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coenzyme Q (biochemistry)
any of several members of a series of organic compounds belonging to a class called quinones. Widely distributed in plants, animals, and microorganisms, ubiquinones function in conjunction with enzymes in cellular respiration (i.e., oxidation-reduction processes). The naturally occurring ubiquinones differ from each other only slightly in chemical structure, depending on the source, the str...
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Coercion Acts (Great Britain [1774])
(1774), in U.S. colonial history, four punitive measures enacted by the British Parliament in retaliation for acts of colonial defiance, together with the Quebec Act establishing a new administration for the territory ceded to Britain after the French and Indian War (1754–63)....
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Coercive Acts (Great Britain [1774])
(1774), in U.S. colonial history, four punitive measures enacted by the British Parliament in retaliation for acts of colonial defiance, together with the Quebec Act establishing a new administration for the territory ceded to Britain after the French and Indian War (1754–63)....
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coercive field (physics)
...of magnetization in zero field is called remanence. When the external field is reversed, the value of B falls and passes through zero (point C) at a field strength known as the coercive force. Further increase in the reverse field H sets up a reverse field B that again quickly reaches a saturation value S′. Finally, as the reverse field is removed......
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coercive force (physics)
...of magnetization in zero field is called remanence. When the external field is reversed, the value of B falls and passes through zero (point C) at a field strength known as the coercive force. Further increase in the reverse field H sets up a reverse field B that again quickly reaches a saturation value S′. Finally, as the reverse field is removed......
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coercive persuasion
systematic effort to persuade nonbelievers to accept a certain allegiance, command, or doctrine. A colloquial term, it is more generally applied to any technique designed to manipulate human thought or action against the desire, will, or knowledge of the individual. By controlling the physical and social environment, an attempt is made to destroy loyalties to any unfavourable groups or individuals...
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Coereba flaveola (bird)
(Coereba flaveola), bird of the West Indies (except Cuba) and southern Mexico to Argentina. It is usually placed with honeycreepers in the family Emberizidae (order Passeriformes), but it may belong with woodwarblers (Parulidae). About 11 cm (4.5 inches) long, the bananaquit is blackish above and yellow below, with, generally, white stripes near the eyes and white patches on the wings. It ...
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Coerebinae (bird)
any of four species of tropical Western Hemisphere birds of the family Thraupidae, order Passeriformes. Many honeycreepers feed on nectar, and some are called sugarbirds....
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Coeroeni River (river, South America)
river in northern South America, rising in the Akarai Mountains and flowing generally northward for 450 miles (700 km) to the Atlantic Ocean near Nieuw Nickerie, Suriname. It divides Suriname and Guyana. Guyana nationals have free navigation on the river but no fishing rights. Small oceangoing vessels drawing 14 feet (4.25 m) or less may ascend 45 miles (72 km) to the first rapids at Orealla. The ...
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coesite (mineral)
a high-pressure polymorph (crystal form) of silica, silicon dioxide (SiO2). It has the same chemical composition as the minerals cristobalite, stishovite, quartz, and tridymite but possesses a different crystal structure. Because of the very high pressure necessary for its formation, it does not occur naturally in the Earth’s crust. Artificially produced in 1953 by the American c...
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Coetsee, Hendrik Jacobus (South African politician)
South African politician (b. April 19, 1931, Ladybrand, Orange Free State, S.Af.—d. July 29, 2000, Bloemfontein, S.Af.), was the pragmatic minister of justice, police, and prisons (1980–94) under South African presidents P.W. Botha and F.W. de Klerk. Coetsee, who first met with imprisoned antiapartheid leader Nelson Mandela in 1985, was credited with initiating official talks four ye...
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Coetsee, Jacobus (South African hunter)
The first white man known to cross the river to the north bank was an Afrikaner elephant hunter, Jacobus Coetsee, who forded the Groot River, as it was then called, near the river mouth in 1760. Later expeditions across the river in the 18th century were led by the Afrikaner explorer Hendrik Hop; Robert Jacob Gordon, a Dutch officer; William Paterson, an English traveler; and the French......
