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Certayne notes of Instruction (treatise by Gascoigne)
The ideas of the Italian and French Renaissance were transmitted to England by Roger Ascham, George Gascoigne, Sir Philip Sidney, and others. Gascoigne’s “Certayne notes of Instruction” (1575), the first English manual of versification, had a considerable effect on poetic practice in the Elizabethan Age. Sidney’s Defence of Poesie (1595) vigorously argued the poe...
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Certhia (bird genus)
The ideas of the Italian and French Renaissance were transmitted to England by Roger Ascham, George Gascoigne, Sir Philip Sidney, and others. Gascoigne’s “Certayne notes of Instruction” (1575), the first English manual of versification, had a considerable effect on poetic practice in the Elizabethan Age. Sidney’s Defence of Poesie (1595) vigorously argued the poe...
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Certhia familiaris (bird)
The six species of the genus Certhia constitute the family Certhiidae (order Passeriformes). The best known is C. familiaris, a 13-centimetre- (5-inch-) long streaky brown-and-white bird found in woodlands across the Northern Hemisphere; it is known as treecreeper in Europe and brown creeper in North America. Its tail is stiffened and serves as a prop against the tree. Its nest, a......
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Certhiidae (bird family)
songbird family, order Passeriformes, consisting of most of the tree creepers, small climbing birds found throughout woodlands of the Northern Hemisphere....
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certificate of deposit (finance)
a receipt from a bank acknowledging the deposit of a sum of money. Among the common types are demand certificates of deposit and time certificates of deposit. Demand certificates of deposit are payable on demand but do not draw interest; they are used primarily by contractors as evidence of good faith when submitting a bid or as a guaranty of performance, and ...
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Certificate of Maturity (German education)
...them—with emphasis variously on the classics, modern languages, mathematics, and natural science—for the Abitur or Reifezeugnis (“certificate of maturity”), the prerequisite for matriculation at a German university. The traditional structure of the German ......
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certification
Generally speaking, in federal countries such as the United States, Canada, and Australia, each state or province sets its own requirements for certification, which inevitably do much to shape the content and organization of the teacher-education programs. The variety of such regulations often means that teachers who have received their education and training in one province or state are not......
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certified check (banking)
A cashier’s check is issued by a bank against itself and is signed by the cashier or some other bank officer. It has unquestioned acceptability as exchange. A certified check is a depositor’s check that has been guaranteed by the bank upon which it is drawn and is so stamped. Traveler’s checks are cashier’s checks sold to travellers that require two signatures by the pa...
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certified mail
...were postal money order service (1864); international money orders (1867); special delivery (1885); parcel post, with its accessory collect on delivery (COD) and insurances services (1913); and certified mail (1955), which provides proof of posting for items without intrinsic value. In 1911 a postal savings system was inaugurated, reaching a peak of more than 4,000,000 accounts in 1947. A......
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certified nurse-midwife
...a variety of economic and social factors spurred a renewed interest in the concerned, personal care provided by midwives and gave rise, in the United States, to the profession of nurse-midwife. A certified nurse-midwife (C.N.M.) is a registered nurse who has received professional training in midwifery and been certified by the American College of Nurse-Midwives. C.N.M.’s accept only thos...
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certified public accountant (accounting)
...outside auditors are selected by the company’s shareholders. The audit of a company’s statements is ordinarily performed by professionally qualified, independent accountants who bear the title of certified public accountant (CPA) in the United States and chartered accountant (CA) in the United Kingdom and many other countries with British-based accounting traditions. Their primary...
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certiorari (law)
in common-law jurisdictions, a writ issued by a superior court for the reexamination of an action of a lower court. Certiorari also is issued by an appellate court to obtain information on a case pending before it. The writ of certiorari was at first an original writ from England’s Court of Queen’s Bench to the judges of inferi...
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Certosa Situla (art)
...influence, however, that tended to give prominence in the chased ornamentation to human figures at feasts, games, or funerals, as in the masterpiece known from the place of its discovery as the Certosa Situla (Museo Civico Archeologico, Bologna)....
