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Indus Valley (region, Pakistan)
...China alone. Most of this activity involves the use of natural floodwater, although reliance on artificially impounded storage has increased rapidly. Irrigation in the 1,300-kilometre length of the Indus Valley, for instance, depends almost exclusively on barrages (i.e., distributor canals) running down alluvial fans and along floodplains....
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Indus valley civilization
the earliest known urban culture of the Indian subcontinent, first identified in 1921 at Harappa in the Punjab and then in 1922 at Mohenjo-daro, near the Indus River in the Sindh, now both in Pakistan. Subsequently, vestiges of the civilization were found as far apart as Sutkagen Dor, near the shore of the Arabian Sea 300 miles (480 km) west...
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Indus Waters Treaty (India-Pakistan [1960])
The partition of India and Pakistan in 1947 left most of the irrigation canals fed by the rivers of the Indus system in Pakistani territory, while a large desert region remained unirrigated on the Indian side of the border. The Indus Water Treaty of 1960 fixed and delimited the rights and obligations of both countries concerning the use of waters of the Indus River system. Under the agreement,......
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Indus-Tsang-po Suture Zone (geological region, Asia)
...Indus River in the west and the Brahmaputra River (also called Tsang-po or Yarlung Zangbo Jiang) in the east. The last remnants of the Tethys Ocean floor can be found in what some refer to as the Indus-Tsang-po Suture Zone, where a jumble of volcanic and sedimentary rocks have been folded and thrust over one another in a narrow zone parallel to these rivers. North of this suture, a belt of......
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indusium (plant anatomy)
...or yellowish cluster of spore-producing structures (sporangia) usually located on the lower surface of fern leaves. A sorus may be protected during development by a scale or flap of tissue called an indusium. In rust and smut fungi, a sorus is a spore mass produced on the leaf of an infected plant. Reproductive structures called sori also occur in various species of marine algae. See also...
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industrial accident (safety)
In developed countries, accidents cause more loss of life and disability among children (except infants) than any disease. Road-traffic mishaps account for nearly half of the accidental deaths—usually the child involved being a pedestrian or cyclist. Accidents in the home, by way of burns and falls, account for another quarter. Boys are more at risk than girls, particularly if they are......
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Industrial and Commercial Bank of China (bank, China)
...include the People’s Construction Bank of China, responsible for capitalizing a portion of overall investment and for providing capital funds for certain industrial and construction enterprises; the Industrial and Commercial Bank of China, which conducts ordinary commercial transactions and acts as a savings bank for the public; the Agricultural Bank of China, which serves the agricultur...
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Industrial and Commercial Workers’ Union (union, South Africa)
...were illegal and often were put down with violence. Nevertheless, the period 1918–22 saw a great deal of working-class militancy, and in 1920 Clements Kadalie, a Nyasaland migrant, founded the Industrial and Commercial Workers’ Union (ICU). Initially consisting of dockworkers in Cape Town, the ICU spread rapidly as a mass movement in the towns and in the countryside, where those w...
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industrial architecture
Buildings for exchange, transportation, communication, manufacturing, and power production meet the principal needs of commerce and industry. In the past these needs were mostly unspecialized. They were met either within domestic architecture or in buildings distinguished from domestic types chiefly by their size. Stores, banks, hostelries, guildhalls, and factories required only space for more......
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Industrial Areas Foundation (American organization)
...campaign in a working-class area of Chicago; the result was the Back of the Yards Council, which became a prototype for a generation of community organizations. In 1940, Alinsky founded the Industrial Areas Foundation and trained cadres of organizers in his techniques. Following wartime service in several federal agencies, Alinsky and his IAF team carried their techniques to communities......
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industrial art
the design of mass-produced consumer products. Industrial designers, often trained as architects or other visual arts professionals, are usually part of a larger creative team. Their primary responsibility is to help produce manufactured items that not only work well but please the eye and, therefore, have a competitive advantage over similar products. The work of an industrial designer often rela...
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Industrial Bank of China (Chinese bank)
...In September 1920 the post of secretary general was created expressly for him. In 1921 he resigned after being accused of using his influence improperly in connection with the affairs of the Industrial Bank of China, of which his brother was a director. Reappointed secretary general in 1925, he accompanied Briand to Locarno and to London and conducted negotiations for resuming......