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Coetsee, Kobie (South African politician)
South African politician (b. April 19, 1931, Ladybrand, Orange Free State, S.Af.—d. July 29, 2000, Bloemfontein, S.Af.), was the pragmatic minister of justice, police, and prisons (1980–94) under South African presidents P.W. Botha and F.W. de Klerk. Coetsee, who first met with imprisoned antiapartheid leader Nelson Mandela in 1985, was credited with initiating official talks four ye...
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Coetzee, J. M. (South African author)
South African novelist, critic, and translator noted for his novels about the effects of colonization. In 2003 he won the Nobel Prize for Literature....
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Coetzee, John Maxwell (South African author)
South African novelist, critic, and translator noted for his novels about the effects of colonization. In 2003 he won the Nobel Prize for Literature....
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Coeur d’Alene (Idaho, United States)
city, seat (1908) of Kootenai county, northwestern Idaho, U.S. It lies near the Washington border at the northern end of Coeur d’Alene Lake. Founded in 1879 as a trading post serving Fort Coeur d’Alene (later Fort Sherman), it developed after the discovery of lead and silver (1883) and the arrival of the railroad (1886). The local mines were the ...
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Coeur d’Alene (people)
...Ntlakapamux (Thompson) tribes. The Interior Salish live mostly in the Upper Columbia area and include the Okanagan, Sinkaietk, Lake, Wenatchee, Sanpoil, Nespelim, Spokan, Kalispel, Pend d’Oreille, Coeur d’Alene, and Flathead peoples. Some early works incorrectly denote all Salishan groups as “Flathead.”...
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Coeur d’Alene Indian Reservation (reservation, Idaho, United States)
...its scenic mountainous beauty and is the centre of a resort area. Recreational facilities are widely available, and an amusement park is located nearby. The Kootenai County Fair is an annual event. Coeur d’Alene Indian Reservation borders the southern half of the lake. Coeur d’Alene city lies at the northern end of the lake and marks the western end of an area important for its fo...
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Coeur d’Alene Lake (lake, Idaho, United States)
lake in Kootenai county, northwestern Idaho, U.S. It lies 25 miles (40 km) east of Spokane, Washington. Impounded by Coeur d’Alene Lake Dam on the Spokane River, it is fed by the Coeur d’Alene and St. Joe rivers. The lake is 30 miles (48 km) long and 1–3 miles (1.6–4.8 km) wide, with a 109-mile (175-km) shoreline....
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Coeur d’Alene Mountains (mountains, Idaho, United States)
segment of the Northern Rocky Mountains, northern Idaho, U.S. The mountains extend in roughly triangular form south for about 60 miles (100 km) along the Montana border from Pend Oreille Lake to St. Joe River. The highest peaks (6,000–7,000 feet [1,800–2,100 metres]) are in the east; most of the western range is a high plateau ...
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Coeur d’Alene riots (United States history)
(1890s), in U.S. history, recurring violence at silver and lead mines around Coeur d’Alene in northern Idaho. When union miners struck in the summer of 1892, mine owners employed nonunion workers, hired armed guards to protect them, and obtained an injunction against the strikers. On July 11 striking miners attacked the mines and engaged in armed conflict with the guards, during which a mil...
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Coeur, Jacques (French royal adviser)
wealthy and powerful French merchant, who served as a councillor to King Charles VII of France. His career remains a significant example of the spirit of enterprise and the social progress among the merchant classes in the beginning of the period of the rise of France after the Hundred Years’ War....
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coevolution (biology)
As pairs or groups of species interact, they evolve in response to each other. These reciprocal evolutionary changes in interacting species are called coevolutionary processes, one of the primary methods by which biological communities are organized. Through coevolution local populations of interacting species become adapted to one another, sometimes even evolving into new species....