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Cerularius, Michael (patriarch of Constantinople)
Greek Orthodox patriarch of Constantinople from March 1043 to November 1058 who figured prominently in the events leading to the Schism of 1054, the formal severing of Eastern Orthodoxy from Roman Catholicism....
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ceruloplasmin (biochemistry)
...lipids are incorporated into protein molecules as lipoproteins, substances important in lipid transport. Iron and copper are transported in plasma by unique metal-binding proteins (transferrin and ceruloplasmin, respectively). Vitamin B12, an essential nutrient, is bound to a specific carrier protein. Although hemoglobin is not normally released into the plasma, a hemoglobin-binding....
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cerumen
filling of the external auditory canal with earwax, or cerumen. Normally the wax produced by skin glands in the outer ear migrates outward. If the earwax is produced too rapidly, it may become hardened and accumulate, thus plugging the outer ear canal and preventing sound passage to the tympanic (eardrum) membrane. This hearing impairment is painless. Impacted earwax is often found in infants,......
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cerussite (mineral)
lead carbonate (PbCO3), an important ore and common secondary mineral of lead. It is formed by the chemical action of carbonated water on the mineral galena. Notable localities are Murcia, Spain; Tsumeb, Namibia; Broken Hill, New South Wales; and Leadville, Colo. For detailed physical properties, see carbonate mineral (table)....
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Cervantes (work by Bentley)
Another example is Bentley’s Cervantes:The people of Spain think CervantesEqual to half-a-dozen Dantes:An opinion resented most bitterlyBy the people of Italy....
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Cervantes Institute (Spanish government agency)
One of the most interesting cultural initiatives was the creation in 1991 of the Cervantes Institute. This government agency, modeled on the British Council and the German Goethe Institute, is responsible for promoting the study of Spanish language and culture abroad. In the early 21st century, the Cervantes Institute operated in more than 60 cities in some 30 countries throughout the world....
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Cervantes, Miguel de (Spanish writer)
Spanish novelist, playwright, and poet, the creator of Don Quixote (1605, 1615) and the most important and celebrated figure in Spanish literature. His novel Don Quixote has been translated, in full or in part, into more than 60 languages. Editions continue regularly to be printed, and critical discussion of the work has proceeded unabated since the 18t...
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Cervantes Prize (award)
literary award established in 1976 by the Spanish Ministry of Culture. It is the most prestigious and remunerative award given for Spanish-language literature. The Cervantes Prize is presented to an author whose Castilian-language work as a whole is judged to have most enriched Spanish and Spanish-American culture. The award is given annually, and there can be no cowinners....
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Cervantes Saavedra, Miguel de (Spanish writer)
Spanish novelist, playwright, and poet, the creator of Don Quixote (1605, 1615) and the most important and celebrated figure in Spanish literature. His novel Don Quixote has been translated, in full or in part, into more than 60 languages. Editions continue regularly to be printed, and critical discussion of the work has proceeded unabated since the 18t...
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Cervenka, Christine (American singer and songwriter)
...decay, corruption, and sleaze, delivered with skilled musicianship and unique vocal harmonies, marked them as important contributors to the punk movement. The original members were Exene Cervenka (original name Christine Cervenka; b. Feb. 1, 1956Chicago, Ill., U.S.),......
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Cervenka, Exene (American singer and songwriter)
...decay, corruption, and sleaze, delivered with skilled musicianship and unique vocal harmonies, marked them as important contributors to the punk movement. The original members were Exene Cervenka (original name Christine Cervenka; b. Feb. 1, 1956Chicago, Ill., U.S.),......
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Cervera y Topete, Pascual (Spanish admiral)
Spanish admiral whose fleet was destroyed in battle off Cuba in the Spanish–American War (1898)....
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Cerveteri (ancient city, Italy)
ancient city of Etruria, about 30 miles (50 km) northwest of Rome. Through its port, Pyrgi (present-day Santa Severa), the city became an important trading centre in close contact with Carthage, on the northern coast of Africa in what is now Tunisia. Its citizens are reported to have saved Roman priests and sacred objects from the Gauls who sacked Rome in 390 or 387 bc. Perhaps after...
