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  • Martin I (king of Sicily)
    prince of Aragon, king of Sicily (1392–1409), and skilled soldier, who had to subdue a popular revolt to maintain his reign on the island....
  • Martin I, Saint (pope)
    pope from 649 to 653....
  • Martin II (nonexistent pope)
    nonexistent pope. In the 13th century the papal chancery misread the names of the two popes Marinus as Martin, and as a result of this error Simon de Brie in 1281 assumed the name of Pope Martin IV instead of Martin II. The enumeration has not been corrected, and thus there exist no Martin II and Martin III....
  • Martin II (king of Aragon and Sicily)
    king of Aragon from 1395 and of Sicily (as Martin II from 1409). He was the son of Peter IV and brother of John I of Aragon....
  • Martin IV (pope)
    pope from 1281 to 1285....
  • Martin, James Henry (American musician)
    American bluegrass singer and guitarist (b. Aug. 10, 1927, Sneedville, Tenn.—d. May 14, 2005, Nashville, Tenn.), pioneered the “high lonesome sound” of bluegrass music with his high-ranging, heart-piercing vocals. Martin performed intermittently as lead vocalist with Bill Monroe and the Blue Grass Boys for several years before forming (1956) his own band, the Sunny Mountain Bo...
  • Martin, James Slattin, Jr. (American engineer)
    American aeronautical engineer (b. June 21, 1920, Washington, D.C.—d. April 14, 2002, Rising Sun, Md.), was project manager for NASA’s Viking 1 and 2 missions, which in 1975 sent the two unmanned orbiter-lander pairs to Mars, from which the first close-up pictures and detailed maps of that planet were relayed back to Earth the following year. He earlier had served as assistant manage...
  • Martin, Jean-Baptiste (French stage designer)
    Jean-Baptiste Martin, who was appointed designer for the Paris Opéra in 1748, devised decorative and amusing Rococo variations for the male dancer’s traditional costume. Martin utilized Inca, African, Chinese, and Mexican motifs in his ballets, and under his direction the tonneler took on an elliptical shape....
  • Martin, Jimmy (American musician)
    American bluegrass singer and guitarist (b. Aug. 10, 1927, Sneedville, Tenn.—d. May 14, 2005, Nashville, Tenn.), pioneered the “high lonesome sound” of bluegrass music with his high-ranging, heart-piercing vocals. Martin performed intermittently as lead vocalist with Bill Monroe and the Blue Grass Boys for several years before forming (1956) his own band, the Sunny Mountain Bo...
  • Martin, John (American dance critic)
    John Martin, the 20th-century dance critic, almost ignored the formal aspect of dance in emphasizing its role as a physical expression of inner emotion. In doing so, he betrayed his own sympathy toward the Expressionist school of modern American dance: “At the root of all these varied manifestations of dancing . . . lies the common impulse to resort to movement to externalise states which.....
  • Martin, John (English colonist)
    ...colony’s governing council: Newport; Bartholomew Gosnold, one of the behind-the-scenes initiators of the Virginia Company; Edward-Maria Wingfield, a major investor; John Ratcliffe; George Kendall; John Martin; and Captain John Smith, a former mercenary who had fought in the Netherlands and Hungary. Wingfield became the colony’s first president. Smith had been accused of plotting a...
  • Martin, Joseph William, Jr. (American congressman)
    U.S. Republican congressional leader and speaker of the House of Representatives (1947–49; 1953–55)....
  • Martin, Lecil Travis (American singer)
    American country music singer (b. Sept. 1, 1931, Sterrett, Texas—d. April 12, 1999, Branson, Mo.), delighted fans with his hobo persona and imitations of train sounds and helped revive a traditional style of country music. The son of a fiddle-playing railroad man, he grew up in a small house beside the tracks and began imitating the sounds of train whistles as a toddler. He made his radio d...
  • Martin, Lillie Jane (American psychologist and educator)
    American psychologist who followed up her academic career with an active second career in gerontological psychology....
