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Marie Byrd Land (region, Antarctica)
unclaimed region of Antarctica, bordering on the South Pacific Ocean and extending from the Ross Sea and Ice Shelf (west) to Ellsworth Land (east). The barren, ice-capped region averages 2,600–6,500 ft (800–2,000 m) above sea level in altitude, except along its mountainous coast, where in the Flood and Executive Committee ranges there are several peaks more than 11,000 ft. Discovere...
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Marie, Christophe (French contractor)
In 1627 Louis XIII granted a 60-year lease on two mudbanks behind the Île de la Cité to a contractor, Christophe Marie, and two financiers. It was 37 years before Marie was able to unite the islets, dike the circumference, lay out a central avenue with 10 lateral streets, and rent space to householders. The church of Saint-Louis-en-l’Île was begun the same year, 1664, b...
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Marie de Bourgogne (duchess of Burgundy)
duchess of Burgundy (1477–82), daughter and heiress of Charles the Bold, duke of Burgundy; her crucial marriage to the archduke Maximilian (later Maximilian I), son of the Habsburg emperor Ferdinand III, resulted in Habsburg control of the Netherlands....
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Marie de France (French poet)
earliest known French woman poet, creator of verse narratives on romantic and magical themes that perhaps inspired the musical lais of the later trouvères, and author of Aesopic and other fables, called Ysopets. Her works, of considerable charm and talent, were probably written in England. What little is known about her is take...
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Marie de Guise (regent of Scotland)
regent of Scotland for her daughter, Mary Stuart, during the early years of the Scottish Reformation. A Roman Catholic, she pursued pro-French policies that involved her in civil war with Scotland’s Protestant nobles....
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Marie de Lorraine (regent of Scotland)
regent of Scotland for her daughter, Mary Stuart, during the early years of the Scottish Reformation. A Roman Catholic, she pursued pro-French policies that involved her in civil war with Scotland’s Protestant nobles....
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Marie de Médicis (queen of France)
queen consort of King Henry IV of France (reigned 1589–1610) and, from 1610 to 1614, regent for her son, King Louis XIII (reigned 1610–43)....
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Marie from Sunny Italy (work by Berlin)
...only two years of formal education, he worked as a street singer and a singing waiter in New York’s Lower East Side. He began writing song lyrics, and his first published song, Marie from Sunny Italy, appeared in 1907; a printer’s error on this song named him Irving Berlin, a surname that he subsequently kept. Berlin continued his writing and within a few ...
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Marie Grubbe: A Lady of the Seventeenth Century (work by Jacobsen)
...literature and was greatly admired by Brandes, who hailed Jacobsen as one of “the men of the modern breakthrough.” Jacobsen’s first novel, Fru Marie Grubbe (1876; Marie Grubbe: A Lady of the Seventeenth Century), is a psychological study of a 17th-century woman whose natural instincts are stronger than her social instincts and result in her descent...
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Marie I (French adventurer)
eccentric French adventurer who became the self-styled king of the Sedang tribe of the northern Central Highlands in what is now southern Vietnam....
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Marie Leszczyńska (queen of France)
queen consort of King Louis XV of France (ruled 1715–74). Although she had no direct influence on French politics, her Polish dynastic connections involved France in a European conflict that resulted in the eventual annexation of Lorraine by France....
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Marie of the Incarnation (French nun)
...of Pope Leo XIII, in 1900 a “Roman union” of Ursuline convents was created. Many communities, however, retain their independent organization or are united in smaller groups. In 1639 Marie Guyard (Marie of the Incarnation) founded the Ursuline house at Quebec, the first congregation of women to be established in North America....
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Marie, Pierre (French neurologist)
French neurologist whose discovery that growth disorders are caused by pituitary disease contributed to the modern science of endocrinology....
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Marie-Amélie de Bourbon (queen of France)
queen of Louis- Philippe, king of France (1830–48). She took no interest in politics and devoted her life to her husband and the bringing up of her eight children. The daughter of Ferdinand IV of Naples (later Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies) and Queen Maria Carolina, she was given a religious education. She married the exiled Louis-Philippe, then duc d’Orlé...
