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liquid mix process (materials processing)
A process related to the sol-gel route is the Pechini, or liquid mix, process (named after its American inventor, Maggio Pechini). An aqueous solution of suitable oxides or salts is mixed with an alpha-hydroxycarboxylic acid such as citric acid. Chelation, or the formation of complex ring-shaped compounds around the metal cations, takes......
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liquid mixture (physics)
Liquids may be divided into two general categories: pure liquids and liquid mixtures. On Earth, water is the most abundant liquid, although much of the water with which organisms come into contact is not in pure form but is a mixture in which various substances are dissolved. Such mixtures include those fluids essential to life—blood, for example—beverages, and seawater. Seawater is....
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liquid nitrogen (chemistry)
Cryogenic freezing is used to freeze food at an extremely fast rate. The food is moved through a spray of liquid nitrogen or directly immersed in liquid nitrogen. The liquid nitrogen boils around the food at a temperature of −196° C (−321° F) and extracts a large amount of heat....
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liquid oxygen (chemistry)
Another variation of the turboramjet does without the core inlet and the core compressor altogether. Instead, the aircraft carries a tank of an oxidizer, such as liquid oxygen. The oxidizer is fed into the core combustion chamber along with the fuel to support the combustion process, which generates the hot gas stream to power the turbine that drives the fan. During supersonic flight, the fan......
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liquid oxygen explosive (explosive)
In 1895 the German Carl von Linde introduced carbon black packed in porous bags and dipped in liquid oxygen. This, which was a Sprengel-type explosive, came to be known as LOX. Because of the shortage of nitrates, LOX was widely used in Germany during ......
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liquid propellant (fuel)
...their thrust per quantity of fuel consumed is relatively low and that, once ignited, they cannot be turned off. Consequently, most space launch vehicles requiring control and multiple starts employ liquid-propellant systems as main engines for the primary stages but use large solid-fuel rockets as boost-stage auxiliaries for additional thrust in the initial phase of launch. Among American......
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liquid scintillator (device)
...fluor (fluorescent molecule) in a solvent such as toluene, or as a plastic, in which the fluor is dissolved in a monomer that is subsequently polymerized. Frequently, a third component is added to liquid or plastic scintillators to act as a wave shifter, which absorbs the primary light from the organic fluor and re-radiates the energy at a longer wavelength more suitable for matching the......
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liquid state (state of matter)
One of the three principal states of matter, intermediate between a gas and a solid....
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liquid thermometer (measurement device)
Any substance that somehow changes with alterations in its temperature can be used as the basic component in a thermometer. Gas thermometers work best at very low temperatures. Liquid thermometers are the most common type in use. They are simple, inexpensive, long-lasting, and able to measure a wide temperature span. The liquid is almost always mercury, sealed in a glass tube with nitrogen gas......
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liquid-driven transducer (instrument)
...basic types, classified by the energy source and by the medium into which the waves are being generated. Mechanical devices include gas-driven, or pneumatic, transducers such as whistles as well as liquid-driven transducers such as hydrodynamic oscillators and vibrating blades. These devices, limited to low ultrasonic frequencies, have a number of industrial applications, including drying,......
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liquid-drop model (nuclear physics)
in nuclear physics, description of atomic nuclei formulated (1936) by Niels Bohr and used (1939) by him and John A. Wheeler to explain nuclear fission. According to the model, the nucleons (neutron...
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liquid-ion-exchanger electrode
Liquid-ion-exchanger electrodes utilize a liquid ion exchanger that is held in place in an inert, porous hydrophobic membrane. The electrodes are selective because the ion exchangers selectively exchange a single analyte ion. Solid-state ion-selective electrodes use a solid sparingly soluble, ionically conducting substance, either alone or......
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liquid-liquid chromatography (chemistry)
Liquid-liquid chromatography employs liquid mobile and stationary phases. High-performance liquid chromatography uses small particles with molecules bonded to their surface to give a thin film that has liquidlike properties. A number of bonding agents are available. A nonpolar molecule can be bonded to the solid and a polar mobile phase......