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Cervi, Gino (Italian actor)
Italian character actor and manager best-known outside of Italy for his film portrayal of a small-town Communist mayor in the “Don Camillo” films....
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cervical cancer (pathology)
disease characterized by the abnormal growth of cells in the cervix, the region of the uterus that joins the vagina. Cervical cancer was once a common cause of cancer deaths in women, but fatalities have been greatly reduced since the development of the Pap smear in the 1940s. Cervical cancer is still fairly common; in some developing countries it occurs more ...
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cervical cap (contraceptive)
...and willing to use them consistently. All barrier devices prevent sperm from entering the uterus—by sheathing the penis with a condom, by covering the uterine cervix with a diaphragm or cervical cap (used with a spermicidal cream or jelly), or by inserting a female condom (vaginal pouch) or a vaginal sponge permeated with a spermicide. The vaginal sponge is less effective than other......
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cervical curve (anatomy)
...a bow spring in locomotion. In humans this primary curve is modified by three more: (1) a sacral curve, in which the sacrum curves backward and helps support the abdominal organs, (2) an anterior cervical curve, which develops soon after birth as the head is raised, and (3) a lumbar curve, also anterior, which develops as the child sits and walks. The lumbar curve is a permanent......
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cervical erosion (pathology)
ulceration of the lining of the uterine cervix made evident by bright red or pink spots around its opening. The cervix is the part of the uterus (womb) whose tip projects into the upper region of the vagina....
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cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (pathology)
...in their normal growth behaviour. Some dysplasias are precursor lesions to cancer, whereas others are harmless and regress spontaneously. For example, dysplasia of the uterine cervix, called cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), may progress to cervical cancer. It can be detected by cervical smear cytology tests (Pap smears)....
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cervical nerve (anatomy)
...an external segmentation are 31 pairs of spinal nerves, each of which receives and furnishes one dorsal and one ventral root. On this basis the spinal cord is divided into the following segments: 8 cervical (C), 12 thoracic (T), 5 lumbar (L), 5 sacral (S), and 1 coccygeal (Coc). Spinal nerve roots emerge via intervertebral foramina; lumbar and sacral spinal roots, descending for some distance.....
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cervical plexus (anatomy)
Cervical levels C1–C4 are the main contributors to the group of nerves called the cervical plexus; in addition, small branches of the plexus link C1 and C2 with the vagus nerve, C1 and C2 with the hypoglossal nerve, and C2–C4 with the accessory nerve. Sensory branches of the cervical plexus are......
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cervical rib (anatomy)
...reptiles. In the primitive condition, ribs were attached to all vertebrae; this is still true in some reptiles (e.g., snakes), but in mammals only thoracic vertebrae carry ribs. Remnants of cervical ribs secondarily fused to cervical vertebrae (the uppermost part of the vertebral column) are represented by part of the transverse process of the cervical vertebrae....
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cervical spondylosis (pathology)
degenerative disease of the neck vertebrae, causing compression of the spinal cord and cervical nerves....
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cervical vertebra (anatomy)
...on both the anterior and posterior sides), but, if it mineralizes or ossifies, the vertebrae are termed opisthocoelous (bulged on the anterior side and depressed on the posterior side). There is one cervical vertebra with a characteristic projection called the odontoid process and two large facets for articulation with the skull. There may be from 11 (Ambystoma talpoideum) to 60......
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cervicitis (pathology)
inflammation of the uterine cervix, the small, thick-walled tube that is the protruding extension of the uterus (womb) leading into the vagina. The narrow central canal of the cervix is lined with a moist mucous membrane, and it contains mucous glands. The cervix secretes most of the mucus and other fluids found in the reproductive tract; in normal circumstan...
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cervicothoracic ganglion (anatomy)
...a single unpaired ganglion lying in front of the coccyx, called the ganglion impar. The three cervical sympathetic ganglia are the superior cervical ganglion, the middle cervical ganglion, and the cervicothoracic ganglion (also called the stellate ganglion). The superior ganglion innervates viscera of the head, and the middle and stellate ganglia innervate viscera of the neck, thorax (i.e.,......