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Marie-Antoinette (queen of France)
queen consort of King Louis XVI of France (1774–93). Imprudent and an enemy of reform, she helped provoke the popular unrest that led to the French Revolution and to the overthrow of the monarchy in August 1792....
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Marie-Antoinette-Josèphe-Jeanne d’Autriche-Lorraine (queen of France)
queen consort of King Louis XVI of France (1774–93). Imprudent and an enemy of reform, she helped provoke the popular unrest that led to the French Revolution and to the overthrow of the monarchy in August 1792....
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Marie-Charlotte-Amélie-Augustine-Victoire-Clémentine-Léopoldine (archduchess of Austria)
wife of the emperor Maximilian of Mexico....
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Marie-Galante (island, West Indies)
island in the Lesser Antilles, in the eastern Caribbean Sea, and a dependency of Guadeloupe, an overseas département of France. It lies some 15 miles (25 km) southeast of the island of Grande-Terre. Marie-Galante is of coral and limestone structure and is round in shape, measur...
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Marie-Louise (Austrian archduchess)
Austrian archduchess who became empress of the French (impératrice des Français), as the second wife of the emperor Napoleon I; she was later duchess of Parma, Piacenza, and Guastalla....
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Marie-Louise (film by Lindtberg [1944])
Screenplay: Charles Brackett and Billy Wilder for The Lost WeekendOriginal Story: Charles G. Booth for The House on 92nd StreetOriginal Screenplay: Richard Schweizer for Marie-LouiseCinematography, Black-and-White: Harry Stradling for The Picture of Dorian GrayCinematography, Color: Leon Shamroy for Leave Her to HeavenArt Direction, Black-and-White: Wiard......
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Marie-Louise d’Orléans (French noble)
...d’Orléans, duchesse de Montpensier, popularly called La Grande Mademoiselle, who was the daughter of Gaston, duc d’Orléans (brother of Louis XIII). A later mademoiselle was Marie-Louise d’Orléans, daughter of Philippe I, duc d’Orleans (brother of Louis XIV), who became queen of Spain as the wife of Charles II....
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Marie-Louise-Léopoldine-Françoise-Thérèse-Joséphine-Luc (Austrian archduchess)
Austrian archduchess who became empress of the French (impératrice des Français), as the second wife of the emperor Napoleon I; she was later duchess of Parma, Piacenza, and Guastalla....
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Marie-Magdeleine (work by Massenet)
...de Lisle’s play Les Érinnyes (1873; The Furies), which contains the widely performed song “Élégie.” In 1873 he also produced his oratorio, Marie-Magdeleine, later performed as an opera. This work exemplifies the mingling of religious feeling and eroticism often found in Massenet’s music. Massenet also composed more tha...
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Marie-Strümpell arthritis (pathology)
inflammation of one or more of the vertebrae. Spondylitis takes several forms; the most widely occurring forms are ankylosing spondylitis, hypertrophic spondylitis, and tuberculous spondylitis....
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Marie-Thérèse d’Autriche (queen of France)
queen consort of King Louis XIV of France (reigned 1643–1715)....
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Marie-Thérèse of Austria (queen of France)
queen consort of King Louis XIV of France (reigned 1643–1715)....
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Marie-Victorin, Frère (Canadian botanist)
botanical garden in Montreal founded in 1936 by Frère Marie-Victorin, one of the greatest of Canadian botanists. It has approximately 20,000 plant species under cultivation and maintains a herbarium consisting of nearly 100,000 reference specimens. Of the garden’s many greenhouses, 9 are for public display and 23 for service functions and research collections. Its significant collect...
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Marieberg pottery
Swedish pottery produced at the factory of Marieberg on the island of Kungsholmen, not far from Stockholm, from about 1759 until 1788. When the Marieberg factory, founded by Johann Eberhard Ludwig Ehrenreich, encountered financial difficulties in 1766, Ehrenreich was succeeded by the Frenchman Pierre Berthevin. In 1769 Berthevin left and Henrik Sten became director. In 1782 Marieberg was sold to ...