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liquid-liquid extraction (chemistry)
...the gas will no longer condense to a liquid regardless of how high the pressure is raised. It is a state intermediate between a gas and a liquid. The example previously cited involved extraction (liquid-liquid). The other methods are described below....
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liquid-metal fast-breeder reactor
Sodium-cooled, fast-neutron-spectrum reactors received much attention during the 1960s and ’70s when it appeared that their breeding capabilities would soon be needed to supply fissile material to a rapidly expanding nuclear industry. When it became clear in the 1980s that this was not a realistic expectation, enthusiasm slackened. The developmental work of the previous decades, however,......
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liquid-metal reactor (physics)
...carbide, and carbon around them. (These shells serve as microscopic cladding.) The particles are mixed with graphite and encased in a macroscopic graphite cladding. In a sodium-cooled fast reactor, commonly called a liquid-metal reactor (LMR), the fuel consists of dioxide pellets (French design) or uranium-plutonium-zirconium metal alloy pins (U.S. design) in steel......
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liquid-phase epitaxy (crystallography)
...but are important electronic materials. Because hydrogen is found in nature as a molecule rather than as a single atom, making atomic hydrogen gas is the major expense in growing CVD diamonds. Liquid-phase epitaxy (LPE) uses the solution method to grow crystals on a substrate. The substrate is placed in a solution with a saturated concentration of solute. This technique is used to grow......
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liquid-propellant rocket motor
Liquid-propellant systems carry the propellant in tanks external to the combustion chamber. Most of these engines use a liquid oxidizer and a liquid fuel, which are transferred from their respective tanks by pumps. The pumps raise the pressure above the operating pressure of the engine, and the propellants are then injected into the engine in a manner that assures atomization and rapid mixing.......
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liquid-solid chromatography (chemistry)
One important method is liquid-solid chromatography in which the porous adsorbent is polar and separation is based on the properties of classes of compounds—e.g., amines (alkaline) from alcohols (neutral) and esters (neutral) from acids....
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liquid-vapour equilibrium (chemistry)
...equals the pressure of the surroundings (one atmosphere in an open vessel at sea level), the substance boils: bubbles of vapour form within the liquid and rise to the surface. Above the surface of a mixture, the vapour contains all the substances present in the mixture, each making a contribution to the ......
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liquidation (business)
discharge of a debt or the determination by agreement or litigation of the amount of a previously unliquidated claim. One important legal meaning is the distribution of the assets of an enterprise among its creditors and proprietors. At the dissolution of a solvent corporation or unincorporated association, the assets are usually liquidated (turned into money) rather than distributed in kind. An ...
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Liquidationist Party (political organization, Russia)
...Labour Party in 1903, Potresov and the Mensheviks broke with Lenin over the latter’s demand for a highly centralized, authoritarian party. After 1908 Potresov became a leader of the so-called liquidationists (a pejorative term devised by Lenin), who advocated political activity by legal means, in contrast to the conspiratorial methods of the Bolsheviks....
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liquidity (economics)
...relationship and lessen confidence, which probably would result in a run on the banks. Banks therefore maintain cash reserves and other liquid assets at a certain level or have access to a “lender of last resort,” such as a central bank. In a number of countries, commercial banks have at times been required to maintain a......
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Liquidity Balance (economics)
In distinguishing between monetary and nonmonetary items, the Liquidity Balance included any increase in the holding of short-term dollar securities abroad as part of the U.S. deficit during the period; but it did not include as counterweight any increase in short-term foreign claims held by U.S. resident banks or others (apart from official holdings). Thus, in this respect the treatment was......
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liquidity preference (economics)
in economics, the premium that wealth holders demand for exchanging ready money or bank deposits for safe, non-liquid assets such as government bonds. As originally employed by John Maynard Keynes, liquidity preference referred to the relationship between the quantity of...
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liquidity ratio (business)
...current liabilities, for example, gives the analyst an idea of the extent to which the firm can meet its current obligations. This is known as a liquidity ratio. Financial leverage ratios (such as the debt–asset ratio and debt as a percentage of total capitalization) are used to......