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Cervidae (mammal)
(family Cervidae), any of the ruminant mammals (order Artiodactyla) having two large and two small hooves on each foot and having antlers in the males of most species and in the females of some species. Indeed, the feature most commonly associated with deer is the presence of antlers. Deer occur mainly in forests but may be found in habitats as diverse as deserts, tundra, swamps, and high mountain...
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Cervin, Mont (mountain, Europe)
one of the best-known mountains (14,692 feet [4,478 metres]) in the Alps, straddling the frontier between Switzerland and Italy, 6 miles (10 km) southwest of the village of Zermatt, Switzerland. Though from the Swiss side it appears to be an isolated horn-shaped peak, it is actually the butt end of a ridge; the Swiss slope is not nearly as steep or as difficult to climb as the grand terraced walls...
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Cervini, Marcello (pope)
pope from April 9/10 to May 1, 1555. He was one of the few popes in the modern period to retain his baptismal name after becoming pope. He was made cardinal in December 1539 by Pope Paul III, for whom he served in numerous politico-ecclesiastical missions. With Cardinal Giovanni Maria Ciocchi del Monte (later Pope Julius III) and Cardinal Reginald Pole, he presided at the Council of Trent in 1545....
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Cervino, Monte (mountain, Europe)
one of the best-known mountains (14,692 feet [4,478 metres]) in the Alps, straddling the frontier between Switzerland and Italy, 6 miles (10 km) southwest of the village of Zermatt, Switzerland. Though from the Swiss side it appears to be an isolated horn-shaped peak, it is actually the butt end of a ridge; the Swiss slope is not nearly as steep or as difficult to climb as the grand terraced walls...
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cervix, uterine (anatomy)
lowest region of the uterus; it attaches the uterus to the vagina and provides a passage between the vaginal cavity and the uterine cavity. The cervix, only about 4 centimetres (1.6 inches) long, projects about 2 centimetres into the upper vaginal cavity. The cervical opening into the vagina is called the external os; the cavity running the length of the cerv...
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Cervus axis (mammal)
(Cervus axis, sometimes Axis axis), Asiatic deer, belonging to the family Cervidae (order Artiodactyla). It lives in grasslands and forests in India and Sri Lanka in herds of up to 100 or more. It stands 90–95 cm (35–37 inches) at the shoulder. Its spotted coat is reddish brown above and white below. The male chital has branching, usually three-tined antlers up to 100 ...
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Cervus canadensis (mammal)
(species Cervus canadensis), North American deer, family Cervidae (order Artiodactyla), considered by some authorities to be of the same species as the red deer (C. elaphus) of Eurasia. Once common over most of North America, the elk now is confined to the Rocky Mountains and southern Canada. The second largest living deer, it is exceeded in size only by the moose...
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Cervus duvauceli (mammal)
(species Cervus duvauceli), graceful deer, belonging to the family Cervidae (order Artiodactyla), found in open forests and grasslands of India and Nepal. The barasingha stands about 1.1 m (45 inches) at the shoulder. In summer, its coat is reddish or yellowish brown with white spots; in winter, its coat is heavier, particularly on the neck—brown with faint spots or none. The male o...
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Cervus elaphus (mammal)
(Cervus elaphus), well-known deer, family Cervidae (order Artiodactyla), native to Europe, Asia, and northwestern Africa and introduced into New Zealand. The red deer has long been hunted both for sport and food. Found primarily in woodlands, it lives in sexually segregated herds except during the breeding season, when the males (harts) fight for harems of females (hinds). A large animal, ...
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Cervus merriami (extinct mammal)
The species C. canadensis is often considered to include two other deer, the Tule elk (C. nannodes) and the extinct Merriam’s elk (C. merriami). The Tule elk, a California deer, is smaller and lighter in colour than the wapiti....