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Mariée (painting by Duchamp)
In 1912, after the “Nude,” Duchamp did a few more paintings. Some of these, notably “Le Passage de la Vierge à la Mariée” and “Mariée” (Philadelphia Museum of Art), both done in Munich, are among the finest works of the period. Again they were neither Cubist, nor Futurist, nor Abstract, but they expressed Duchamp’s typical visio...
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Mariehamn (Finland)
...north and rich agricultural soil to the southeast. Eckerö and Lemland are the next largest islands. Åland is home to about 90 percent of the archipelago’s population and is the site of Mariehamn, the administrative capital, chief seaport, and only town. Also located on Åland is Orrdals Hill, the highest point of the archipelago, rising to a height of 423 feet (129 me...
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Mariel boatlift (international relations)
...Emigration from Cuba to the United States has been a major issue since 1980, when some 125,000 Cubans crossed the Florida Straits to the United States during what became known as the “Mariel boatlift” (so named because many of the boats departed from Mariel, a small port west of Havana). In 1987 the two countries signed an agreement allowing 20,000 Cubans to emigrate......
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Marienbad (Czech Republic)
spa town, western Czech Republic. It is situated on the edge of the wooded hills southwest of Karlovy Vary. Its more than 40 mineral springs were long the property of the Premonstratensian Abbey (12th century) at Teplá, a few miles east of the town. When Josef Nehr, the abbey’s doctor, demonstrated the therapeutic properties (efficacious for rheumatism and digestiv...
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Marienburg (Poland)
city, Pomorskie województwo (province), northern Poland. It lies on the Nogat River, the easternmost distributary of the Vistula River delta. The town was founded on the site of a medieval Prussian estate fortified by knights of the Teutonic Order in 1236 and was once the residence of their grand master; the surrounding settlement re...
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Marienkirche (church, Lübeck, Germany)
...character in its narrow cobblestone streets and its faithfully restored houses and shops, along with its ecclesiastical and municipal structures. Among Lübeck’s outstanding monuments are the Marienkirche (St. Mary’s Church, a 13th–14th-century brick structure in the Gothic style), the Romanesque cathedral (begun in 1173 under Henry III), and the magnificent Rathaus (...
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Marienleben, Das (poems by Rilke)
The price Rilke paid for these masterpieces was a writing block and depression so severe that it led him to toy with the idea of giving up writing. Aside from a short poetry cycle, Das Marienleben (1913), he did not publish anything for 13 years. The first works in which he transcended even his Neue Gedichte were written early in 1912—two long poems in the style of elegies.......
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Marienleich (poem by Frauenlob)
...Singschulen of the 15th century, the strained ingenuity and mannered conceits that characterize Frauenlob’s verses make him the true model of the meistersingers. His best-known poem, Marienleich (“Mary’s Song”), is an impressive display of virtuosity in which the Virgin is praised in complex language that combines traditional religious imagery, double m...
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Mariental (Namibia)
town, south-central Namibia. It lies at an elevation of 3,576 feet (1,090 metres) and is situated 145 miles (232 km) north of Keetmanshoop and 170 miles (274 km) southeast of Windhoek, the national capital. The town and the surrounding area are in a hot, arid region. The eastern sections of the region overlap the western limits of the Kalahari sandveld, where groundwater is diff...
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Marienthal, Battle of (Thirty Years’ War)
...intending to effect a junction with France’s Swedish allies in Germany, marched through Württemberg. But in May the Bavarians made a surprise attack, and half of Turenne’s army was lost in the Battle of Marienthal (Mergentheim). Turenne fell back, and Mazarin sent Enghien to rescue him. Their united forces met the Bavarians in the Battle of Nördlingen and reached the...
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Marietta (Georgia, United States)
city, seat (1834) of Cobb county, northwestern Georgia, U.S. It lies about 20 miles (30 km) northwest of Atlanta, in the Blue Ridge foothills. A settlement is thought to have existed on the site in the 1820s. The town was probably named for the wife of prominent jurist and legislator Thomas W. Cobb. Its growth was stimulated in the 1840s by ...