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liquidus diagram (phase diagram)
...from studying the melting of an igneous rock and the reverse process, the crystallization of minerals from a melt (liquid phase). Graphic representations of systems with a liquid phase are called liquidus diagrams. A three-component system (quartz [SiO2]–kalsilite [KAlSiO4]–forsterite [Mg2SiO4]) is illustrated through a ......
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liquified natural gas (chemical compound)
natural gas (primarily methane) that has been liquefied for ease of storing and transporting. LNG takes up about 1600 the space that natural gas does in its gaseous form, and it can be easily shipped overseas. LNG is produced by cooling natural gas below its ...
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liquified petroleum gas (chemical compound)
any of several liquid mixtures of the volatile hydrocarbons propene, propane, butene, and butane. It was used as early as 1860 for a portable fuel source, and its production and consumption for both domestic and industrial use have expanded ever since. A typical commercial mixture may also contain ethane and ethylene as well as a volatile mercaptan, an odorant added as a safety precaution....
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liquor, distilled (alcoholic beverage)
Alcoholic beverage obtained by distillation from wine or other fermented fruit juice or from various cereal grains that have first been brewed....
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liquorice (herb)
perennial herb of the Fabaceae family, and the flavouring, confection, and medicine made from its roots, similar in their sweet, slightly bitter flavour to anise. The Greek name glykyrrhiza, of which the word licorice is a corruption, means “sweet root.”...
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Lira (work by Kalvos)
Kálvos published 20 patriotic odes in two fascicles: Líra (“The Lyre”) at Geneva in 1824 and Néas Odás (“New Odes”) at Paris in 1826. He wrote of an idealized Greece, a Greece of the old virtues but a Greece viewed from outside. Although he sometimes used Demotic Greek (the vernacular tongue), he was generally a purist given to....
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lira (currency)
the former monetary unit of Italy and the currency of modern Turkey and Malta....
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lira (musical instrument)
in music, a pear-shaped bowed instrument with three to five strings. Closely related to the medieval rebec and, like the rebec, a precursor of the medieval fiddle, the lira survives essentially unchanged in several Balkan folk instruments, among them the Bulgarian gadulka, the Aegean lira, and the Balkan Slavic gusla. Its tuning ...
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lira da braccio (musical instrument)
The immediate precursor of the violin is the lira da braccio, an elaborate instrument of the Renaissance, whose form foreshadows the physical essentials of the violin body: the arched modeling of the belly and back and the shallow ribs. This shallow arched form probably encouraged or suggested another important detail: the use of a short vertical stick to prop the front and back apart......
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Lira, La (work by Marino)
The most successful and representative poet during this period was Giambattista Marino, author of a large collection of lyric verse (La lira [1608–14; “The Lyre”] and La sampogna [1620; “The Syrinx”]) and a long mythological poem, Adone (1623), in which the Ovidian myth of the....
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lire (currency)
the former monetary unit of Italy and the currency of modern Turkey and Malta....
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lire (musical instrument)
in music, a pear-shaped bowed instrument with three to five strings. Closely related to the medieval rebec and, like the rebec, a precursor of the medieval fiddle, the lira survives essentially unchanged in several Balkan folk instruments, among them the Bulgarian gadulka, the Aegean lira, and the Balkan Slavic gusla. Its tuning ...
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liri (currency)
the former monetary unit of Italy and the currency of modern Turkey and Malta....
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Liri River (river, Italy)
river in central Italy, made up of two streams, the Rapido (or Gari) and the Liri, and having a total length of 98 mi (158 km) and a drainage basin of 1,911 sq mi (4,950 sq km). It has its sources near Cappadocia, in the Monti Simbruini east of Rome, and flows south and ...
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Liri Valley (valley, Italy)
...General Sir Oliver Leese, from the Adriatic flank of the peninsula to the west, where it was to strengthen the 5th Army’s pressure around Monte Cassino and on the approaches to the valley of the Liri (headstream of the Garigliano). The combined attack, which was started in the night of May 11–12, 1944, succeeded in breaching the German defenses at a number of points between Cassin...