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coevolutionary alternation (biology)
In the process called coevolutionary alternation, one species coevolves with several other species by shifting among the species with which it interacts over many generations. European cuckoos (Cuculus canorus) provide an example of this type of coevolution. The cuckoos behave as brood parasites, laying their eggs in the nests of other avian species and depending on these hosts to raise......
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cofactor (biochemistry)
a component, other than the protein portion, of many enzymes. If the cofactor is removed from a complete enzyme (holoenzyme), the protein component (apoenzyme) no longer has catalytic activity. A cofactor that is firmly bound to the apoenzyme and cannot be removed without denaturing the latter is termed a prosthetic group; most such groups contain an atom of metal such as copper or iron. A cofact...
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COFC
...a highway box trailer piggybacked on a flatcar of normal frame height. As shipping lines developed their container transport business in the early 1960s, European railroads concentrated initially on container-on-flatcar (COFC) intermodal systems. A few offered a range of small containers of their own design for internal traffic, but until the 1980s domestic as well as deep-sea COFC in Europe wa...
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Coffea (plant genus)
cultivation of the coffee plant, usually done in large commercial operations. The plant, a tropical evergreen shrub or small tree of African origin (genus Coffea, family Rubiaceae), is grown for its seeds, or beans, which are roasted, ground, and sold for brewing coffee. This section treats the cultivation of the coffee plant. For information on the processing of coffee and the history of i...
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Coffea arabica (plant)
Two species of the coffee plant, Coffea arabica and C. canephora, supply almost all of the world’s consumption. Arabica coffee, which is divided between Brazilians and milds, is considered to brew a more flavourful and aromatic beverage than Robusta, the main variety of C. canephora. Arabicas are grown in Central and South America, the Caribbean, and Indonesia, while......
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Coffea canephora (plant)
Two species of the coffee plant, Coffea arabica and C. canephora, supply almost all of the world’s consumption. Arabica coffee, which is divided between Brazilians and milds, is considered to brew a more flavourful and aromatic beverage than Robusta, the main variety of C. canephora. Arabicas are grown in Central and South America, the Caribbean, and Indonesia, while......
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Coffea canephora robusta (plant)
The Arabica species of coffee is cultivated mostly in Latin America, while the Robusta species predominates in Africa. Both coffee species are grown in India, Indonesia, and other Asian countries. There are many varieties, forms, and types of each. The effects of environment and cultivation further increase this diversity....
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Coffea robusta (plant)
The Arabica species of coffee is cultivated mostly in Latin America, while the Robusta species predominates in Africa. Both coffee species are grown in India, Indonesia, and other Asian countries. There are many varieties, forms, and types of each. The effects of environment and cultivation further increase this diversity....
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coffee (beverage)
beverage brewed from the roasted and ground seeds of the tropical evergreen coffee plant of African origin. It is consumed either hot or cold by about one-third of the people in the world, in amounts larger than those of any other drink. Its popularity can be attributed to its invigorating effect, which is produced by caffeine, an alkaloid present in green coffee in amounts betw...
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coffee (plant genus)
cultivation of the coffee plant, usually done in large commercial operations. The plant, a tropical evergreen shrub or small tree of African origin (genus Coffea, family Rubiaceae), is grown for its seeds, or beans, which are roasted, ground, and sold for brewing coffee. This section treats the cultivation of the coffee plant. For information on the processing of coffee and the history of i...
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Coffee (work by Portinari)
...in 1816 and moved to its present building in 1904. The museum collection includes works of painting and sculpture by Brazilian artists of the 19th and 20th centuries, including Coffee by Cândido Portinari and works by Emiliano de Cavalcanti and Tarsila do Amaral. Foreign art is well represented with a series of views of Pernambuco by Franz Post as well as by....