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Marietta (Ohio, United States)
city, seat (1788) of Washington county, southeastern Ohio, U.S. It lies at the confluence of the Ohio and Muskingum rivers, opposite Williamstown, W.Va. Shortly after the construction (1785) there of Fort Harmar, Manasseh Cutler, the American Revolutionary War general Rufus Putnam, and their pioneer group, the Ohio Company of Associates, made the first permane...
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Mariette, Auguste (French archaeologist)
French archaeologist who conducted major excavations throughout Egypt, revealing much about the earlier periods of Egyptian history....
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Mariette, Auguste-Ferdinand-François (French archaeologist)
French archaeologist who conducted major excavations throughout Egypt, revealing much about the earlier periods of Egyptian history....
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“Marigalante” (ship)
Christopher Columbus’ flagship on his first voyage to America. About 117 feet (36 metres) long, the “Santa María” had a deck, three masts, and forecastle and sterncastle and was armed with bombards that fired granite balls. She performed well in the voyage but ran aground off Haiti on Dec. 25, 1492, and was lost. Her sister ships, the “Niña” and ...
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Marignac, Jean-Charles-Galinard de (French chemist)
Swiss chemist whose work with atomic weights suggested the possibility of isotopes and the packing fraction of nuclei and whose study of the rare-earth elements led to his discovery of ytterbium in 1878 and codiscovery of gadolinium in 1880....
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Marignano, Battle of (Europe [1515])
(Sept. 13–14, 1515), French victory over a Swiss army in the first Italian campaign of Francis I of France. Fought near the village of Marignano (modern Melegnano), 10 miles (16 km) southeast of Milan, the battle resulted in the French recovery of Milan and in the conclusion of the peace treaty of Geneva (Nov. 7, 1515) between France and the Swiss Confe...
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Marignolli, Giovanni dei (Italian clergyman)
Franciscan friar and one of four legates sent to the court of the Mongol emperor of China, Togon-Temür, at Khanbaliq (Beijing). Marignolli’s notes on the journey, though fragmentary, contain vivid descriptions that established him among the notable travelers to the Far East in the 14th century....
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Marigny, Enguerrand de (French chamberlain)
powerful chamberlain to the French king Philip IV the Fair, who depended heavily on Marigny’s advice on foreign policy and on relations between king and church. Marigny was described as the man who knew all the king’s secrets and who encouraged Philip to make drastic departures from his father’s foreign policy....
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marigold (plant)
any plant of the genus Tagetes of the family Asteraceae, consisting of about 50 species of annual herbs native to southwestern North America, tropical America, and South America. The name marigold also refers to the pot marigold (genus Calendula) and unrelated plants of several families....
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marihuana (drug)
the Indian hemp plant, Cannabis sativa (cannabis), or the crude drug composed of its leaves and flowers. It is usually dried and crushed and put into pipes or formed into cigarettes (joints) for smoking. The drug—known by a variety of other names, including pot, tea, grass, and weed—can also be added to foods and bever...
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Mariinsky Balet (Russian ballet company)
prominent Russian ballet company, part of the Mariinsky Theatre of Opera and Ballet in St. Petersburg. Its traditions, deriving from its predecessor, the Imperial Russian Ballet, are based on the work of such leading 19th-century choreographers as Jules Perrot, Arthur Saint-Léon, and Marius Petipa and such dancers as Marie Taglioni, Olga Preobrajenska, Mathilde Kschessinskaya, Anna Pavlova,...
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Mariinsky Ballet (Russian ballet company)
prominent Russian ballet company, part of the Mariinsky Theatre of Opera and Ballet in St. Petersburg. Its traditions, deriving from its predecessor, the Imperial Russian Ballet, are based on the work of such leading 19th-century choreographers as Jules Perrot, Arthur Saint-Léon, and Marius Petipa and such dancers as Marie Taglioni, Olga Preobrajenska, Mathilde Kschessinskaya, Anna Pavlova,...