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Liriodendron (plant genus)
The delimitation of genera in Magnoliaceae has changed, based on molecular studies, to the recognition of just two genera, Magnolia (225 species) and Liriodendron (2 species). Liriodendron (tulip tree) has one species in China and one in the eastern United States. Such a bicentric dispersal suggests a more ......
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Liriodendron tulipifera (tree)
North American ornamental and timber tree of the magnolia family (Magnoliaceae), order Magnoliales, not related to the true poplars....
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Liriope (hydrozoan genus)
genus of small marine jellyfish of the class Hydrozoa (phylum Cnidaria). Its medusoid body is characteristically hemispherical and measures up to about 30 mm (1.2 inches) in diameter. Eight short tentacles hang down from the edges of the body, and a shorter stalklike structure, the manubrium, containing the mouth, extends downward from the centre. It is commonly believed that only one, if highly ...
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liripipe (clothing)
In the 15th century, the designation tippet came to signify a long streamer (also called liripipe) extending from a hat or hood. Tippet may also refer to an 18th-century capelike or scarflike garment worn around the neck and hanging down in front; this tippet could be made of gauze, crepe, lace, velvet, fur, or feathers. Finally, tippet refers to a long black scarf worn over the robe by......
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LISA (spacecraft)
joint U.S.-European group of three spacecraft that are designed to search for gravitational radiation....
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Lisa (computer)
In late 1979 a group of engineers from Apple, led by cofounder Steven P. Jobs, saw the GUI during a visit to PARC and were sufficiently impressed to integrate the ideas into two new computers, Lisa and Macintosh, then in the design stage. Each product came to have a bit-mapped screen and a sleek, palm-sized mouse (though for simplicity this used a single command button in contrast to the......
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Lisa, Manuel (American fur trader)
U.S. fur trader who helped to open up the Missouri River area to the white man in the early 19th century....
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Lisa Mountain (mountain, Brazil)
...Sul (Lake of the South), are the largest of the state’s many lakes. Geologically, Alagoas consists mostly of the southern part of the Serra da Borborema (Borborema Mountain Range). The Serra Lisa (Lisa Mountain) is the state’s highest point. There are four zones of vegetation: the coastal plain; the Mata, or tropical rainforest; the Agreste, a shrubby savanna parkland; and the Caa...
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Lisān, Al- (peninsula, Jordan)
The peninsula of Al-Lisān and Mount Sedom (historically Mount Sodom) resulted from movements of the Earth’s crust. Mount Sedom’s steep cliffs rise up from the southwestern shore. Al-Lisān is formed of strata of clay, marl, soft chalk, and gypsum interbedded with sand and gravel. Both Al-Lisān and beds made of similar material on the western side of the Dead Sea v...
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Lisao (poem by Qu Yuan)
...of the South, 1959), much of which must be attributed to later poets writing about the legendary life of Qu Yuan. The anthology begins with the long melancholic poem Lisao (“On Encountering Sorrow”), Qu Yuan’s most famous work, which initiated a tradition of romanticism in Chinese......
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Lisboa (Portugal)
City (pop., 2001: 564,657), capital of Portugal....
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Lisboa, Antônio Francisco (Brazilian sculptor and architect)
prolific and influential Brazilian sculptor and architect whose Rococo statuary and religious articles complement the dramatic sobriety of his churches....
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Lisboa, António Francisco (Brazilian architect)
...in these highlands created an economic force that was independent of the coasts and that produced a unique culture. The Church of Our Lady of Pilar de Ouro Prêto (1730s), attributed to António Francisco Lisboa (brother of Manoel Francisco Lisboa, the father of Aleijadinho), was opened with a Baroque spectacle, the Triumph of the Eucharist, in the European manner. The......
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Lisboa, Universidade de (university, Lisbon, Portugal)
coeducational state institution of higher learning at Lisbon. The modern university, restored in 1911, traces its history, together with that of the University of Coimbra, to the medieval University of Lisbon founded in 1288. King Dinis of Portugal endowed a studium generale, a place of study accept...