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coffee bean weevil (insect)
...antennae that may be longer than the body, whereas others have short antennae. The antennae are not elbowed as in the true weevils (Curculionidae). Fungus weevils occur mainly in the tropics. The coffee bean weevil (Araecerus fasciculatus) is an important pest....
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coffee berry disease
Among the diseases of the coffee shrub are leaf rust caused by the fungus Hemileia vastatrix, which does considerable damage in the plantations of Arabica, and the coffee berry disease caused by the fungus Colletotrichum coffeanum, which also attacks the Arabica. Robusta appears to be resistant, or only slightly susceptible, to these scourges. Among the numerous parasites......
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coffee cherry (plant)
The ripened fruits of the coffee shrubs, known as coffee cherries (see photograph), are processed by disengaging the coffee seeds from their coverings and from the pulp and by drying the seeds from an original moisture content of 65–70 percent water by weight to 12–13 percent. Two different techniques are used: a wet process (used mainly for the mild Arabica coffees) and a dry......
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coffee house (eating and drinking establishment)
small eating and drinking establishment, historically a coffeehouse, usually featuring a limited menu; originally these establishments served only coffee. The English term café, borrowed from the French, derives ultimately from the Turkish kahve, meaning coffee....
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coffee rust (disease)
the most devastating disease of coffee plants, caused by the fungus Hemileia vastatrix. Long known in coffee-growing areas of Africa, the Near East, India, Asia, and Australasia, rust was discovered in 1970 to be widespread in Brazil, the first known infected area in the Western Hemisphere. Rust destroyed the once-flourishing coffee plantations of Sri Lanka and Java....
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coffee senna (plant)
In the eastern United States, wild sennas (C. hebecarpa and C. marilandica) grow up to 1.25 m (4 feet) high and have showy spikes of yellow flowers. Coffee senna, or styptic weed (C. occidentalis), native to North and South America, is widely grown in the Old World tropics for its cathartic and laxative properties. The candlestick senna, or candlebush (C. alata), is......
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coffee service
set of vessels and implements for making and serving tea and coffee, the items often of matched design. Elaborate 18th-century examples had tea and coffee pots, a milk or cream jug, a pair of tea caddies, a sugar bowl and pair of tongs, teaspoons and a small tray for them, a tea strainer, and cups and saucers. All of these were normally placed on a tray, while an urn or kettle on a separate stand...
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coffeehouse (eating and drinking establishment)
small eating and drinking establishment, historically a coffeehouse, usually featuring a limited menu; originally these establishments served only coffee. The English term café, borrowed from the French, derives ultimately from the Turkish kahve, meaning coffee....
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coffer (architectural decoration)
in architecture, a square or polygonal ornamental sunken panel used in a series as decoration for a ceiling or vault. The sunken panels were sometimes also called caissons, or lacunaria, and a coffered ceiling might be referred to as lacunar....
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coffer (furniture)
in furniture, most commonly a portable container for valuables, clothes, and other goods, used from the Middle Ages onward. It was normally a wooden box covered in leather, studded with nails, and fitted with carrying handles. The top was commonly rounded so that rain would run off (the leather covering often increased protection). Sometimes the leather was decorated with incised patterns, painti...
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cofferdam (engineering)
watertight enclosure from which water is pumped to expose the bed of a body of water in order to permit the construction of a pier or other hydraulic work. Cofferdams are made by driving sheetpiling, usually steel in modern works, into the bed to form a watertight fence. The vertical piles are held in place by horizontal framing members that are constructed of heavy timber, steel, or a combinatio...
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coffered ceiling (architecture)
in architecture, a square or polygonal ornamental sunken panel used in a series as decoration for a ceiling or vault. The sunken panels were sometimes also called caissons, or lacunaria, and a coffered ceiling might be referred to as lacunar....
