through a poem of Aratus (c. 315–245 bc) and the commentary on the poem by the astronomer Hipparchus (c. 100 ...
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Phaenomena (work by Euclid)
Among Euclid’s extant works are the Optics, the first Greek treatise on perspective, and the Phaenomena, an introduction to mathematical astronomy. Those works are part of a corpus known as “the Little Astronomy” that also includes the Moving Sphere by Autolycus of Pitane....
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Phaenomena (work by Aratus)
The earliest systematic account of the constellations is contained in the Phaenomena of Aratus, a poet of the 3rd century bc, who described 43 constellations and named five individual stars. Cicero recorded thatThe first Hellenic globe of the sky was made by Thales of Miletus, having fallen into a ditch or well while star-gazing. Afterwards Eudoxos......
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Phaeognathus (amphibian genus)
Locomotion is by means of limbs and by sinuous body movements. Elongated species of the genera Phaeognathus, Batrachoseps, Oedipina, and Lineatriton have reduced limbs and rely mainly on body movements for rapid locomotion. Species of the genus Aneides have arboreal (tree-dwelling) tendencies, and their long legs and digits, expanded......
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Phaeophyceae (class of algae)
class of algae commonly known as brown algae....
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Phaeophyta (protist phylum)
class of algae commonly known as brown algae.......
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Phaeozem (FAO soil group)
one of the 30 soil groups in the classification system of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). Phaeozems are characterized by a humus-rich surface layer covered in the natural state with abundant grass or deciduous forest veg...
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Phaestos (ancient city, Crete)
ancient city on the western end of the southern plain of Crete, about 3.5 miles (5.6 km) from the sea. The site was occupied from the 4th millennium bc, and its importance grew in the Early and Middle Bronze ages (c. 3000–c. 1600 bc). In the latter period its palace was first built and later remodeled. In the Late ...
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Phaestus (ancient city, Crete)
ancient city on the western end of the southern plain of Crete, about 3.5 miles (5.6 km) from the sea. The site was occupied from the 4th millennium bc, and its importance grew in the Early and Middle Bronze ages (c. 3000–c. 1600 bc). In the latter period its palace was first built and later remodeled. In the Late ...
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Phaethon (asteroid)
...Sun. Other important findings included various clouds of interstellar gas and dust where new stars are being formed and an object, designated 1983TB, thought to be the parent body for the swarm of meteoroids known as Geminids....
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Phaethon (Greek mythology)
in Greek mythology, the son of Helios, the sun god, and a woman or nymph variously identified as Clymene, Prote, or Rhode. The most influential extant version of the story, found in Ovid’s Metamorphosis...
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Phaethon rubricauda (bird)
Largest of the three species is the red-tailed tropic bird, Phaethon rubricauda (to 50 centimetres [20 inches], excepting the red streamers), of the Indian and Pacific oceans....
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Phaethontidae
any member of three seabird species that constitute the family Phaethontidae (order Pelicaniformes). Tropic birds are characterized by pairs of streaming central tail feathers, which may be as long as the bird’s body. Sailors call them marlin-spikes and bosun birds...
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Phaethornis (hummingbird)
any of several hummingbird species of the genus Phaethornis. See hummingbird....
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Phaeton (English ship)
...northern Honshu and placed it under its direct control, and in 1807 the bakufu also took direct control of both eastern and western Ezo for defensive purposes. In 1808 the English warship Phaeton made an incursion on Nagasaki, and three years later the Russian naval lieutenant V.M. Golovnin landed on Kunashiri Island, where he was arrested by bakufu authorities. When these....
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phaeton (carriage)
open, four-wheeled, doorless carriage, popular in the 18th and 19th centuries. It contained one or two seats, usually had a folding, or falling, top, and was owner-driven (i.e., it had no outside driver’s seat). The most spectacular phaeton was the English four-wheeled high-flyer, the body of which consisted of a light seat for two, resting atop two sets of springs and reached by la...
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Phag-mo-gru family (Tibetan history)
Tibetan family that in the 14th century liberated Tibet from Mongol control. The Phag-mo-gru had begun to extend its power over the surrounding countryside in the 13th century at a time when the country was being governed by a series of lamas from the Sa-skya monastery, residing at the Mongol (Yuan) court in China. The death of the emperor Kublai Khan in 1294 marked the beginnin...
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phage (virus)
any of a group of viruses that infect bacteria. Bacteriophages were discovered independently by Frederick W. Twort in Great Britain (1915) and Félix d’Hérelle in France (1917). D’Hérelle coined the term bacteriophage, meaning “bacteria eater,” to describe the agent’s bacteriocidal abili...