  • Martin, Lillien Jane (American psychologist and educator)
    American psychologist who followed up her academic career with an active second career in gerontological psychology....
  • Martin, Luther (American lawyer)
    American lawyer best known for defending Supreme Court Justice Samuel Chase at his impeachment trial and Aaron Burr at his treason trial and for arguing the losing side in McCulloch v. Maryland....
  • Martin Luther King, Jr. Center for Nonviolent Social Change (United States organization)
    Following the assassination of her husband in 1968 and the conviction of James Earl Ray for the murder, she continued to be active in the civil rights movement. She founded in Atlanta, Georgia, the Martin Luther King, Jr., Center for Nonviolent Social Change (commonly known as the King Center), which was led at the turn of the 21st century by her son Dexter. The family’s attempt to sell......
  • Martin Luther King, Jr., Day (holiday)
    in the United States, holiday (third Monday in January) honouring the achievements of Martin Luther King, Jr. A Baptist minister who advocated the use of nonviolent means to end racial segregation, he first came to national prominence during a bus boycott by African Americans in Montgomery, Alabama, in 1955. He founded the Southern Christian Leadership Confere...
  • Martin M-130 (airplane)
    ...contract that same year for an even larger flying boat, weighing 26 tons, to be built by Glenn Martin. On Nov. 22, 1935, the first airmail flight left Alameda for Manila using the Martin M-130 (the China Clipper), with a wingspan of 130 feet (equal to the Boeing 727 of a generation later). Passengers were added to the service in 1936, when the first long transoceanic flight began....
  • Martin, Maria (American artist)
    American artist known for her highly detailed watercolours of flora and fauna, especially those done in collaboration with the naturalist and artist John James Audubon....
  • Martin, Marie-Françoise-Thérèse (Roman Catholic nun)
    Carmelite nun whose service to her Roman Catholic order, although outwardly unremarkable, was later recognized for its exemplary spiritual accomplishments. She was named a doctor of the church by Pope John Paul II in 1997....
  • Martin Marietta Corporation (American corporation)
    diversified American corporation (incorporated 1961) that was primarily involved in the production of aerospace equipment and defense systems for the U.S. government. In 1995 it merged with another major aerospace firm, the Lockheed Corporation, to form the Lockheed Martin Corporation....
  • Martin, Mary (American actress)
    American singer and actress best known for her work in Broadway musicals....
  • Martin, Mary Virginia (American actress)
    American singer and actress best known for her work in Broadway musicals....
  • Martin of Braga, Saint (Christian saint)
    ...became bishop of Tours in Gaul. He emphasized the conversion of rural pagans, as well as ministering to the urban and rural elites. In the Iberian Peninsula the work of the monk and bishop Martin of Braga (c. 515–580) was also devoted to the religious instruction of rustics. His work provided an influential model for the later conversion of northern and eastern Europe....
  • Martin of Tours, Saint (French saint)
    patron saint of France, father of monasticism in Gaul, and the first great leader of Western monasticism....
  • Martin of Troppau (Polish priest)
    ...by means of interpolations made in many manuscripts of the Chronicon pontificum et imperatorum (“The Chronicle of the Popes and Emperors”) by the 13th-century Polish Dominican Martin of Troppau. Support for the version that she died in childbirth and was buried on the spot was derived from the fact that in later years papal processions used to avoid a particular street,......
  • Martin, Paul (prime minister of Canada)
    Canadian politician and prime minister of Canada (2003–06)....
  • Martin, Paul Edgar Philippe, Jr. (prime minister of Canada)
    Canadian politician and prime minister of Canada (2003–06)....
  • Martin, Paul Joseph James (Canadian politician and diplomat)
    Canadian politician and diplomat who served with distinction in the cabinets of four Liberal Party prime ministers: W.L. Mackenzie King, Louis Saint Laurent, Lester B. Pearson, and Pierre Elliott Trudeau. As minister of national health and welfare (1946–57), Martin was instrumental in writing much of Canada’s social legislation....