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Cervus nannodes (mammal)
The species C. canadensis is often considered to include two other deer, the Tule elk (C. nannodes) and the extinct Merriam’s elk (C. merriami). The Tule elk, a California deer, is smaller and lighter in colour than the wapiti....
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Cervus nippon (deer)
(species Cervus nippon), gregarious, forest-dwelling deer, family Cervidae (order Artiodactyla), native to eastern Asia. The sika was long considered sacred in Japan and is valued in China for its antlers, which are used in traditional medicine. A small to medium-sized deer, it has a white rump and a white-spotted coat. The male has four-tined antlers....
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Cervus nippon hortulorum (mammal)
...smallest of the sikas, it stands 80–86 cm (31–34 inches) at the shoulder. Its coat is reddish brown with white spots in summer and brown without spots in winter. The largest sika is the Dybowski’s, or Ussuri, sika (C. n. hortulorum), which stands approximately 110 cm (43 inches) at the shoulder. This deer is pale brown and spotted in summer and dark brown, with or wi...
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Cervus nippon nippon (mammal)
Several of the races of sikas, which vary in size and coloration, are listed as endangered in the Red Data Book. The Japanese sika, or Japanese deer (C. n. nippon), is widely kept in zoological gardens and has been introduced into Europe, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The smallest of the sikas, it stands 80–86 cm (31–34 inches) at the shoulder. Its coat is....
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Cervus porcinus (mammal)
...after mating. These and the specialized sexual displays seem to be a consequence of this species’ tightly clustered territories on the mating grounds. Another pattern occurs in the normally solitary Indian hog deer (Cervus porcinus); as many as 20 or 30 aggregate loosely in a certain area, then females and males leave in pairs and usually remain together until they have mated. Mat...
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Cervus unicolor (mammal)
(Cervus unicolor), widely distributed deer, family Cervidae (order Artiodactyla), found from India and Nepal eastward through Southeast Asia. The sambar live in forests, alone or in small groups. A large, relatively long-tailed deer, it stands 1.2–1.4 m (47–55 inches) at the shoulder. The coat forms a ruff around its neck and is an unspotted, dark brown in colour. The male sa...
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Césaire, Aimé (Martinican author and politician)
Martinican poet, playwright, and politician, who was cofounder with Léopold Sédar Senghor of Negritude, an influential movement to restore the cultural identity of black Africans....
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Césaire, Aimé-Fernand-David (Martinican author and politician)
Martinican poet, playwright, and politician, who was cofounder with Léopold Sédar Senghor of Negritude, an influential movement to restore the cultural identity of black Africans....
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Cesalpino, Andrea (Italian physician, philosopher, and botanist)
Italian physician, philosopher, and botanist who sought a philosophical and theoretical approach to plant classification based on unified and coherent principles rather than on alphabetical sequence or medicinal properties. He helped establish botany as an independent science....
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César (play by Pagnol)
...Topaze ran for two years in Paris and was later adapted for the Broadway stage and made into a film in 1933. His next three comedies—Marius (1929), Fanny (1931), and César (1936), known as the Marseille trilogy—deal with the lives of a Marseille fishmonger, Fanny, her lover Marius who goes off to sea, César the father, and his friend......
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César (French motion-picture award)
In 1975 the French film industry commissioned him to design its annual award, the César, a compression-styled gold statuette quite distinct from its older American cousin, the Oscar. In 1976 César was made a Chevalier of the French Legion of Honour....
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César (department, Colombia)
departamento, northern Colombia, bounded on the northeast by Venezuela and on the southwest by the Magdalena River. Created in 1967, the departamento descends from the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta in the north and the Sierra de Perijá in the northeast to the lowlands of the Magdalena River valley. It is traversed by the César River, a tributary of the...
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César (French sculptor)
French sculptor who was at the forefront of the New Realism movement with his radical compressions (compacted automobiles, discarded metal, or rubbish), expansions (polyurethane foam sculptures), and fantastic representations of animals and insects....