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Industrial Bank of Japan (Japanese bank)
former Japanese commercial bank that operated a general-banking and foreign-exchange business with branches in Japan and overseas. Established in 1902, the bank had specialized in medium- and long-term financing of industrial development, and both its main office and its foreign branches were active in the foreign-exchange markets. In September 2000, Industrial Bank of Japan merged with the ...
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industrial capitalism (economics)
Commercial capitalism proved to be only transitional. The succeeding form would be distinguished by the pervasive mechanization and industrialization of its productive processes, changes that introduced new dynamic tendencies into the economic system while significantly transforming the social and physical landscape....
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industrial ceramics
Ceramics are broadly defined as inorganic, nonmetallic materials that exhibit such useful properties as high strength and hardness, high melting temperatures, chemical inertness, and low thermal and electrical conductivity but that also display brittleness and sensitivity to flaws. As practical materials, they have a history almost as old as the human race. Traditional ceramic products, made from ...
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industrial city (sociology)
Industrial cities appeared after the full development of industrial capitalism in the core nation-states of the late 18th-century world system. Their urban cultural role fit well with the capitalist economic order that came to dominate all other social institutions. Capitalism depended on the production of commodities through wage labour in the interests of capital accumulation. The city became......
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Industrial Conciliation Act (South Africa [1924])
...1919, used artillery and aircraft to crush what became known as the Rand Revolt, at a cost of some 200 lives. This intense conflict between white unions and employers ended with the passage of the Industrial Conciliation Act in 1924, which set up new state structures for regulating industrial conflicts....
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Industrial Conciliation and Arbitration Act (New Zealand [1894])
...the installation of systems of compulsory arbitration that would oblige employers to deal with them. It was the Liberal government in New Zealand that enacted the first effective measure. The Industrial Conciliation and Arbitration Act of 1894 was drafted by that government’s most radical member, William Pember Reeves, a socialist among liberals. Addressing the problem of employers...
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industrial country (economics)
...Levy theorized in Modernization and the Structures of Societies (1960) that underdeveloped nations would inevitably develop institutions that paralleled those of the more economically advanced nations, which ultimately would lead to a global convergence of societies. Challenging the theory as a conservative defense of the West, Immanuel Wallerstein’s ......
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industrial customer (business)
Business customers, also known as industrial customers, purchase products or services to use in the production of other products. Such industries include agriculture, manufacturing, construction, transportation, and communication, among others. They differ from consumer markets in several respects. Because the customers are organizations, the market tends to have fewer and larger buyers than......
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Industrial Democracy (work by Sidney and Beatrice Webb)
...and his association with the Fabian Society. The first fruits, and the first success, of their collaborative effort were the great twin volumes The History of Trade Unionism (1894) and Industrial Democracy (1897). In these books the Webbs, in effect, introduced the economists and social historians of Britain to a part of British social life of which they had hitherto been......
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industrial design
the design of mass-produced consumer products. Industrial designers, often trained as architects or other visual arts professionals, are usually part of a larger creative team. Their primary responsibility is to help produce manufactured items that not only work well but please the eye and, therefore, have a competitive advantage over similar products. The work of an industrial designer often rela...
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Industrial Designers Society of America (American organization)
...and Craftsmen (founded in 1927), for instance, was followed by the American Designers Institute (1938) and the Society of Industrial Designers (1944), all of which eventually merged to form the Industrial Designers Society of America (1965). As with the Deutscher Werkbund and most professional organizations, these served to validate the profession in the view of the public and to facilitate......
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Industrial Development Corporation (Zambian organization)
...Reforms of April 1968, in which the government declared its intention to acquire an equity holding (usually 51 percent or more) in a number of key foreign-owned firms, to be controlled by the Industrial Development Corporation (INDECO). By January 1970 a majority holding had been acquired in the Zambian operations of the two major foreign mining corporations, the Anglo American......
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Industrial Development Corporation (South African organization)
The South African economy is essentially based on private enterprise, but the state participates in many ways. Through the Industrial Development Corporation, the apartheid-era government set up and controlled a wide array of public corporations, many relating to industrial infrastructure. Two such corporations—one, the country’s primary producer of iron and steel; the other, an impo...
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Industrial Development, Institute of (Colombian industrial organization)
Before the enactment of neoliberal reforms in the 1990s, the Institute of Industrial Development supplied the necessary capital for enterprises too large to be privately financed, investing large sums to strengthen the metalworking industry, to set up motor-vehicle assembly plants, to stimulate the construction of railroad cars and fishing vessels, and to encourage the manufacture of paper,......