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phagocyte
type of cell that has the ability to ingest, and sometimes digest, foreign particles, such as bacteria, carbon, dust, or dye. It engulfs foreign bodies by extending its cytoplasm into pseudopods (cytoplasmic extensions like feet), surrounding the foreign particle and forming a vacuole. Poisons contained in the ingested bacteria cannot harm the phagocyte so long as the bacteria remain in the vacuol...
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phagocytosis (biology)
process by which certain living cells called phagocytes ingest or engulf other cells or particles. The phagocyte may be a free-living one-celled organism, such as an amoeba, or one of the body cells, such as a leukocyte (white blood cell). In some forms of animal life, such as amoebas an...
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phagostimulant (chemistry)
Probably the greatest knowledge of the influence of chemicals in human feeding control relates to artificial sweeteners. Sugars are phagostimulants; however, sugars and especially complex carbohydrates (e.g., starch), from which simple sugars may be derived in the oral cavity, are a source of fats, the primary storage form of carbohydrates.......
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phagotrophic nutrition (biology)
...but their method of feeding is quite different. They ingest relatively large particles of food and carry out intracellular digestion (digestion inside cells) through a method of feeding called phagotrophic nutrition. Many protozoans also are osmotrophic to a lesser degree. Some organisms, such as amoebas, have pseudopodia (“false feet”) that flow around the food particle until......
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phagotrophy (biology)
...but their method of feeding is quite different. They ingest relatively large particles of food and carry out intracellular digestion (digestion inside cells) through a method of feeding called phagotrophic nutrition. Many protozoans also are osmotrophic to a lesser degree. Some organisms, such as amoebas, have pseudopodia (“false feet”) that flow around the food particle until......
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’Phags-pa (ruler of Tibet)
Tibetan scholar-monk who set up a Buddhist theocracy in Tibet....
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ʿPhags-skyes-po (Hindu and Buddhist mythology)
...also referred to as Vaiśravaṇa, is common to both Hindu and Buddhist traditions. The other Buddhist lokapālas are Dhṛtarāṣṭra (east), Virūḍhaka (south), and Virūpākṣa (west)....
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phainesthai (philosophy)
...is something (some-thing) within an environment that is against him. This relation, however, must be transcended. The deepest knowing, on the contrary, is a matter of phainesthai (Greek: “to show itself” or “to be in the light”), the word from which phenomenology, as a method, is derived. Something is just “there” i...
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Phainias (Greek philosopher)
Greek philosopher of Eresus on the island of Lesbos, a pupil of Aristotle and a friend of Theophrastus, whom he joined in the Peripatetic school....
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Phainomena (book by Eudoxus)
The earliest Greek work that purported to treat the constellations as constellations, of which there is certain knowledge, is the Phainomena of Eudoxus of Cnidus (c. 395–337 bce). The original is lost, but a versification by Aratus (c. 315–245 bce), a poet at the court of Antigonus II Gonatas, king of Macedonia, is ex...
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phainopepla (species)
In the best known of the group, the phainopepla (Phainopepla nitens), the male is black and the female gray; both parents incubate the dark-spotted pale gray eggs and help care for the young. Ptilogonys species are gray with yellow sides, and the black-and-yellow silky flycatcher (......
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Phainopepla nitens (species)
In the best known of the group, the phainopepla (Phainopepla nitens), the male is black and the female gray; both parents incubate the dark-spotted pale gray eggs and help care for the young. Ptilogonys species are gray with yellow sides, and the black-and-yellow silky flycatcher (......
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Phair, Venetia (British amateur astronomer)
British amateur astronomer who suggested the name Pluto in 1930 for the newly identified planet located beyond Neptune. Eleven-year-old Venetia Burney was living with her widowed mother and maternal grandparents when on March 14, 1930, researchers at the Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff, Ariz., publicly announced that they had confirmed the existence of a ninth planet at the edge of the solar syste...
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Phaistos (ancient city, Crete)
By the middle of the 15th century the palace culture on Crete was destroyed by conquerors from the mainland. They established a new order on Crete, with centres at Knossos and Phaistos. Following the conquest, the island experienced a wonderful fusion of Cretan and mainland skills. The Late Minoan period (c. 1400–c. 1100 bc), however, was a time of marked decline...
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Phal, Louis (African boxer)
The first African to win a world championship was Louis Phal (better known as “Battling Siki”) of Senegal, who knocked out Georges Carpentier in Paris in 1922 to capture the world light-heavyweight crown. Six months later Siki lost his title on a controversial decision to Mike McTigue, an Irishman, in Dublin on St. Patrick’s Day. It would be four decades before another......
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phala (Indian philosophical concept)
(Sanskrit: “fruit”), in Indian philosophy, the fruit or consequence of a particular action (karma). The almost universally held conviction among Indian philosophers that this life is but one in a chain of lives and that social class...