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Cesarano, Giorgio (Italian author)
...who progressed from Neorealism to Sperimentalismo (“Experimentalism”); Giampiero Neri (pseudonym of Giampiero Pontiggia), influenced in his descriptive narratives by Vittorio Sereni; Giorgio Cesarano, another poetic narrator who abandoned poetry in 1969, before his subsequent suicide (1975); and Tiziano Rossi, whose dominant moral concern led to comparisons with the expressionist....
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Cesare (syllogistic)
Second figure:Cesare, Camestres, Festino, Baroco,...
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Cesare, Marchese di Beccaria Bonesana (Italian criminologist)
Italian criminologist and economist whose Dei delitti e delle pene (Eng. trans. J.A. Farrer, Crimes and Punishment, 1880) was a celebrated volume on the reform of criminal justice....
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cesarean section (childbirth)
surgical removal of a fetus, at or before full term, from the uterus through an abdominal incision. Little is known of either the origin of the term or the history of the procedure. According to ancient sources, the procedure takes its name from a branch of the ancient Roman family of the Julii, whose cognomen Caesar (Latin caedere, “to cut”) originated from a birth by this me...
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Cesarec, August (Croatian author)
...Marija Jurić Zagorka, who wrote gripping historical novels; and Slavko Kolar, who depicted the life of the peasant in a changing world. The dominant writers of the interwar period were August Cesarec (Zlatni mladić [1928; “The Golden Boy”]) and Miroslav Krleža (Povratak Filipa Latinovicza [1932; The......
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Cesari, Antonio (Italian author)
...essay in the dispute on the Italian language. The trend was toward pedantic classicism as a reaction against an excessive Gallicism favoured by some 18th-century writers. Among the purists was Antonio Cesari, who brought out a new enlarged edition of the Vocabolario della Crusca (the first Italian dictionary, published by the Accademia della Crusca in 1612). He wrote......
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Cesari, Giuseppe (Italian artist)
Italian painter of the post-Renaissance school known as Mannerism who helped to spread that school abroad....
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Cesaria (Italy)
city, Piedmont regione, northwestern Italy. The city lies at the confluence of the Bormida and Tanaro rivers, southeast of Turin (Torino)....
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Cesaro (syllogistic)
*Cesaro, *Camestrop....
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Cesarotti, Melchiorre (Italian author)
Italian poet, essayist, translator, and literary critic who, by his essays and his translation of the purported poems of the legendary Gaelic bard Ossian, encouraged the development of Romanticism in Italy....
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Cesena (Italy)
town, Emilia-Romagna regione, northern Italy, on the Savio River at the northern foot of the Apennines, south of Ravenna. It originated as the ancient Caesena, a station on the Via Aemilia and a fortress in the wars of the Ostrogoths and the Byzantines. An episcopal city and an independent commune in the 11th–13th century, it was heroically defended in 1357 by Cia,...
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Cēsis (Latvia)
city and district centre, Latvia, situated on the Gauja River at the foot of the Vidzeme (Livonia) highlands, 55 miles (90 km) northeast of the city of Riga. It is an old city, first mentioned in documents in 1206, and its castle dates from 1207. It was once a prosperous town of the Hanseatic League, as evidenced in its fine architecture, including the Church of St. John (1283). The old town is no...
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cesium (chemical element)
chemical element of Group 1 (also called Group Ia) of the periodic table, the alkali metal group, and the first element to be discovered spectroscopically (1860), by German scientists Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff, who named it for the unique blue lines of its spectrum (Latin caesius, “sky-bl...
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cesium atomic clock (instrument)
Until the 1990s the cesium beam atomic clock was the most accurate standard of atomic time and frequency. The principle underlying the cesium clock is that all atoms of cesium-133 are identical and, when they absorb or release energy, produce radiation of exactly the same frequency, which makes the atoms perfect timepieces. Since that time, laboratories around the world have steadily improved......
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cesium bromide (chemical compound)
In the formulas of ionic compounds,......