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industrial diamond (mineral)
any diamond that is designated for industrial use, principally as a cutting tool or abrasive. In general, industrial diamonds are too badly flawed, irregularly shaped, poorly coloured, or small to be of value as gems, but they are of vital importance in the modern metalworking and mining industries. Their utility stems from the fact that diamond is the hardest natural substance known....
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industrial disease
any illness associated with a particular occupation or industry. Such diseases result from a variety of biological, chemical, physical, and psychological factors that are present in the work environment or are otherwise encountered in the course of employment. Occupational medicine is concerned with the effect of all kinds of work on health and the effect of health on a worker’s ability and...
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industrial dispute (labour)
...in the l930s, to Kohler, Wis., in the l950s. Whatever grievances workers have had in these situations, it is clear that economic issues do not offer a complete explanation of the bitterness of the disputes, in part because any grievance a resident may have is seen to be the fault of the company....
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industrial education
the academic and vocational preparation of students for jobs involving applied science and modern technology. It emphasizes the understanding and practical application of basic principles of science and mathematics, rather than the attainment of proficiency in manual skills that is properly the concern of vocational education. Technical education has as its objectives the preparation of graduates...
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industrial education
instruction intended to equip persons for industrial or commercial occupations. It may be obtained either formally in trade schools, technical secondary schools, or in on-the-job training programs or, more informally, by picking up the necessary skills on the job....
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industrial engineering
application of engineering principles and techniques of scientific management to the maintenance of a high level of productivity at optimum cost in industrial enterprises....
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industrial espionage
acquisition of trade secrets from business competitors. A by-product of the technological revolution, industrial espionage is a reaction to the efforts of many businessmen to keep secret their designs, formulas, manufacturing processes, research, and future plans in order to protect or expand their shares of the market....
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industrial fabric (textile)
This class of fabrics includes composition products, processing fabrics, and direct-use types....
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industrial feeding school (education)
any of the 19th-century English and Scottish institutions maintained through charity and fostering various educational and other services for poor children, such as elementary schooling, industrial training, religious instruction, clothing clubs, and messenger and bootblack brigades. The schools were allied in 1844 with the founding of the Ragged School Union in London. They rapidly died out afte...
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industrial gas (industrial and domestic)
Gases may act as local irritants to inflame mucous surfaces. Common examples include sulfur dioxide, chlorine, and fluorine, which have pungent odours and can severely irritate the eyes and the respiratory tract. Some gases, such as nitrogen oxides and phosgene, are much more insidious. Victims may be unaware of the danger of exposure because the immediate effects of these gases may be mild and......
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industrial glass
solid material that is normally lustrous and transparent in appearance and that shows great durability under exposure to the natural elements. These three properties—lustre, transparency, and durability—make glass a favoured material for such household objects as windowpanes, bottles, and lightbulbs. However, neither any of these properties alone nor all of them together are sufficie...
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industrial hygiene
...in industries working with new substances, the physician should determine if workers are being damaged and suggest preventive measures. The industrial physician may advise management about industrial hygiene and the need for safety devices and protective clothing and may become involved in building design. The physician or health worker may also inform the worker of occupational health......
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industrial injury insurance
social-welfare program through which employers bear some of the cost of their employees’ work-related injuries and occupational diseases. Workers’ compensation was first introduced in Germany in 1884, and by the middle of the 20th century most countries in the world had some kind of workers’ compensation or employment injuries legislation. Some systems take the form of compuls...
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Industrial Institute and College (university, Columbus, Mississippi, United States)
...automotive parts, plumbing products, furniture, paper, and wall coverings) and Columbus Air Force Base. The Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway Development Authority (1958) is headquartered in Columbus. Mississippi University for Women originated there in 1884 as the Industrial Institute and College (the first American state-supported college for women), and the city’s Franklin Academy (1821) w...
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Industrial Institute and College of Louisiana (university, Ruston, Louisiana, United States)
public, coeducational institution of higher learning in Ruston, Louisiana, U.S. It offers a broad range of undergraduate and graduate degree programs, emphasizing engineering, science, technology, and business and awarding doctorates in business, philosophy, and engineering. It operates the Trenchless Technology Center and the Mobile Automated Learning Laboratory, as well as res...
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Industrial Light and Magic (American film company)
To reduce the graininess that each generation of film adds to the original, concerns such as George Lucas’ Industrial Light and Magic produce their effects on 65-mm film. Others, notably Albert Whitlock, have revived the old practice of making matte effects on the camera negative. In the silent film days, this was achieved using a glass shot in which the actors were photographed through a p...