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Mariinsky Palace (palace, Kiev, Ukraine)
...Ukrainian government, including the glass-domed palace, built in 1936–39, that houses the Supreme Council and the 10-story block that houses the Cabinet of Ministers. Nearby is the attractive Mariinskyy Palace, built in 1752–55 for the tsaritsa Elizabeth, reconstructed in 1870, and now used for government receptions....
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Mariinsky Theatre (theatre, Saint Petersburg, Russia)
Ballet enjoyed great success in the Soviet period, not because of any innovations but because the great troupes of the Bolshoi Theatre in Moscow and the Kirov (now Mariinsky) Theatre in Leningrad (now St. Petersburg) were able to preserve the traditions of classical dance that had been perfected prior to 1917. The Soviet Union’s choreography schools produced one internationally famous star....
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Marijampolė (Lithuania)
administrative centre of a rayon (sector), Lithuania. Marijampolė lies along both banks of the Šešupė River. The settlement developed as a monastic centre in the 18th century, when it was known as Starapolė, and achieved urban status in 1758. After World War II it developed as an industrial city, specializing in equipment for the food industry, automotive ...
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marijuana (drug)
the Indian hemp plant, Cannabis sativa (cannabis), or the crude drug composed of its leaves and flowers. It is usually dried and crushed and put into pipes or formed into cigarettes (joints) for smoking. The drug—known by a variety of other names, including pot, tea, grass, and weed—can also be added to foods and bever...
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Mariken van Nieumeghen (Dutch play)
...period, Elckerlyc, a morality play of c. 1485 attributed to Pieter Doorlant, won a prize at a landjuweel and became well known in England as Everyman. The miracle play Mariken van Nieumeghen (c. 1500) is remarkably modern both in its psychological insight and in its technique. The “miracle” of the renegade’s conversion is achieved t...
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Marília (Brazil)
city, west-central São Paulo estado (state), Brazil, lying between the Aguapeí and Peixe rivers in the highlands at 2,139 feet (652 metres) above sea level. Founded in 1611, it was made the seat of a municipality and given city status in 1928. Agriculture (rice, coffee, peanuts), livestock raising, and lumbering are region...
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Marília de Dirceu (work by Gonzaga)
...marriage (1789) he was arrested on a charge, undoubtedly false, of conspiracy. After three years in prison he was exiled to Mozambique. His fame rests on a single book of pastoral love lyrics, Marília de Dirceu. It was published in three parts in 1792, 1799, and 1812 and chronicles his relationship with Marília. Shortly after arriving in Mozambique, Gonzaga married an......
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Marillac, Saint Louise de (French saint)
cofounder with St. Vincent de Paul of the Daughters of Charity of St. Vincent de Paul, a congregation of laywomen dedicated to teaching and hospital work....
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Marilyn Monroe, and Other Poems (work by Cardenal)
In Oración por Marilyn Monroe y otros poemas (1965; Marilyn Monroe, and Other Poems), the earlier prophetic tone is linked to contemporary events: the death of the film actress Marilyn Monroe serves as an example of what Cardenal sees as the dehumanizing corruption of the capitalist system. Clichés, slogans, newspaper clippings, and advertisements in the poem become......
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marimba (musical instrument)
any of several varieties of xylophone. Marimba is one of many African names for the xylophone, and, because African instruments bearing this name frequently have a tuned calabash resonator for each wooden bar, some ethnomusicologists use the name marimba to distinguish gourd-resonated from other xylophones....
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Marimbondo Falls (waterfall, South America)
...Grande River rises in the Serra da Mantiqueira, part of the mountainous hinterland of Rio de Janeiro, and flows westward for approximately 680 miles; but its numerous waterfalls—such as the Marimbondo Falls, with a height of 72 feet (22 metres)—makes it of little use for navigation. The Paranaíba, which also has numerous waterfalls, is formed by many affluents, the......