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Coffeyville (Kansas, United States)
city, Montgomery county, southeastern Kansas, U.S., on the Verdigris River. Founded in 1869, it was named for James A. Coffey, a pioneer settler. During the early 1870s, following the completion of a railroad, Coffeyville became a major shipping point for Texas cattle and later developed into an important trading and industrial centre. It is located in the mid...
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coffin
the receptacle in which a corpse is confined. The Greeks and Romans disposed of their dead both by burial and by cremation. Greek coffins were urn-shaped, hexagonal, or triangular, with the body arranged in a sitting posture. The material used was generally burnt clay and in some cases had obviously been molded around the body and baked. In the Christian era stone coffins came into use. Romans wh...
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coffin fly (insect)
any of numerous species of tiny, dark-coloured flies with humped backs that are in the fly order, Diptera, and can be found around decaying vegetation. Larvae may be scavengers, parasites, or commensals in ant and termite nests. Some species have reduced or no wings....
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Coffin, Henry Sloane (American clergyman)
American clergyman, author, and educator who led in the movement for liberal evangelicalism in Protestant churches....
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Coffin, Levi (American abolitionist)
American abolitionist, called the “President of the Underground Railroad,” who assisted thousands of runaway slaves on their flight to freedom....
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Coffin, Lucretia (American social reformer)
pioneer reformer who, with Elizabeth Cady Stanton, founded the organized women’s rights movement in the United States....
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Coffin, Robert P. Tristram (American poet)
American poet whose works, based on New England farm and seafaring life, were committed to cheerful depiction of the good in the world....
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Coffin, Robert Peter Tristram (American poet)
American poet whose works, based on New England farm and seafaring life, were committed to cheerful depiction of the good in the world....
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coffin ship
...private asylums; Put Yourself in His Place (1870) dealt with the coercive activities of trade unionists. Foul Play (1868), written with Dion Boucicault, revealed the frauds of “coffin ships” (unseaworthy and overloaded ships, often heavily insured by unscrupulous owners) and helped to sway public opinion in favour of the safety measures proposed later by Samuel......
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Coffin Texts (Egyptian religion)
collection of ancient Egyptian funerary texts consisting of spells or magic formulas, painted on the burial coffins of the First Intermediate period (c. 2130–1938 bce) and the Middle Kingdom (1938–c. 1630 bce). The Coffin Texts, combined with the Pyramid Texts from which they were derived, were the primary sources of the ...
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Coffin, the Rev. William Sloane, Jr. (American clergyman and activist)
American clergyman and civil rights activist (b. June 1, 1924, New York, N.Y.—d. April 12, 2006, Strafford, Vt.), achieved national prominence as the chaplain (1958–75) at Yale University, where he became a familiar figure on his motorcycle, championing civil rights and opposing the Vietnam War. Famously, at the height of that conflict, Coffin and Benjamin Spock, among other illustri...
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Coffin, Tristram (American journalist)
American journalist who had a nearly 50-year career that encompassed reporting for a newspaper and on radio, writing books, penning a syndicated column, and, from 1968, publishing the newsletter that went on to become the Washington Spectator (b. July 25, 1912--d. May 28, 1997)....
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coffinite (mineral)
...ions are stable and uranium can be transported by groundwater; however, when uranyl ions encounter a reducing agent such as organic matter, U4+ uranium is precipitated as uraninite and coffinite....
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Coffret de Crusoe, Le (work by Seers)
...French America”) and Gloses critiques (2 series, 1931 and 1935; “Critical Comments”), Seers insisted on judging a work solely on artistic merit. He was also the author of Le Coffret de Crusoé (1932; “Crusoe’s Chest”), a volume of poems dealing with his loss of faith, and Les Enfances de Fanny (1951; Eng. trans. ......
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Coffret de santal, Le (work by Cros)
Cros’s most important poetical work, Le Coffret de santal (1873; “The Sandalwood Chest”), in the Symbolist vein, was praised by Paul Verlaine and may have influenced Arthur Rimbaud as well as 20th-century French Symbolists. An anthology of his Poèmes et proses, edited by Henri Parisot, appeared in 1944....