  • Martin, Paul S. (American geologist)
    ...Pleistocene did so by about 10,800 to 10,000 years ago. Whether the cause of this decimation of Pleistocene fauna was climatic or cultural has been debated ever since another American investigator, Paul S. Martin, proposed the overkill hypothesis in the 1960s. Whatever the case, it seems appropriate on paleontological grounds to designate the beginning of a new epoch—the Holocene—...
  • Martin, Pierre-Émile (French engineer)
    French engineer who invented the Siemens–Martin (open-hearth) process, which produced most of the world’s steel until the development of the basic oxygen process....
  • Martin, R. D. (British zoologist)
    ...(Old World monkeys and hominoids). A group of fossil mammals called the Paromomyiformes, known mainly from the Paleocene, have usually been classified as primates, but the eminent primate specialist Robert D. Martin has long argued that their connection with authenticated primates is tenuous, to say the least, and, in the 1990s, the paleontologist K.C. Beard discovered hand bones and other......
  • Martin, Roberta (American gospel singer)
    ...Gary Davis (1896–1972), a wandering preacher and guitar soloist; Sister Rosetta Tharpe, whose guitar and vocal performances took gospel into nightclubs and concert theatres in the 1930s; Roberta Martin, a gospel pianist based in Chicago with a choir and a school of gospel singing; and Mahalia Jackson (1911–72), who toured internationally and was often broadcast on television......
  • Martin, Saint (French saint)
    patron saint of France, father of monasticism in Gaul, and the first great leader of Western monasticism....
  • Martin Salander (work by Keller)
    ...short stories, some of which are collected as Die Leute von Seldwyla (1856–74; The People of Seldwyla) and Sieben Legenden (1872; Seven Legends). His last novel, Martin Salander (1886), deals with political life in Switzerland in his time....
  • Martin, Schön (German engraver)
    painter and printmaker who was the finest German engraver before Albrecht Dürer....
  • Martin, Sir George (British musician and producer)
    ...with letters and tape recordings of the band, finally winning a contract with Parlophone, a subsidiary of the giant EMI group of music labels. The man in charge of their career at Parlophone was George Martin, a classically trained musician who from the start put his stamp on the Beatles, first by suggesting the band hire a more polished drummer (they chose Starr) and then by rearranging......
  • Martin, Steve (American actor and writer)
    American comedian, writer, and producer who began his career as a standup comic and eventually achieved success in motion pictures, television, Broadway, and literature....
  • Martin system (food processing)
    ...industry. However, because of unreliable machinery, it remained commercially unsuccessful until 1948 when William McKinley Martin helped develop the Martin system, which later became known as the Dole Aseptic Canning System. This system involved the sterilization of liquid foods by rapidly heating them in tubular heat exchangers, followed by holding and cooling steps. The cans and lids were......
  • Martin the Younger (king of Sicily)
    prince of Aragon, king of Sicily (1392–1409), and skilled soldier, who had to subdue a popular revolt to maintain his reign on the island....
  • Martin, Thomas (American politician)
    ...poor white citizens. For the first half of the 20th century, only a tiny fraction of Virginians were able to go to the polls. The Democratic Party dominated state politics for most of the period. Thomas Martin, U.S. senator from Virginia from 1893 to 1919, organized a Democratic program that emphasized low taxes, few government services, administrative efficiency, and white privilege. Harry......
  • Martin, Thomas Richard (American comedian)
    American comedian who was the irrepressible cohost with straight man Dan Rowan of the breakout hit television variety show Rowan & Martin’s Laugh-In (1968–73), which featured an ensemble cast of largely unknown comics whose frenetic-paced routines were interspersed with unexpected drop-ins by celebrities such as Robert Goulet, Cher, Jack Benny, and even Pres. Richard M....
  • Martin, Tony (American scholar)
    Public disputes between Lefkowitz and Afrocentrist Tony Martin created strife between black and Jewish intellectuals and made Afrocentrism vulnerable to charges of anti-Semitism. Critics further have argued that Afrocentrism’s search for exclusively African values sometimes comes perilously close to reproducing racial stereotypes. The movement’s followers maintain that Afrocentrism r...