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Marimda Banī Salāma (Egypt)
The earliest known Neolithic cultures in Egypt have been found at Marimda Banī Salāma, on the southwestern edge of the delta, and farther to the southwest, in Al-Fayyūm. The site at Marimda Banī Salāma, which dates to the 6th–5th millennium bc, gives evidence of settlement and shows that cereals were grown. In Al-Fayyūm, where evidence...
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Marin (county, California, United States)
The earliest known Neolithic cultures in Egypt have been found at Marimda Banī Salāma, on the southwestern edge of the delta, and farther to the southwest, in Al-Fayyūm. The site at Marimda Banī Salāma, which dates to the 6th–5th millennium bc, gives evidence of settlement and shows that cereals were grown. In Al-Fayyūm, where evidence...
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Marīn, Bānu (Berber dynasty)
Amazigh (Berber) dynasty that replaced Almohad rule in Morocco and, temporarily, in other parts of northern Africa during the 13th–15th century....
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Marin, Biagio (Italian poet)
Italian poet noted for writing with clarity and simplicity in the unique Venetian dialect spoken on Grado....
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Marin County Civic Center (building, California, United States)
...and the V.C. Morris Shop (1948) in San Francisco was executed. Among Wright’s many late designs, executed and unexecuted, two major works stand out: the Guggenheim Museum in New York City and the Marin County government centre near San Francisco. The Guggenheim Museum was commissioned as early as 1943 to house a permanent collection of abstract art. Construction began in 1956, and the mu...
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Marín, Francisco de Paula (Spanish horticulturalist)
horticultural experimenter who introduced numerous plant species to the Hawaiian Islands....
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Marin, Jean (French journalist)
(YVES-ANDRÉ-MARIE MORVAN), French journalist, Free French radio commentator during World War II, and head of the international news agency Agence France-Presse, 1954-75 (b. Feb. 24, 1909--d. June 3, 1995)....
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Marin, John (American artist)
American painter and printmaker especially known for his expressionistic watercolour seascapes of Maine and his views of Manhattan....
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Marin, Joseph-Charles (French sculptor)
...included Louis-Simon Boizot and Étienne-Maurice Falconet, who was director of sculpture at the Sèvres factory. The slightly younger generation included the sculptors Joseph Chinard, Joseph-Charles Marin, Antoine-Denis Chaudet, and Baron François-Joseph Bosio. The early sculpture of Ingres’s well-known contemporary François Rude was Neoclassical....
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Marín Millié, Gladys (Chilean political figure)
Chilean political figure (b. July 16, 1941, Curepto, Chile—d. March 6, 2005, Santiago, Chile), opposed the brutal regime of Augusto Pinochet as a leader of the Chilean Communist Party. Marín joined the Communist Party at age 17 and served in the Chamber of Deputies during the presidency (1970–73) of Salvador Allende, but she was forced into hiding following the Sept. 11, 1973,...
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Marín, Pedro Antonio (Colombian guerrilla leader)
Colombian guerrilla leader who was a founder (1964) and commander of the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC), estimated to possess some 10,000 to 15,000 armed soldiers and thousands of supporters, largely drawn from Colombia’s rural areas. The FARC supported a redistribution of assets from the wealthy to the poor and opposed the influence that multinational corporations and foreig...
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Marina (fictional character)
...starving people of Tarsus, Pericles is shipwrecked near Pentapolis, where he wins the hand of the beautiful Thaisa, daughter of King Simonides. As the couple sail back to Tyre, Thaisa gives birth to Marina during a violent storm. Pericles, believing his wife has died in childbirth, buries her at sea, but she is rescued and joins the temple of the goddess Diana at Ephesus. Pericles leaves his......
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Marina (island, Vanuatu)
largest (1,420 square miles [3,677 square km]) and westernmost island of Vanuatu, in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. Volcanic in origin, it has a mountain range running along its west coast; Tabwémasana rises to 6,165 feet (1,879 metres), the highest point in Vanuatu. The island is heavily wooded and has broad fertile, well-watered valleys. The island w...
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Marina (Mexican Indian princess)
Mexican Indian princess, one of a group of female slaves given as a peace offering to the Spanish conquistadors by the Tabascan Indians (1519); she became mistress, guide, and interpreter to Hernán Cortés during his conquest of Mexico. The success of his ventures was often directly attributable to her services....