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Lisbon (Portugal)
City (pop., 2001: 564,657), capital of Portugal....
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Lisbon Cathedral (cathedral, Lisbon, Portugal)
...king. The city finally fell in 1147 and then successfully resisted Moorish attempts to win it back. The Moorish alcazar was transformed into a Portuguese royal palace, and, according to legend, the Lisbon Cathedral (Sé Patriarcal) was converted from a mosque (with subsequent restorations in the styles of many periods after fires and earthquakes). There is no evidence, however, of a......
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Lisbon earthquake of 1755 (Portugal)
series of earthquakes that occurred on the morning of Nov. 1, 1755, causing serious damage to the port city of Lisbon, Port., and killing an estimated 60,000 people in Lisbon alone. Violent shaking demolished large public buildings and about 12,000 dwellings. Because November 1 is All Saints’ Day, a...
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Lisbon Treaty (European Union)
international agreement that amended the Maastricht Treaty, Treaties of Rome, and other documents to simplify and streamline the institutions that govern the European Union (EU). Proposed in 2007, the Lisbon Treaty was ratified by most member states in 2008, but a refe...
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Lisbon, Treaty of (Portugal [1668])
...Don Juan de Austria at Ameixial, and in June 1665 von Schönberg won the important victory of Montes Claros. Peace was finally made by the Treaty of Lisbon early in 1668....
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Lisbon, University of (university, Lisbon, Portugal)
coeducational state institution of higher learning at Lisbon. The modern university, restored in 1911, traces its history, together with that of the University of Coimbra, to the medieval University of Lisbon founded in 1288. King Dinis of Portugal endowed a studium generale, a place of study accept...
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Lisburn (Northern Ireland, United Kingdom)
town and seat of Lisburn district, formerly astride Counties Antrim and Down, Northern Ireland....
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Lisburn (district, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom)
district, Northern Ireland. Established in 1973, the district is bordered by the city (district) of Belfast and district of Antrim to the north and by the districts of Craigavon to the west, Banbridge to the south, and Down and Castlereagh to the east. The chief town and seat of the district is Lisburn. Industrial estates and residential suburbs are located at Dunmurry and aroun...
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Lisette, Gabriel (Chadian political leader)
A large measure of autonomy was conceded under the constitutional law of 1957, when the first territorial government was formed by Gabriel Lisette, a West Indian who had become the leader of the Chad Progressive Party (PPT). An autonomous republic within the French Community was......
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Lish, Gordon (American editor)
However, controversy arose over the nature of Carver’s writing—and even his lasting literary reputation—in the early 21st century. It was revealed that his long-time editor, Gordon Lish, had drastically changed many of Carver’s early stories. While Lish’s significant involvement in Carver’s writing had long been suspected, the extent of his editing became ...
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lishny chelovek (literature)
a character type whose frequent recurrence in 19th-century Russian literature is sufficiently striking to make him a national archetype. He is usually an aristocrat, intelligent, well-educated, and informed by idealism and goodwill but incapable, for reasons as complex as Hamlet’s, of engaging in effective action. Alt...
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lishu (Chinese script)
in Chinese calligraphy, a style that may have originated in the brush writing of the later Zhou and Qin dynasties (c. 300–200 bc); it represents a more informal tradition than the zhuanshu (“seal script”), which was more suitable for inscriptions cast in the ritual bronzes. While examples of ...
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Lisi, Nicola (Italian author)
...the interior reality of its inhabitants, and in this his lineage can be traced to other Tuscan writers such as Romano Bilenchi (La siccità [1941; “The Drought”]) and Nicola Lisi (Diario di un parroco di campagna [1942; “Diary of a Country Priest”]) or in some respects back to Federigo Tozzi. Especially typical of Cassola’s work...
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Lisianthius (plant genus)
...American genus of several herbaceous species that are now widely cultivated as cut flowers. They are often sold under the name lisianthus, which is confusing, since Lisianthius is a quite different shrubby tropical New World genus of gentians that has not been cultivated. Three distinct groups of tropical gentians have lost their leaves and lack chlorophyll......