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Phalaborwa (South Africa)
mining town, Limpopo province, South Africa, located east of the Drakensberg mountains and north of the Olifants River near Kruger National Park. It is built on top of an old black African mining centre of iron and copper ore; traces...
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Phalacrocoracidae (bird)
any member of about 26 to 30 species of water birds comprising the family Phalacrocoracidae (order Pelecaniformes). In the Orient and elsewhere these glossy black underwater swimmers have been tamed for fishing. Cormorants dive for and feed mainly on fish of little value to man. Guano produced by cormorants is valued as a fertilizer....
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Phalacrocorax aristotelis (bird)
...normally abundant food supply of the huge bird populations. Even under average conditions, young pelecaniforms in their first year after fledging experience much higher mortality than adults. In the European shag (P. aristotelis), more than half the young die during this period, although among adults annual mortality is only about 15 percent in males and 20 percent in females. In the......
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Phalacrocorax capillatus (bird)
...it breeds from eastern Canada to Iceland, across Eurasia to Australia and New Zealand, and in parts of Africa. It and the slightly smaller Japanese cormorant, P. capillatus, are the species trained for fishing. The most important guano producers are the Peruvian cormorant, or......
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Phalacrocorax carbo (bird)
Cormorants have a long hook-tipped bill, patches of bare skin on the face, and a small gular sac (throat pouch). The largest and most widespread species is the common, or great, cormorant, Phalacrocorax carbo; white-cheeked, and up to 100 cm (40 inches) long, it breeds from eastern Canada to Iceland, across Eurasia to Australia and New......
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Phalaenopsis (plant)
any plant of the genus Phalaenopsis, family Orchidaceae, consisting of about 45 species native to southeastern Asia and part of Australia. A moth orchid has a short stem that bears several broad, leathery leaves....
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Phalaenopsis amabilis (plant)
any plant of the genus Phalaenopsis, family Orchidaceae, consisting of about 45 species native to southeastern Asia and part of Australia. A moth orchid has a short stem that bears several broad, leathery leaves....
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Phalaenoptilus nuttallii (bird)
(species Phalaenoptilus nuttallii), nocturnal bird of North America belonging to the nightjar family (Caprimulgidae). The poorwill, named for its call, is about 20 cm (8 inches) long and has mottled gray plumage, a short tail with a bit of whit...
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phalange (government)
French social theorist who advocated a reconstruction of society based on communal associations of producers known as phalanges (phalanxes). His system came to be known as Fourierism....
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Phalanger (marsupial)
any of the seven species of Australasian marsupial mammals of the genus Phalanger. These are the marsupial “monkeys.” The head and body are 30 to 65 cm (12 to 25 inches) long, the tail 25 to 60 cm (10 to 24 inches). The big eyes are yellow-rimmed, and the nose is yellowish; the ears are nearly hidden in the fine dense fur. Cuscuses move slowly through the trees, capturing bir...
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phalanger (marsupial)
any of several species of Australasian marsupial mammals. They are called possums in Australia and Tasmania....
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Phalanger maculatus (marsupial)
Cuscuses range from Celebes to the Solomon islands and northern Australia. In the spotted cuscus (P. maculatus) of Australia and New Guinea, the male usually is brown, with large pale blotches; the female is plain-coloured. Some other cuscuses are nearly black, with faint spotting (males); still others are plain whitish. ...
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Phalangeridae (marsupial)
any of several species of Australasian marsupial mammals. They are called possums in Australia and Tasmania....
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phalanges (bone)
in anatomy, finger or toe of land vertebrates, the skeleton of which consists of small bones called phalanges. The tips of the digits are usually protected by keratinous structures, such as claws, nails, or hoofs, which may also be used for defense or manipulation. Digits are numbered one through five, beginning with the inside digit (thumb) when the palm (paw) is face downward....
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Phalangida (arachnid)
any of about 7,000 species of arachnids that differ from spiders (order Araneida or Araneae) by the extreme length and thinness of the legs and by the shape of the body. Unlike true spiders, in which the body is divided into two distinct regions, daddy longlegs have only one. The spherical or ovoid body is 1 to 22 mm (0.04 to 0.9 inch) long, and the slender le...
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Phalangist Party (political party, Lebanon)
...only partially in this goal before withdrawing from that country, under international pressure, in June. This episode strengthened Israel’s ties with a Lebanese Christian militia known as the Phalange, who benefited from Israeli weapons and training....
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phalanstère (government)
French social theorist who advocated a reconstruction of society based on communal associations of producers known as phalanges (phalanxes). His system came to be known as Fourierism....
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phalanx (military formation)
in military science, tactical formation consisting of a block of heavily armed infantry standing shoulder to shoulder in files several ranks deep. Fully developed by the ancient Greeks, it survived in modified form into the gunpowder era and is viewed today as the beginning of European mi...