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industrial management
The third essential feature, a system of management, varies greatly. In a simple form of business association the members who provide the assets are entitled to participate in the management unless otherwise agreed. In the more complex form of association, such as the company or corporation of the Anglo-American common-law countries, members have no immediate right to participate in the......
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industrial marketing (economics)
Business marketing, sometimes called business-to-business marketing or industrial marketing, involves those marketing activities and functions that are targeted toward organizational customers. This type of marketing involves selling goods (and services) to organizations (public and private) to be used directly or indirectly in their own production or service-delivery operations. Some of the......
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industrial medicine
the branch of medicine concerned with the maintenance of health and the prevention and treatment of diseases and accidental injuries in working populations in the workplace....
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industrial melanism (biology)
the darkness—of the skin, feathers, or fur—acquired by a population of animals living in an industrial region where the environment is soot-darkened. The melanization of a population increases the probability that its members will survive and reproduce; it takes place over the course of many generations as the result of natural selection of the lighter, more conspicuous animals by p...
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industrial music (music)
dissonant electronic music that arose in the late 1970s in response to punk rock. Coined by British postpunk experimentalists Throbbing Gristle, the term industrial simultaneously evoked the genre’s bleak, dystopian worldview and its harsh, assaultive sound (“muzak for the death factories,” as Throbbing Gristle put it). Bel...
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industrial nation (economics)
...Levy theorized in Modernization and the Structures of Societies (1960) that underdeveloped nations would inevitably develop institutions that paralleled those of the more economically advanced nations, which ultimately would lead to a global convergence of societies. Challenging the theory as a conservative defense of the West, Immanuel Wallerstein’s ......
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Industrial Organization: Theory and Practice (work by Woodward)
Organizations differ greatly in their modes of production. In Industrial Organization: Theory and Practice (1965), the English management scholar Joan Woodward argued that an organization’s methods are determined by the class of “core technologies” that characterize its work: small batch (where the work must be adapted to the peculiarities of the curre...
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Industrial Organizations, Congress of (American labour organization)
American federation of autonomous labour unions formed in 1955 by the merger of the AFL (founded 1886), which originally organized workers in craft unions, and the CIO (founded 1935), which organized workers by industries....
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industrial polymers
chemical compounds used in the manufacture of synthetic industrial materials....
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industrial polymers, chemistry of
structure and composition of chemical compounds made up of long, chainlike molecules....
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industrial psychology
application of concepts and methods from several subspecialties of the discipline (such as learning, motivation, and social psychology) to business and institutional settings....
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Industrial Reconstruction, Institute for (Italian corporation)
...had to be rescued in the early 1930s, as did many large industrial companies. Two new state-run holding companies, the Italian Industrial Finance Institute (Istituto Mobiliare Italiano; IMI) and the Institute for Industrial Reconstruction (Istituto per la Ricostruzione Industriale; IRI), were set up to bail out failing firms and to provide capital for new industrial investment; they also......
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industrial relations
the behaviour of workers in organizations in which they earn their living....
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Industrial Relations Act (United Kingdom [1971])
...fines—a development even less welcome to British unions than to those in Australia. The proposals were withdrawn, but the successor Conservative government introduced a new legal code in the Industrial Relations Act of 1971, which included laws on unfair industrial practices and on legally binding agreements. These and various other provisions were to be enforced by a special Industrial....
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Industrial Relations Court (British labour)
...in the Industrial Relations Act of 1971, which included laws on unfair industrial practices and on legally binding agreements. These and various other provisions were to be enforced by a special Industrial Relations Court—in effect reversing the entire British tradition of legal abstention. Even then, unions refused to be contained within the tight legal framework that had been......
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industrial reseller (economics)
...manufacturers incorporate the purchased goods into their final products, which are then sold to final consumers (e.g., the manufacturer of television receivers buys tubes and transistors). Industrial resellers are middlemen—essentially wholesalers but in some cases retailers—who distribute goods to user customers, to original-equipment manufacturers, and to other middlemen....
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Industrial Revolution
in modern history, the process of change from an agrarian, handicraft economy to one dominated by industry and machine manufacture. This process began in England in the 18th century and from there spread to other parts of the world. Although used earlier by French writers, the term Industrial Revolution was first popularized by the English economic historian Arnold Toyn...