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Marina di Cardo (France)
city, capital of Haute-Corse département, Corse région, France. It lies on the northeastern coast of Corsica, 22 miles (35 km) south of the island’s northernmost point, the tip of Cape Corse. It is close to the Italian mainland (73 miles [117 km] from Livorno), and across the Tyrrhenian Sea can be seen the ...
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Marina, Doña (Mexican Indian princess)
Mexican Indian princess, one of a group of female slaves given as a peace offering to the Spanish conquistadors by the Tabascan Indians (1519); she became mistress, guide, and interpreter to Hernán Cortés during his conquest of Mexico. The success of his ventures was often directly attributable to her services....
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Marina, Ioan (Romanian Orthodox patriarch)
patriarch of the Romanian Orthodox Church (1948–77) who helped his church become one of the strongest in Eastern Europe....
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Marina, Saint (Syrian saint)
virgin martyr and one of the 14 Holy Helpers (a group of saints jointly commemorated on August 8), who was one of the most venerated saints during the Middle Ages. Her story, generally regarded to be fictitious, is substantially that of the Eastern St. Marina of Antioch, whose feast day is July 17, and is related to that of St. Pelagia of Antioch, who is also known as Margaret or Marina....
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marinade (cooking)
In order to tenderize the meat and develop desirable sensory attributes, a marinade is often helpful. Typical marinades contain salt, vinegar, lemon juice, spices, citric acid, and oil. Tenderization of meats is particularly enhanced by marinades that contain proteolytic enzymes—that is, enzymes that help to break down proteins. Meats are simply soaked in the marinade, or they are......
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marinating (cooking)
In order to tenderize the meat and develop desirable sensory attributes, a marinade is often helpful. Typical marinades contain salt, vinegar, lemon juice, spices, citric acid, and oil. Tenderization of meats is particularly enhanced by marinades that contain proteolytic enzymes—that is, enzymes that help to break down proteins. Meats are simply soaked in the marinade, or they are......
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Marinatos, Spyridon (Greek archaeologist)
Greek archaeologist whose most notable discovery was the site of an ancient port city on the island of Thera, in the southern Aegean Sea. The city, the name of which was not discovered, apparently had about 20,000 inhabitants when it was destroyed by the great volcanic eruption of 1500 bc. Among the finds made at the site were the finest frescoes discovered in the Mediterranean regio...
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Marinatos, Spyridon Nikolaou (Greek archaeologist)
Greek archaeologist whose most notable discovery was the site of an ancient port city on the island of Thera, in the southern Aegean Sea. The city, the name of which was not discovered, apparently had about 20,000 inhabitants when it was destroyed by the great volcanic eruption of 1500 bc. Among the finds made at the site were the finest frescoes discovered in the Mediterranean regio...
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Marind (people)
The people of the coast and hinterland areas of New Guinea northwest of the Torres Strait and east of Frederik Hendrik Island (Pulau Yos Sudarsa), in what is now the Indonesian province of Irian Jaya, included the large tribe of the Marind-anim. Their material culture was limited, except in one respect: the ephemeral art produced for the celebrations of their initiatory cults. The most......
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Marind-anim (people)
The people of the coast and hinterland areas of New Guinea northwest of the Torres Strait and east of Frederik Hendrik Island (Pulau Yos Sudarsa), in what is now the Indonesian province of Irian Jaya, included the large tribe of the Marind-anim. Their material culture was limited, except in one respect: the ephemeral art produced for the celebrations of their initiatory cults. The most......
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Marinduque (province, Philippines)
The people of the coast and hinterland areas of New Guinea northwest of the Torres Strait and east of Frederik Hendrik Island (Pulau Yos Sudarsa), in what is now the Indonesian province of Irian Jaya, included the large tribe of the Marind-anim. Their material culture was limited, except in one respect: the ephemeral art produced for the celebrations of their initiatory cults. The most.........