  • Martin V (pope)
    pope from 1417 to 1431....
  • Martin v. Hunter’s Lessee (law case)
    ...with decisions that assured that it would be exercised and that the whole body of federal law would be determined, in a unified judicial system with the Supreme Court at its head. MartinHunter’s Lessee (1816) and CohensVirginia (1821) affirmed the Supreme Court’s right...
  • Martin, Violet (Irish writer)
    Violet Martin grew up in a genteel Protestant literary family living on a country estate, Ross House, in somewhat straitened finances. After her father’s death in 1872, the family lived in Dublin, where she attended Alexandra College. Edith Somerville’s father was a British army lieutenant colonel serving in Corfu who retired a year after her birth and returned the family to Drishane...
  • Martin, Violet Florence (Irish writer)
    Violet Martin grew up in a genteel Protestant literary family living on a country estate, Ross House, in somewhat straitened finances. After her father’s death in 1872, the family lived in Dublin, where she attended Alexandra College. Edith Somerville’s father was a British army lieutenant colonel serving in Corfu who retired a year after her birth and returned the family to Drishane...
  • Martin, William Ivan, Jr. (American author)
    American author (b. March 20, 1916, Hiawatha, Kan.—d. Aug. 11, 2004, Commerce, Texas), wrote more than 300 children’s books in his career. Though not an avid reader as a child, Martin was inspired to encourage youngsters to read. His first book, The Little Squeegy Bug, was illustrated by his brother Bernard and appeared in 1948. His best books, such as Brown Bear, Brown Bea...
  • Martin, William McChesney, Jr. (United States official and economist)
    American economist who served as chairman of the U.S. Federal Reserve from 1951 to 1970, under the administrations of five presidents; during his tenure the country enjoyed its longest period, 1961-69, of economic expansion to that time (b. Dec. 17, 1906, St. Louis, Mo.--d. July 27, 1998, Washington, D.C.)....
  • Martin-Harvey, Sir John (British actor and producer)
    English actor, producer, and theatre manager....
  • Martin-Löf, Per (Swedish logician)
    ...type theory; but, though reluctant, they had to introduce an additional axiom, the axiom of reducibility, which rendered their enterprise impredicative after all. More recently, the Swedish logician Per Martin-Löf presented a new predicative type theory, but no one claims that this is adequate for all of classical analysis. However, the German-American mathematician Hermann Weyl......
  • Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg (university, Halle, Germany)
    state-controlled coeducational institution of higher learning at Halle, Ger. The university was formed in 1817 through the merger of the University of Wittenberg and the University of Halle....
  • Martín-Santos, Luis (Spanish author and physician)
    Spanish psychiatrist and novelist....
  • Martina Franca (Italy)
    town, Puglia (Apulia) regione, southeastern Italy. It has numerous Baroque buildings, such as the Church of San Martino, the Corte palace, and particularly the civic centre, a former ducal palace (1669). In 1529, during the war against the Holy Roman emperor Charles V, the town repelled the besieging French troops of Francis I. An agricultural centre, it is also noted for...
  • Martine (play by Bernard)
    ...(the “school of silence”) or, as some critics called it, the “art of the unexpressed,” in which the dialogue does not express the characters’ real attitudes. As in Martine(1922), perhaps the best example of his work, emotions are implied in gestures, facial expressions, fragments of speech, and silence....
  • Martineau, Harriet (British author)
    essayist, novelist, journalist, and economic and historical writer who was prominent among English intellectuals of her time. Perhaps her most scholarly work is The Positive Philosophy of Auguste Comte, Freely Translated and Condensed, 2 vol. (1853), her version of Comte’s Cours de philosophie positive, ...
  • Martineau, James (English theologian)
    English Unitarian theologian and philosopher whose writings emphasized the individual human conscience as the primary guide for determining correct behaviour. He was a brother of Harriet Martineau....