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Industrial Revolution, The (work by Toynbee)
...at Balliol, where his lectures on the economic history of the Industrial Revolution in Britain proved widely influential. The collection of his lectures, published posthumously as The Industrial Revolution in 1884, was one of the first economic histories of Britain’s industrial development in the 18th and 19th centuries....
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industrial robot
Industrial robotics is an automation technology that has received considerable attention since about 1960. This section will discuss the development of industrial robotics, the design of the robot manipulator, and the methods of programming robots. The applications of robots are examined below in the section Manufacturing applications of automation and robotics....
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industrial safety (condition)
those activities that seek either to minimize or to eliminate hazardous conditions that can cause bodily injury. Safety precautions fall under two principal headings, occupational safety and public safety. Occupational safety is concerned with risks encountered in areas where people work: offices, manufacturing plants, farms, construction sites, and commercial and retail facilities. Public safety...
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industrial school (penology)
correctional institution for the treatment, training, and social rehabilitation of young offenders....
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industrial sewage
There are three types of wastewater, or sewage: domestic sewage, industrial sewage, and storm sewage. Domestic sewage carries used water from houses and apartments; it is also called sanitary sewage. Industrial sewage is used water from manufacturing or chemical processes. Storm sewage, or storm water, is runoff from precipitation that is collected in a system of pipes or open channels....
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industrial ship
Industrial ships are those whose function is to carry out an industrial process at sea. A fishing-fleet mother ship that processes fish into fillets, canned fish, or fish meal is an example. Some floating oil drilling or production rigs are built in ship form. In addition, some hazardous industrial wastes are incinerated far at sea on ships fitted with the necessary incinerators and supporting......
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industrial society
the process of converting to a socioeconomic order in which industry is dominant....
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Industrial Training Act (United Kingdom [1964])
...Training schemes also have been supported by professional groups, such as the International City Managers’ Association, the Public Personnel Association, and the Council of State Governments. The Industrial Training Act, which came into force in Great Britain in 1964, provided for the establishment of an Industrial Training Board for each industry to make specific recommendations concern...
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Industrial Training Board (British government agency)
...Association, the Public Personnel Association, and the Council of State Governments. The Industrial Training Act, which came into force in Great Britain in 1964, provided for the establishment of an Industrial Training Board for each industry to make specific recommendations concerning the form and content of training courses and the standards to be set, and to recommend appropriate further......
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industrial truck
carrier designed to transport materials within a factory area with maximum flexibility in making moves. Most industrial trucks permit mechanized pickup and deposit of the loads, eliminating manual work in lifting as well as transporting. Depending on their means of locomotion, industrial trucks may be classified as hand trucks or power trucks....
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industrial union (trade union)
trade union that combines all workers, both skilled and unskilled, who are employed in a particular industry. At the heart of industrial unionism is the slogan “one shop, one union.”...
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Industrial Workers of the World (labour organization)
labour organization founded in Chicago in 1905 by representatives of 43 groups. The IWW opposed the American Federation of Labor’s acceptance of capitalism and its refusal to include unskilled workers in craft unions....
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industrial-organizational psychology
application of concepts and methods from several subspecialties of the discipline (such as learning, motivation, and social psychology) to business and institutional settings....
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industrialization
the process of converting to a socioeconomic order in which industry is dominant....
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Industries, Confederation of (Italian business association)
...1984 that imposed a ceiling on payments, the scala mobile was gradually dismantled (and abolished in 1992) under pressure from the employers’ association, the Confederation of Industries (Confindustria). This was reflected in a sharp fall in inflation to 12 percent in 1984 and down to 4.2 percent in 1986. However, a three-year contract signed in 19...
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Industrious Bee (Russian magazine)
...called “Monthly Works” (1755–64). The first privately published Russian magazine, a critical periodical with essays and translations from the British Spectator, was called “Industrious Bee” and began in 1759. Catherine II used her Vsiakaia Vsiachina (1769–70), also modeled on the Spectator, to attack opponents, among them Nikolay......
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industry
a group of productive enterprises or organizations that produce or supply goods, services, or sources of income. In economics, industries are customarily classified as primary, secondary, and tertiary; secondary industries are further classified as heavy and light. ...
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Industry and Idleness (painting by Hogarth)
...Gin Lane, and Four Stages of Cruelty (1751) he cut deliberately crudely on wood blocks to make them cheaper and facilitate a wide distribution. Industry and Idleness (1747) contains, in addition to its obvious moral message, a good deal of self-dramatization, depicting the virtuous apprentice made good in a hostile world. In these years......