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phalanx (government)
French social theorist who advocated a reconstruction of society based on communal associations of producers known as phalanges (phalanxes). His system came to be known as Fourierism....
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Phalanx (military technology)
...seeker systems. For close-in defense, combatant ships were fitted with high-performance, short-range missiles such as the British Seawolf and automatic gun systems such as the U.S. 20-millimetre Phalanx. Advances in missile-defense systems had to keep up with the natural affinity of antiship missiles for stealth technology: the visual and infrared signatures and ......
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phalanx (bone)
in anatomy, finger or toe of land vertebrates, the skeleton of which consists of small bones called phalanges. The tips of the digits are usually protected by keratinous structures, such as claws, nails, or hoofs, which may also be used for defense or manipulation. Digits are numbered one through five, beginning with the inside digit (thumb) when the palm (paw) is face downward....
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Phalanx (German art group)
...of violent hues that would have delighted his Asian ancestors. He exhibited with the vanguard groups and in the big nonacademic shows that had sprung up all over Europe—with the Munich Phalanx group (of which he became president in 1902), with the Berlin Sezession group, in the Paris Salon d’Automne and Salon des......
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Phalaris (tyrant of Acragas)
tyrant of Acragas (modern Agrigento), Sicily, notorious for his cruelty. He is alleged to have roasted his victims alive in a bronze bull, their shrieks representing the animal’s bellowing. A statue of a bull of some kind seems to have existed, but the facts surrounding its use have been embellished. For example, the supposed designer of the bull, Perilaus, or Perillus, was said to have bee...
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Phalaris (plant)
...as reeds are giant reed (Arundo donax), sea reed (Ammophila arenaria), reed canary grass (Phalaris), and reedgrass, or bluejoint (Calamagrostis). Bur reed (Sparganium) and reed mace (Typha) are plants of other families....
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phalarope (bird)
(Greek: “coot-foot”), any of three species of shorebirds that are part of the family Scolopacidae (order Charadriiformes). They are lightly built, slim-necked birds, about 15 to 25 cm (6 to 10 inches) long, and have lobed toes, adapted to swimming. Phalaropes are noted among birds for complete reversal of sex roles. Females, larger and more brightly coloured than males, fight for nes...
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Phalaropodidae (bird)
(Greek: “coot-foot”), any of three species of shorebirds that are part of the family Scolopacidae (order Charadriiformes). They are lightly built, slim-necked birds, about 15 to 25 cm (6 to 10 inches) long, and have lobed toes, adapted to swimming. Phalaropes are noted among birds for complete reversal of sex roles. Females, larger and more brightly coloured than males, fight for nes...
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Phalaropus fulicarius (bird)
...are marked with red and soft gray in summer; in winter they are gray and white. Two species that breed around the Arctic Circle are the red phalarope (Phalaropus fulicarius), called gray phalarope in Britain, and the northern phalarope (P. lobatus), called......
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Phalaropus lobatus (bird)
...Arctic Circle are the red phalarope (Phalaropus fulicarius), called gray phalarope in Britain, and the northern phalarope (P. lobatus), called red-necked phalarope in Britain. Both species winter on tropical oceans, where they are known as sea snipe. Wilson’s phalarope (P. tricolor)......
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Phalaropus tricolor (bird)
...called gray phalarope in Britain, and the northern phalarope (P. lobatus), called red-necked phalarope in Britain. Both species winter on tropical oceans, where they are known as sea snipe. Wilson’s phalarope (P. tricolor) breeds primarily in interior western North America and migrates chiefly to the Argentine pampas. ...
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Phalium (snail)
any of certain small marine mollusks of the helmet shell group....
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Phallales (fungus order)
any fungus of the order Phallales (phylum Basidiomycota, kingdom Fungi), typified by a phalluslike, ill-smelling fruiting body. Stinkhorns produce odours that attract the flies and other insects that assist in dispersing the reproductive bodies (spores). Their appearance is often sudden; the spore-forming tissue (gleba) can erupt from an unde...
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phallic stage (psychology)
...called this period of development the anal stage. During the period from three through six years, the child’s attention is attracted to sensations from the genitals, and Freud called this stage the phallic stage. The half dozen years before puberty are called the latency stage. During the final and so-called genital stage of development, mature gratification is sought in a heterosexual l...
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phallic symbol (representation)
...revels associated with the rites of Dionysus, a god of vegetation. The origins of comedy are thus bound up with vegetation ritual. Aristotle, in his Poetics, states that comedy originated in phallic songs and that, like tragedy, it began in improvisation. Though tragedy evolved by stages that can be traced, the progress of comedy passed unnoticed because it was not taken seriously. When....
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