  • Martinelli, Angelica (Italian actress)
    ...which Tristano Martinelli (c. 1557–1630), the famous Arlecchino, belonged; the Comici Confidènti, active from 1574 to 1621; and the Uniti, under Drusiano Martinelli and his wife, Angelica, a company first mentioned in 1574. Troupes of the 17th century included a second Confidènti troupe, directed by Flaminio Scala, and the Accesi and the Fedeli, to which Giovambattis...
  • Martinelli, Drusiano (Italian actor)
    ...the Desiosi, formed in 1595, to which Tristano Martinelli (c. 1557–1630), the famous Arlecchino, belonged; the Comici Confidènti, active from 1574 to 1621; and the Uniti, under Drusiano Martinelli and his wife, Angelica, a company first mentioned in 1574. Troupes of the 17th century included a second Confidènti troupe, directed by Flaminio Scala, and the Accesi and.....
  • Martinelli, Tristano (Italian actor)
    ...most famous early company was the Gelosi, headed by Francesco Andreini and his wife, Isabella; the Gelosi performed from 1568 to 1604. Of the same period were the Desiosi, formed in 1595, to which Tristano Martinelli (c. 1557–1630), the famous Arlecchino, belonged; the Comici Confidènti, active from 1574 to 1621; and the Uniti, under Drusiano Martinelli and his wife,......
  • Martinet, André (French linguist)
    ...: “profanity”; “divine” : “divinity”; and others). Attempts have been made to develop a general theory of sound change, notably by the French linguist André Martinet. But no such theory has yet won universal acceptance, and it is likely that the causes of sound change are multiple....
  • Martinet, Jean (French general)
    ...copied by all Europe. By the end of the 17th century, France led in the development of modern standing armies, largely because of a drill system devised by Louis XIV’s inspector general of infantry, Jean Martinet, whose name became a synonym for drillmaster. To make effective use of inaccurate muskets, concentrated volleys had to be delivered at short range. Troops advanced in rigidly ma...
  • martineta tinamou (bird)
    The flight of tinamous is clumsy but swift and accompanied by a rumbling or whistling noise produced by the wings. The elegant crested tinamou (Eudromia elegans) of the open tableland of Argentina alternates periods of flapping with short glides. When flushed, forest species sometimes collide with branches and tree trunks and may injure themselves. If forced to make several flights in......
  • Martinez (California, United States)
    city, seat (1850) of Contra Costa county, western California, U.S. It lies on the south shore of Carquinez Strait (between Suisun and San Pablo bays) north of Oakland. It was named for Ignacio Martínez, commandant of the San Francisco presidio and grantee (1829) of the Rancho El Pinole, which was part of the original town site (laid out in 1849 by Colon...
  • Martínez Campos, Arsenio (prime minister of Spain)
    general and politician whose pronunciamiento (military revolution) on December 29, 1874, restored Spain’s Bourbon dynasty....
  • Martínez Cartas, María Estela (president of Argentina)
    president of Argentina 1974–76, third wife of President Juan Perón....
  • Martínez, D. Antonio (Spanish metalworker)
    ...Robert Auguste created pieces of great refinement in the Neoclassical style, which was copied in Turin and in Rome, for example, by L. Valadier. A notable workshop was founded in Madrid in 1778 by D. Antonio Martínez, who favoured severely classical designs. In both the northern and southern Netherlands, local production followed French precept, but more individuality survived in......
  • Martínez de Hoz, José (Argentine economist)
    During this period the economy continued to lag. A civilian from an old family, José Martínez de Hoz, became economy minister, but, keen as he was to deregulate the economy, the armed forces were equally determined to keep control. Annual inflation dropped in 1976–82 from about 600 to 138 percent—a more manageable but still distended level. Argentina’s balance of...
  • Martínez de Irala, Domingo (Spanish explorer)
    In the same year, a party from Buenos Aires under Juan de Ayolas and Domingo Martínez de Irala, lieutenants of Mendoza, pushed a thousand miles up the Plata and Paraguay rivers. Ayolas was lost on an exploring expedition, but Irala founded Asunción (now in Paraguay) among the Guaraní, a largely settled agricultural people. In 1541 the few remaining inhabitants of Buenos......