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Marinduque (island, Philippines)
island, Philippines, in the Sibuyan Sea, south of Luzon and east of Mindoro. A substantial part of the hilly, oval-shaped island is devoted to agriculture (coconuts, rice). There are also cattle ranches and rich fishing grounds, and iron ore and copper mining are important. Boac, on the northwestern coast of the island, is the principal city. Other coastal settlements include Santa Cruz, Buenavist...
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marine (soldier)
member of a military force especially recruited, trained, and organized for service at sea and in land operations incident to naval campaigns. The use of marines goes far back in history. The 5th-century-bc Greek historians Herodotus and Thucydides referred to epibatai, or heavy-armed sea soldiers in the Greek fleets, while Polybius, in the 3rd–2nd ce...
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marine animal
Marine animals often discharge their eggs and sperm into the surrounding water, where fertilization takes place. Gametes of different species may fail to attract one another. For example, the sea urchins Strongylocentrotus purpuratus and S. franciscanus can be induced to release their eggs and sperm simultaneously, but most of the......
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Marine Band (United States military band)
...Fidelis (Latin: “Always Faithful”), which is also the title of the Corps march, composed by John Philip Sousa. Perhaps even more familiar is “The Marines’ Hymn.” The Marine Band, the oldest musical organization in the U.S. armed forces, is known as “The President’s Own” because of its privilege of performing at all state functions a...
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Marine Biological Laboratory (biological research organization)
independent international research and educational organization founded at Woods Hole, Massachusetts, U.S., in 1888. It was established by the Women’s Educational Association of Boston, the Boston Society of Natural History, and other organizations and was modeled on the Naples Zoological Station (1872) in Italy. The laboratory’s summer research ...
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marine biology
the science that deals with animals and plants that live in the sea. It also deals with air-borne and terrestrial organisms that depend directly upon bodies of salt water for food and other necessities of life. In the broadest sense it attempts to describe all vital phenomena pertaining to the myriads of living things that dwell in the vast oceans of the world. Some of its specialized branches co...
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marine cable (communications)
assembly of conductors enclosed by an insulating sheath and laid on the ocean floor for the transmission of messages. Undersea cables for transmitting telegraph signals antedated the invention of the telephone; the first undersea telegraph cable was laid in 1850 between England and France. The Atlantic was spanned in 1858 between Ireland and Newfoundland, but ...
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marine climate (meteorology)
The pure oceanic climate prevails in the northwest, especially in Brittany. It is characterized by its low annual temperature variation, with Brest having an average temperature in January of 43 °F (6 °C) and in July of 61 °F (16 °C); by its extreme humidity and moderate rainfall (35 inches [890 mm] of rain falling through the year), accompanied by cloudiness and haze; ...
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marine corps (military force)
The pure oceanic climate prevails in the northwest, especially in Brittany. It is characterized by its low annual temperature variation, with Brest having an average temperature in January of 43 °F (6 °C) and in July of 61 °F (16 °C); by its extreme humidity and moderate rainfall (35 inches [890 mm] of rain falling through the year), accompanied by cloudiness and haze; ...
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Marine Corps (United States military)
separate military service within the U.S. Department of the Navy, charged with the provision of marine troops for seizure and defense of advanced bases and with conducting operations on land and in the air incident to naval campaigns. It is also responsible for providing detachments for service aboard certain types of naval vessels, as well as security forces for naval shore ins...
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marine ecosystem
complex of living organisms in the ocean environment....
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marine engineering
The design of ships employs many technologies and branches of engineering that also are found ashore, but the imperatives of effective and safe operation at sea require oversight from a unique discipline. That discipline is properly called marine engineering, but the term naval architecture is familiarly used in the same sense. In this section the latter term is used to denote the hydrostatic......
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marine fauna
The prolific zooplankton of Antarctic waters feed on the copious phytoplankton and, in turn, form the basic diet of whales, seals, fish, squid, and seabirds. The Antarctic waters, because of their upwelled nutrients, are more than seven times as productive as subantarctic waters. The most important organism in the higher food chain is the small, shrimplike krill, Euphausia superba, only......
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