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cesium chloride (chemical compound)
...hcp lattice and 26 with the fcc. Another possible arrangement is the body-centred cubic (bcc) lattice, in which each atom has eight neighbours arranged at the corners of a cube. Figure 3A shows the cesium chloride (CsCl) structure, which is a cubic arrangement. If all atoms in this structure are of the same species, it is a bcc lattice. The spheres occupy 68 percent of the volume. There are 23....
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cesium clock (instrument)
Until the 1990s the cesium beam atomic clock was the most accurate standard of atomic time and frequency. The principle underlying the cesium clock is that all atoms of cesium-133 are identical and, when they absorb or release energy, produce radiation of exactly the same frequency, which makes the atoms perfect timepieces. Since that time, laboratories around the world have steadily improved......
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cesium iodide (chemical compound)
...a quartz plate or silicon deposited on a quartz plate is used. In the mid-infrared region a variety of optical-grade crystals, such as calcium flouride (CaF2), zinc selenide (ZnSe), cesium iodide (CsI), or potassium bromide (KBr), coated with silicon or germanium are employed. Below 200 cm−1 Mylar films of varying thickness are used to cover narrow portions of......
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cesium sputtering (chemistry)
...with those of the halogens easily formed. The elements rhenium, iridium, platinum, and gold are efficiently ionized as molecular negative ions for important applications in geochemistry. The cesium sputter source produces copious quantities of negative ions and is used exclusively for accelerator mass spectrometry. In this source the low ionization potential of cesium is utilized in two......
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cesium-133 (radioisotope)
...the transition between the levels F = 4, mF = 0 and F = 3, mF = 0 of the ground state of the cesium-133 atom. Prior to 1964, the second was defined in terms of the motion of the Earth. The latter, however, is not nearly as stable as the cesium clock. Specifically, the fraction...
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cesium-137 (radioisotope)
...some commercially. They are useful in the nuclear power industry for they are resistant to radiation and selective to certain radioactive wastes, particularly the long-lived fission product cesium-137. They serve to separate that isotope from other less dangerous fission products....
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Česká a Slovenská Federativna Republika (historical nation, Europe)
...of the Austro-Hungarian Empire at the end of World War I brought the Czechs and Slovaks together for the first time as “Czechoslovaks.” The Czechs became the ruling ethnic group in Czechoslovakia, a new state in which Germans and Hungarians lived as unwilling citizens, bound to become disloyal minorities bent on undermining the democratic constitution engendered by the......
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Česká a Slovenská Federativní Republika (historical nation, Europe)
...of the Austro-Hungarian Empire at the end of World War I brought the Czechs and Slovaks together for the first time as “Czechoslovaks.” The Czechs became the ruling ethnic group in Czechoslovakia, a new state in which Germans and Hungarians lived as unwilling citizens, bound to become disloyal minorities bent on undermining the democratic constitution engendered by the......
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Česká Republika
country located in central Europe. It comprises the historical provinces of Bohemia and Moravia along with the southern tip of Silesia, collectively often called the Czech Lands. Despite its landlocked location, there were brief periods in the Middle Ages during which Bohemia had access to the Baltic and Adriatic seacoasts—which no do...
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Česká Socialistická Republika
country located in central Europe. It comprises the historical provinces of Bohemia and Moravia along with the southern tip of Silesia, collectively often called the Czech Lands. Despite its landlocked location, there were brief periods in the Middle Ages during which Bohemia had access to the Baltic and Adriatic seacoasts—which no do...
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Česká tabule (plateau, Czech Republic)
...the east, Austria to the south, and Germany to the west and northwest. The Bohemian Massif occupies the major portion of the Czech Republic. It consists of a large, roughly ovoid elevated basin (the Bohemian Plateau) encircled by mountains divided into six major groups. In the southwest are the Šumava Mountains, which include the Bohemian Forest (Böhmerwald). In the west are the.....
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Česká vysočina (region, Europe)
dissected quadrangular plateau, with an area of about 60,000 square miles (about 158,000 square km), occupying Bohemia, Czech Republic. Centring on Prague, it reaches a maximum elevation of 5,256 feet (1,602 m) and is bounded by four ranges: the Ore Mountains (Krušné hory, or Erzgebirge) in the northwest, the Giant Mountains (Krkonoše, or Riesengebirge) in the northeast, the ...