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Lisichansk (Ukraine)
city, eastern Ukraine, on the Donets River. In 1721 the first discovery of coal in the Donets Basin was made there at the Cossack village of Lisya Balka, which dated from 1710. It was not until 1795, however, that Lysychansk was esta...
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Lisieux (France)
town, formerly capital of the district known as the Pays d’Auge, Calvados département, Basse-Normandie région, northwestern France. Lisieux has become a world centre of pilgrimage to the shrine of St. Theresa, a Carmelite nun there who died in 1897 and was canonize...
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Lisitsky, Lazar Markovich (Russian artist)
Russian painter, typographer, and designer, a pioneer of nonrepresentational art in the early 20th century. His innovations in typography, advertising, and exhibition design were particularly influential....
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Liski (Russia)
city and administrative centre of Liski rayon (sector), Voronezh oblast (region), western Russia, situated on the banks of the Don River. It is a main railway junction, with shops for servicing locomotives; its food industries include meat-packing and flour milling. It became a city in 1937 a...
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Liskov, Barbara Jane (American computer scientist)
American winner of the 2008 A.M. Turing Award, the highest honour in computer science, for her “pioneering work in the design of computer programming languages.”...
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Lisky (Russia)
city and administrative centre of Liski rayon (sector), Voronezh oblast (region), western Russia, situated on the banks of the Don River. It is a main railway junction, with shops for servicing locomotives; its food industries include meat-packing and flour milling. It became a city in 1937 a...
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Lisle (Illinois, United States)
village, DuPage county, northeastern Illinois, U.S. A suburb of Chicago, it is located about 25 miles (40 km) west of downtown. The village was founded in 1832 by James and Luther Hatch, settlers from New Hampshire, and named for a town in New York. In the 1860s Lisle became a station along the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad. Primar...
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Lisle, John Dudley, Baron (English politician and soldier)
English politician and soldier who was virtual ruler of England from 1549 to 1553, during the minority of King Edward VI. Almost all historical sources regard him as an unscrupulous schemer whose policies undermined England’s political stability....
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Lisle, John Dudley, Viscount (English politician and soldier)
English politician and soldier who was virtual ruler of England from 1549 to 1553, during the minority of King Edward VI. Almost all historical sources regard him as an unscrupulous schemer whose policies undermined England’s political stability....
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L’Isle-Adam, Villiers de (French writer)
...he was writing verse and frequenting literary cafés and drawing rooms, where he met the leading poets of the Parnassian group and other talented contemporaries, among them Mallarmé, Villiers de L’Isle-Adam, and Anatole France. His poems began to appear in their literary reviews; the first, “Monsieur Prudhomme,” in 1863. Three years later the first series of ...
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Lismore (Ireland)
market town, County Waterford, Ireland. It lies in the Blackwater valley, at the southern foot of the Knockmealdown Mountains. A monastery was founded in Lismore by St. Cartagh about 633. In the 9th and 10th centuries it was plundered by the Norsemen. The baronial castle, erected by Prince John, later king of England, in 118...
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Lismore (island, Scotland, United Kingdom)
island in the entrance of the sea inlet of Loch Linnhe, Argyll and Bute council area, historic county of Argyllshire, Scotland. It is about 9.5 miles (15 km) long and less than 2 miles (3 km) wide. A Columban (early Celtic Christian) monastery was founded on the island about 592. In the 13th century it bec...
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Lismore (New South Wales, Australia)
city, northeastern New South Wales, Australia, on the north arm of the Richmond River. It is situated between rainforest and sea, 18 miles (29 km) inland from the Pacific Ocean, and has its outport at Ballina. Ward Stephens first settled the site in 1843; it was later ...
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Lismore, The Book of the Dean of (Gaelic literature)
miscellany of Scottish and Irish poetry, the oldest collection of Gaelic poetry extant in Scotland. It was compiled between 1512 and 1526, chiefly by Sir James MacGregor, the dean of Lismore (now in Argyll and Bute council area), and his brother Duncan....