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Coffs Harbour (New South Wales, Australia)
town and port, northeastern New South Wales, Australia. Founded in 1847 to serve a cedar-lumbering district, it was known as Brelsford until 1861, when it was gazetted as a village and adopted its present name, corrupted from that of a shipbuilder, John Korff. In 1906 it was incorporated into Dorrigo Shire, which became Coffs Harbour Shire in 1957. Before the advent of the railw...
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cog (ship)
With the emergence of the eastern trade about 1600 the merchant ship had grown impressively. The Venetian buss was rapidly supplanted by another Venetian ship, the cog. A buss of 240 tons with lateen sails was required by maritime statutes of Venice to be manned by a crew of 50 sailors. The crew of a square-sailed cog of the same size was only 20 sailors. Thus began an effort that has......
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Cog Railway (railway, Mount Washington, New Hampshire)
...Hampshire seacoast region. Freight service operates on a limited scale in several parts of the state. There are also a few scenic railroads offering rides to tourists. Outstanding among these is the Cog Railway, a 6-mile (10-km) line running to the summit of Mount Washington that has been in operation since 1869....
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cog rattle (musical instrument)
The cog rattle, or ratchet, is a more complex scraper, consisting of a cog wheel set in a frame to which a flexible tongue is attached; when the wheel revolves on its axle, the tongue scrapes the cogs. Found in Europe and Asia, cog rattles often served as signal instruments (in World War II, to warn of gas attack) or had ritual use (in medieval Roman Catholic services during the week before......
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cogency (logic)
...intended to support the conclusion only to a lesser degree, the argument is called inductive. A logically correct deductive argument is termed valid, while an acceptable inductive argument is called cogent. The notion of support is further elucidated by the observation that the truth of the premises of a valid deductive argument necessitates the truth of the conclusion: it is impossible for the...
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cogeneration (power)
in power systems, use of steam for both power generation and heating. High-temperature, high-pressure steam from a boiler and superheater first passes through a turbine to produce power (see steam engine). It then exhausts at a temperature and pressure suitable for heating purposes, instead of being expanded in the turbine to the lowest possible pressure and then discharg...
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Coggan, Donald, Baron (archbishop of Canterbury)
Anglican archbishop of Canterbury from 1974 to 1980, theologian, educator, and the first Evangelical Anglican to become spiritual leader of the church in more than a century....
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Coggan, Donald Frederick, Baron (archbishop of Canterbury)
Anglican archbishop of Canterbury from 1974 to 1980, theologian, educator, and the first Evangelical Anglican to become spiritual leader of the church in more than a century....
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Coggeshall, Ralph of (English historian)
English chronicler of the late 12th and early 13th centuries....
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Cogidubnus (king of Britain)
...iron-ore deposits made possible the development of a prehistoric iron industry. Just before the Roman invasion a dynasty of British chieftains was established in the Selsey area. The last of these, Cogidubnus, was a useful ally to the Romans and was given a kingdom centred on Chichester....
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Cogidumnus (king of Britain)
...iron-ore deposits made possible the development of a prehistoric iron industry. Just before the Roman invasion a dynasty of British chieftains was established in the Selsey area. The last of these, Cogidubnus, was a useful ally to the Romans and was given a kingdom centred on Chichester....
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cogito, ergo sum (philosophy)
(Latin: “I think, therefore I am”), dictum coined in 1637 by René Descartes as a first step in demonstrating the attainability of certain knowledge. It is the only statement to survive the test of his methodic doubt. The statement is indubitable, Descartes argued, because even if an all-powerful demon were to try to deceive me into thinkin...
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cognac (alcoholic beverage)
a brandy produced in the Charente and Charente-Maritime départements of France and named for the town of Cognac in the locality. French law limits the use of the name to brandy made from the wine of a specified grape variety, distilled twice in special alembics, or pot stills, and aged for a prescribed period in Limousin oak. Every step in the production of cognac, from the growing ...