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České Budějovice (Czech Republic)
city, southern Czech Republic. It is a regional cultural and industrial centre lying amid lakes at the confluence of the Vltava (Moldau) and Malše rivers. Founded and fortified in 1265 by the Bohemian king Otakar II, the city is rich in medieval architecture and has one of the largest arcaded town squares in Europe, with the Baroque Samson’s Foun...
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Českobratrska Církev Evangelická (Protestant denomination)
denomination organized in 1918 by uniting the Lutheran and Reformed churches in Bohemia and Moravia (now Czech Republic). Subsequently, other smaller Czech Protestant groups merged into this church. Its roots go back to the 16th-century Protestant Reformation and to the 15th-century Hussite movement in Bohemia, which was made up of the followers of the reformer Jan Hus. His foll...
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Českomoravská Vrchovina (plateau, Czech Republic)
plateau (125 miles [200 km] long and 35 to 50 miles wide) forming the southeastern boundary of the Bohemian Massif, which separates the former historic provinces of Bohemia and Moravia, now in the Czech Republic. The highlands are roughly defined by the Lužnice River (west), the Dyje River (south), the Morava River (east), and the tributaries of the Elbe (Labe) River (north). They form a ro...
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Českomoravská Vysočina (plateau, Czech Republic)
plateau (125 miles [200 km] long and 35 to 50 miles wide) forming the southeastern boundary of the Bohemian Massif, which separates the former historic provinces of Bohemia and Moravia, now in the Czech Republic. The highlands are roughly defined by the Lužnice River (west), the Dyje River (south), the Morava River (east), and the tributaries of the Elbe (Labe) River (north). They form a ro...
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Československa Komunistická Strana (political party, Czechoslovakia)
...the opening period, the Social Democracy, was split in 1920 by internal struggles; in 1921 its left wing constituted itself as the Czechoslovak section of the Comintern. After the separation of the communists, the Social Democracy yielded primacy to the Agrarians. The Republicans, as the peasant party was called officially, became the backbone of government coalitions until the disruption of......
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Československo (historical nation, Europe)
...of the Austro-Hungarian Empire at the end of World War I brought the Czechs and Slovaks together for the first time as “Czechoslovaks.” The Czechs became the ruling ethnic group in Czechoslovakia, a new state in which Germans and Hungarians lived as unwilling citizens, bound to become disloyal minorities bent on undermining the democratic constitution engendered by the......
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Český Les (mountains, Europe)
...cover more than a third of the range, and the population is sparse. There are some mineral deposits and stone quarries. To the northwest, the much lower range of the Český les (Oberpfälzerwald Mountains) is separated from the main group (the Šumava and Hinterer Wald) by a depression that extends roughly between the towns of Cham, Furth im Wald, and......
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Český masív (region, Europe)
dissected quadrangular plateau, with an area of about 60,000 square miles (about 158,000 square km), occupying Bohemia, Czech Republic. Centring on Prague, it reaches a maximum elevation of 5,256 feet (1,602 m) and is bounded by four ranges: the Ore Mountains (Krušné hory, or Erzgebirge) in the northwest, the Giant Mountains (Krkonoše, or Riesengebirge) in the northeast, the ...
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Český Těšín (Czech Republic)
...southern Poland, on the Olza River in the foothills of the Carpathian Mountains. Situated on the Polish-Czech border, the city is essentially divided by the Olza; the newer Czech side is known as Český Těšín....
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Česlav (ruler of Zeta)
...unstable and shifting alliances with other larger states, particularly with Bulgaria, Venice, and Byzantium. Between 931 and 960 one such župan, Česlav, operating from the županija of Zeta in the hinterland of the Gulf of Kotor, succeeded in unifying a number of neighbouring Serb.....
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Çeşme, Battle of (Turkish history)
(July 6–7, 1770), naval clash in which a Russian fleet defeated and destroyed the Ottoman fleet at the harbour of Çeşme on the Aegean Sea....
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