  • Martínez de la Rosa Berdejo Gómez y Arroyo, Francisco de Paula (Spanish writer and statesman)
    Spanish dramatist, poet, and conservative statesman....
  • Martínez de Perón, María Estela (president of Argentina)
    president of Argentina 1974–76, third wife of President Juan Perón....
  • Martínez Estrada, Ezequiel (Argentine author)
    leading post-Modernismo Argentine writer who influenced many younger writers....
  • Martínez, Oscar (American musician)
    ...a staple of banda; however, his addition of the bajo sexto and the accordion to the orchestral lineup was reversed by Oscar Martínez, whose band featured a brass-oriented instrumentation that would remain the template for banda (two trumpets, alto and tenor saxophones,....
  • Martínez, Pedro (Dominican [republic] baseball player)
    professional baseball player who in 1997 became the first Latin American pitcher to strike out 300 batters in a season (see also Sidebar: Latin Americans in Major League Baseball). Martínez began his journey to the major leagues by signing with the National League Los Angeles Dodgers in 1988 and made his major-league debut with...
  • Martínez Sierra, Gregorio (Spanish dramatist)
    poet and playwright whose dramatic works contributed significantly to the revival of the Spanish theatre....
  • Martinez Special (alcoholic beverage)
    ...other beverages, are usually served unmixed or with water. The drier types, sometimes called London dry, may be served unmixed or may be combined with other ingredients to make such cocktails as the martini and gimlet and such long drinks as the Tom Collins and the gin and tonic....
  • Martínez, Tomás Eloy (Argentine writer)
    In the spring of 2002, the announcement in Madrid that Argentine writer and journalist Tomás Eloy Martínez had been awarded the Alfaguara Prize for his novel El vuelo de la reina meant that his work, chosen from among 433 manuscripts, would be published by Alfaguara in 18 countries. In addition, Eloy Martínez would receive a cash prize of $175,000. El vuelo de la rei...
  • Martínez Valdés de Franco, Carmen Polo y (Spanish consort)
    Spanish consort who was thought to be the force behind many of the religious and social strictures imposed on Spain during the repressive regime of her husband, Francisco Franco (1939–75)....
  • Martínez Zuviría, Gustavo (Argentine writer)
    Argentine novelist and short-story writer, probably his country’s most popular and most widely translated novelist....
  • martingale (horsemanship)
    Martingales are of three types: running, standing, or Irish. The running and standing martingales are attached to the saddle straps at one end and the bit reins or bridle at the other. The Irish martingale, a short strap below the horse’s chin through which the reins pass, is used for racing and stops the horse from jerking the reins over its head. As the horse cannot see below a line from ...
  • martingale (mathematics)
    As a final example, it seems appropriate to mention one of the dominant ideas of modern probability theory, which at the same time springs directly from the relation of probability to games of chance. Suppose that X1, X2,… is any stochastic process and, for each n = 0, 1,…,......
  • Martinho do Rosário, António (Portuguese poet, dramatist, and physician)
    poet and dramatist, considered one of Portugal’s leading 20th-century playwrights....
  • martini (alcoholic beverage)
    ...other beverages, are usually served unmixed or with water. The drier types, sometimes called London dry, may be served unmixed or may be combined with other ingredients to make such cocktails as the martini and gimlet and such long drinks as the Tom Collins and the gin and tonic....
  • Martini, Arturo (Italian sculptor)
    Italian sculptor who was active between the World Wars. He is known for figurative sculptures executed in a wide variety of styles and materials....
  • Martini, Francesco di Giorgio Maurizio (Italian artist)
    (baptized Sept. 23, 1439, Siena, republic of Siena [Italy]—d. 1502, Siena), early Italian Renaissance painter, sculptor, architect, and designer....
  • Martini, Giovanni Battista (Italian composer)
    Italian composer, music theorist, and music historian who was internationally renowned as a teacher....