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Cognac (France)
town, Charente département, Poitou-Charentes région, western France. It lies 20 miles (30 km) west-northwest of Angoulême. The town gives its name to the brandy distilled there and exported all over the world. The distilling of cognac is its main industry and provides the impetus for the manufacture of cask...
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Cognac, League of (European history)
...in which sometimes Charles had the upper hand and sometimes Francis I did. Charles’s victory at the Battle of Pavia in 1525 led to the formation of a coalition against him (the so-called “Holy League of Cognac”), intended to forestall Habsburg hegemony in Europe (a scenario to be replayed many times in the following two centuries). In 1526, therefore, Charles was in no posi...
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cognate (linguistics)
Several kinds of indirect evidence support the above supposition. One approach attempts to reconstruct the natural environment of these groups on the basis of shared cognates (related words) for plants, animals, and minerals and on the distribution of these words in the modern languages. For example, cognates designating certain types of spruce are found in all the Uralic languages except......
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cognate xenolith (geology)
...magma while it was still fluid, may be located near their original positions of detachment or may have settled deep into the intrusion, if their density is greater. Xenoliths can be contrasted with autoliths, or cognate xenoliths, which are pieces of older rock within the intrusion that are genetically related to the intrusion itself. The general term for all such incorporated bodies is......
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cognatic descent (sociology)
...define a person as belonging to either the mother’s or the father’s group. In some ambilateral systems, marriage broadens one’s choice of lineage to include those of one’s mother- or father-in-law. Bilateral or cognatic descent systems reckon kinship through the mother and the father more or less equally....
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cognition
the process involved in knowing, or the act of knowing, which in its completeness includes perception and judgment. Cognition includes all processes of consciousness by which knowledge is accumulated, such as perceiving, recognizing, conceiving, and reasoning. Put differently, cognition is an experience of knowing that can be distinguished from an experience o...
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Cognitive Assessment System (intelligence test)
Later developments in intelligence testing expanded the range of abilities tested. For example, in 1997 the psychologists J.P. Das and Jack A. Naglieri published the Cognitive Assessment System, a test based on a theory of intelligence first proposed by the Russian psychologist Alexander Luria. The test measured planning abilities, attentional abilities, and simultaneous and successive......
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cognitive behaviour therapy (psychology)
Cognitive psychotherapy is most associated with the theoretical approaches developed by the American psychiatrist Aaron T. Beck and the American psychologist Albert Ellis. It is often used in combination with behavioral techniques, with which it shares the primary aim of ridding patients of their symptoms rather than providing insight into the unconscious or facilitating personal growth.......
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cognitive control (psychology)
...whereas others prefer narrow ones for grouping objects. These consistencies in an individual seem to be fairly stable across time and even across situations. They have been referred to as cognitive controls. Combinations of several cognitive controls within a person have been referred to as cognitive style, of which there can be numerous variations....
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cognitive dissonance (psychology)
the mental conflict that occurs when beliefs or assumptions are contradicted by new information. The unease or tension that the conflict arouses in a person is relieved by one of several defensive maneuvers: the person rejects, explains away, or avoids the new information, persuades himself that no conflict really exists, reconciles the differences, or resorts to any other defensive means of pres...
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cognitive ethology
American biophysicist and animal behaviourist known for his research in animal navigation, acoustic orientation, and sensory biophysics. He is credited with founding cognitive ethology, a field that studies thought processes in animals....
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cognitive faculty
the process involved in knowing, or the act of knowing, which in its completeness includes perception and judgment. Cognition includes all processes of consciousness by which knowledge is accumulated, such as perceiving, recognizing, conceiving, and reasoning. Put differently, cognition is an experience of knowing that can be distinguished from an experience o...