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Lisnagarvey (Northern Ireland, United Kingdom)
town and seat of Lisburn district, formerly astride Counties Antrim and Down, Northern Ireland....
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LISP (computer language)
a computer programming language developed about 1960 by John McCarthy at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). LISP was founded on the mathematical theory of recursive functions (in which a function appears in its own definition). A LISP program is a functio...
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lisp (speech disorder)
Although lisping belongs among the articulatory disorders and usually has the same causes as articulatory disorders (dyslalia) in general, it differs from other disorders of articulation in several respects. For one, lisping occurs in various varieties: with the tongue tip protruding between the front teeth, with a slurping noise in the cheek......
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Lispector, Clarice (Brazilian author)
novelist and short-story writer, one of Brazil’s most important literary figures, who is considered to be among the greatest women writers of the 20th century....
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Liss, Johann (Italian artist)
...more calm and classical outlook. Venetian painting took a new direction with the rich colours and free brushwork of Domenico Fetti, who had worked in Mantua before moving to Venice. In the hands of Johann Liss (or Jan Lys) the groundwork was laid for the flowering of the Venetian school of the 18th century. Venetian painting was also......
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Lissa (Poland)
city, Wielkopolskie województwo (province), west-central Poland. It is a rail junction and an agricultural and manufacturing centre....
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Lissa (island, Croatia)
Croatian island in the Adriatic Sea, the outermost major island of the Dalmatian archipelago. Its highest point is Mount Hum, at 1,926 feet (587 m). Its climate and vegetation are Mediterranean and subtropical, with palms, Mediterranean pines, citrus, eucalyptus, cacti, and early vegetable...
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Lissa, Battle of (Austrian-Italian history)
For a time even the ancient ram was revived. When the Austrians won the Battle of Lissa from the Italians in 1866 by ramming, its value for the future seemed confirmed. Hence for years most large ships carried rams, which proved to be more dangerous to friend than foe when ships were sunk in peacetime collisions....
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Lissajous figure
also called Bowditch Curve, pattern produced by the intersection of two sinusoidal curves the axes of which are at right angles to each other. First studied by the American mathematician Nathaniel Bowditch in 1815, the curves were investigated independently by the French mathematician Jules-Antoine...
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Lissamphibia (amphibian subclass)
...from a single radiation of ancient amphibians, and although strikingly different in body form, they are probably the closest relatives to one another. As a group, the three orders make up subclass Lissamphibia. Neither the lissamphibians nor any of the extinct groups of amphibians were the ancestors of the group of tetrapods that gave rise to reptiles. Though some aspects of the biology and......
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lissamphibian (amphibian subclass)
...from a single radiation of ancient amphibians, and although strikingly different in body form, they are probably the closest relatives to one another. As a group, the three orders make up subclass Lissamphibia. Neither the lissamphibians nor any of the extinct groups of amphibians were the ancestors of the group of tetrapods that gave rise to reptiles. Though some aspects of the biology and......
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Lissandrino (Italian painter)
Italian painter of the late Baroque period distinguished for his landscapes and genre paintings....
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Lissandrino, Il (Italian painter)
Italian painter of the late Baroque period distinguished for his landscapes and genre paintings....
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Lissanoure, George Macartney, Baron of (British emissary)
first British emissary to Beijing....
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Lisse (Netherlands)
gemeente (municipality), western Netherlands. It lies in the centre of the flower fields between Haarlem and Leiden. With Hillegom, it is one of the two great commercial centres of the Netherlands’ bulb-growing district. It is also the site of the State Bulb School and Laboratory. The annual flower exhibition (March to May; started in 1950), held on a former countr...
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Lissitzky, El (Russian artist)
Russian painter, typographer, and designer, a pioneer of nonrepresentational art in the early 20th century. His innovations in typography, advertising, and exhibition design were particularly influential....
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Lissitzky, Eliezer (Russian artist)
Russian painter, typographer, and designer, a pioneer of nonrepresentational art in the early 20th century. His innovations in typography, advertising, and exhibition design were particularly influential....
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