  • Martini, Matthias (encyclopaedist)
    ...His most important contribution was, however, the devising of a new and thoroughly sound classification of knowledge that bears a remarkable resemblance to the classification put forward by Matthias Martini in his Idea Methodica (1606). Although Bacon was apparently unaware of this work, both philosophers were probably working from the same basic Platonic precepts. The......
  • Martini, Simone (Italian painter)
    important exponent of Gothic painting who did more than any other artist to spread the influence of Sienese painting....
  • Martini-Henry breechloader (firearm)
    ...converted its P/53 Enfields simply by hinging the top of the breech so that it could be opened sideways, the spent case extracted, and a fresh cartridge inserted. In 1871 the British went to new Martini-Henry breechloaders of .45-inch calibre. In these rifles, pushing down a lever attached to the trigger guard lowered the entire breechblock, exposing the chamber, and raised the breechblock......
  • Martinic, Jaroslav (governor of Bohemia)
    In response, the defensors, appointed under the Letter of Majesty to safeguard Protestant rights, called an assembly of Protestants at Prague, where the imperial regents, William Slavata and Jaroslav Martinic, were tried and found guilty of violating the Letter of Majesty and, with their secretary, Fabricius, were thrown from the windows of the council room of Hradčany (Prague Castle) on......
  • Martinique (overseas department, France)
    island and overseas département and région of France, in the eastern Caribbean Sea. It is included in the Lesser Antilles island chain. Its nearest neighbours are the island republics of Dominica, 22 miles (35 km) to the northwest, and Saint ...
  • Martinique, Département de la (overseas department, France)
    island and overseas département and région of France, in the eastern Caribbean Sea. It is included in the Lesser Antilles island chain. Its nearest neighbours are the island republics of Dominica, 22 miles (35 km) to the northwest, and Saint ...
  • Martino, Donald (American composer and professor)
    American composer and professor (b. May 16, 1931, Plainfield, N.J.—d. Dec. 8, 2005, at sea in the Caribbean en route to Antigua), created works that were distinctly Modernist, atonal, intellectual, and complex but had elements of compositional freedom, energy, and lyricism that attracted professional musicians and concertgoers alike. His chamber work Notturno was awarded the 1974 Pul...
  • Martino, Francesco Maurizio di (Italian artist)
    (baptized Sept. 23, 1439, Siena, republic of Siena [Italy]—d. 1502, Siena), early Italian Renaissance painter, sculptor, architect, and designer....
  • Martino il Giovane (king of Sicily)
    prince of Aragon, king of Sicily (1392–1409), and skilled soldier, who had to subdue a popular revolt to maintain his reign on the island....
  • Martin’s Act (United Kingdom [1822])
    ...was introduced in the House of Commons, sponsored by Wilberforce and Thomas Fowell Buxton and championed by Irish member of Parliament Richard Martin. The version enacted in 1822, known as Martin’s Act, made it a crime to treat a handful of domesticated animals—cattle, oxen, horses, and sheep—cruelly or to inflict unnecessary suffering upon them. However, it did not protect...
  • Martins Ferry (Ohio, United States)
    city, Belmont county, eastern Ohio, U.S. It lies along the Ohio River (there bridged to Wheeling, W.Va.), about 60 miles (100 km) west of Pittsburgh, Pa. Squatters in the 1770s and ’80s formed settlements (Hoglin’s, or Mercer’s, Town and Norristown) on the site. In 1795 Absalom Martin of New Jersey laid out a town called Jefferson, which was later abandoned;...
  • Martins, Peter (Danish dancer)
    Danish dancer and choreographer, known principally for his work with the New York City Ballet....
  • Martinsburg (West Virginia, United States)
    city, seat (1772) of Berkeley county, eastern panhandle of West Virginia, U.S. It lies 16 miles (26 km) southwest of Hagerstown, Maryland. Settled in 1732, it was laid out by Adam Stephen, later a general in the American Revolution, and was named for Colonel Thomas B. Martin, a nephew of Virginia landowner Thomas Fairfax, 6th Baron Fairfax. ...
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