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cognitive motivation (psychology)
Cognitive theories of motivation assume that behaviour is directed as a result of the active processing and interpretation of information. Motivation is not seen as a mechanical or innate set of processes but as a purposive and persistent set of behaviours based on the information available. Expectations, based on past experiences, serve to direct behaviour toward particular goals....
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cognitive psychotherapy (psychology)
Cognitive psychotherapy is most associated with the theoretical approaches developed by the American psychiatrist Aaron T. Beck and the American psychologist Albert Ellis. It is often used in combination with behavioral techniques, with which it shares the primary aim of ridding patients of their symptoms rather than providing insight into the unconscious or facilitating personal growth.......
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cognitive science
...in nature information processes are not strictly sequential, increasing attention has been focused since 1980 on the study of the human brain as an information processor of the parallel type. The cognitive sciences, the interdisciplinary field that focuses on the study of the human mind, have contributed to the development of neurocomputers, a new class of parallel, distributed-information......
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cognitive style (psychology)
...seem to be fairly stable across time and even across situations. They have been referred to as cognitive controls. Combinations of several cognitive controls within a person have been referred to as cognitive style, of which there can be numerous variations....
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cognitive therapy (psychology)
Cognitive psychotherapy is most associated with the theoretical approaches developed by the American psychiatrist Aaron T. Beck and the American psychologist Albert Ellis. It is often used in combination with behavioral techniques, with which it shares the primary aim of ridding patients of their symptoms rather than providing insight into the unconscious or facilitating personal growth.......
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cognitive-contextual theory (psychology)
Cognitive-contextual theories deal with the way that cognitive processes operate in various settings. Two of the major theories of this type are that of the American psychologist Howard Gardner and that of Sternberg. In 1983 Gardner challenged the assumption of a single intelligence by proposing a theory of “multiple intelligences.” Earlier theorists had gone so far as to contend......
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“cognizone del dolore, La” (work by Gadda)
Gadda’s La cognizione del dolore (1963, revised 1970; Acquainted with Grief) is autobiographical, though its setting is transferred from modern Italy to an invented South American country....
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cognomen (name)
...Maccius, Tullius, and some others. Because the choice of both the praenomen and the nomen was restricted, the patrician families and later all families started using a hereditary name, called a cognomen....
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cogon grass (plant)
one of about seven species of perennials constituting the genus Imperata (family Poaceae), native to temperate and tropical regions of the Old World. Cogon grass is a serious weed in cultivated areas of South Africa and Australia. Satintail (I. brevifolia), a tall grass native to western North America, has a thin, silvery flower cluster. Each spikelet bears many long, silky hairs....
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cogwheel
machine component consisting of a toothed wheel attached to a rotating shaft. Gears operate in pairs to transmit and modify rotary motion and torque (turning force) without slip, the teeth of one gear engaging the teeth on a mating gear. If the teeth on a pair of mating gears are arranged on circles, i.e., if the gears are toothed wheels, the ratios of the rotary speeds and torques of......
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cohabitation (sociology)
...violence by one adult member on another or by an adult on a child or some other violent or abusive conduct within a family circle. In serious cases the only real solution may be to terminate cohabitation or to remove an abused child from the family unit into some form of public or foster custody....
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cohabitation (French government)
In this arrangement, known as cohabitation, Chirac, as prime minister, was responsible for domestic affairs, while Mitterrand retained responsibility for foreign policy. Chirac’s most important achievement during his second term was his administration’s privatization of many major corporations that had been nationalized under Mitterrand. He also reduced payroll and other taxes in an ...
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Cohan, George M. (American composer and dramatist)
American actor, popular songwriter, playwright, and producer especially of musical comedies, who became famous as the “Yankee Doodle Dandy.”...
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Cohan, George Michael (American composer and dramatist)
American actor, popular songwriter, playwright, and producer especially of musical comedies, who became famous as the “Yankee Doodle Dandy.”...
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