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Indy 500 (automobile race)
U.S. automobile race held annually from 1911, except for the war years 1917–18 and 1942–45. The race is always run at Indianapolis Motor Speedway in Speedway, a suburban enclave of Indianapolis, Indiana. Drawing crowds of several hundred thousand people, the race is among the world’s best-attended single-day sporting events. It is held on ...
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Indy, Paul-Marie-Theodore-Vincent d’ (French composer)
French composer and teacher, remarkable for his attempted, and partially successful, reform of French symphonic and dramatic music along lines indicated by César Franck....
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Indy Racing League (American racing organization)
...Championship Auto Racing Teams (CART) was formed in 1979. By the mid-1990s CART had successfully replaced USAC as the leading power in IndyCar racing. In 1996 speedway owner Tony George formed the Indy Racing League (IRL) to counteract the influence of CART. The IRL has overseen the 500 since 1997. CART went bankrupt in 2003 and was re-formed the following year as Champ Car. In 2008 the IRL......
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Indy, Vincent d’ (French composer)
French composer and teacher, remarkable for his attempted, and partially successful, reform of French symphonic and dramatic music along lines indicated by César Franck....
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Ine (king of Wessex)
Anglo-Saxon king of the West Saxons, or Wessex, from 688 to 726. One of the most powerful West Saxon rulers before Alfred the Great, Ine was the first West Saxon king to issue a code of laws, which are an important source for the structure of early English society....
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Ineffabilis Deus (bull by Pope Pius IX)
...the councils of Basel (1439) and Trent (1546). It was not, however, until Dec. 8, 1854, that Pius IX, urged by the majority of Catholic bishops throughout the world, solemnly declared in the bull Ineffabilis Deus that the doctrine was revealed by God and hence was to be firmly believed as such by all Catholics. The feast of the Immaculate Conception is celebrated on December 8....
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inégalité (music)
...ones, also served contemporary preference for subtlety and unevenness of rhythm. As the century progressed and national styles drew further apart, there evolved a specifically French tradition of inégalité: performing certain evenly written notes unequally, with alternately longer and shorter values....
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inelastic collision (physics)
...of collision may occur: elastic and inelastic. In an elastic collision, the total kinetic energy of all the particles participating in the collision is the same before and after the event. In an inelastic collision, a fraction of the kinetic energy is transferred to the internal energy of the colliding particles. In an atom, for example, the electrons have certain allowed (discrete) energies......
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inelastic impact (physics)
...of collision may occur: elastic and inelastic. In an elastic collision, the total kinetic energy of all the particles participating in the collision is the same before and after the event. In an inelastic collision, a fraction of the kinetic energy is transferred to the internal energy of the colliding particles. In an atom, for example, the electrons have certain allowed (discrete) energies......
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inelastic neutron scattering (physics)
...of neutrons is aimed at a target material, and the resultant scattering of the neutrons yields information about that material’s atomic structure. Brockhouse developed a variant technique known as inelastic neutron scattering, in which the relative energies of the scattered neutrons are measured to yield additional data. He used inelastic neutron scattering in his pioneering examination ...
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inelastic scattering (physics)
...of neutrons is aimed at a target material, and the resultant scattering of the neutrons yields information about that material’s atomic structure. Brockhouse developed a variant technique known as inelastic neutron scattering, in which the relative energies of the scattered neutrons are measured to yield additional data. He used inelastic neutron scattering in his pioneering examination ...
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inelastic strain (mechanics)
The most common mechanical properties are yield stress, elongation, hardness, and toughness. The first two are measured in a tensile test, where a sample is loaded until it begins to undergo plastic strain (i.e., strain that is not recovered when the sample is unloaded). This stress is called the yield stress. It is a property that is the same for various samples of the same alloy, and......
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inequality (mathematics)
...then A bears it to C. In arithmetic, the property of equality is transitive, for if A = B and B = C, then A = C. Likewise is the property inequality if the two inequalities have the same sense: that is, if A is greater than B (i.e., A > B) and B > C, then A > C...
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inequigranular rock (geology)
Rocks that are unevenly grained, or inequigranular, are generally characterized either by a seriate fabric, in which the variation in grain size is gradual and essentially continuous, or by a porphyritic fabric, involving more than one distinct range of grain sizes. Both of these kinds of texture are common. The relatively large crystals in a porphyritic rock......
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inerrancy (biblical criticism)
...Theological Seminary argued for the verbal (word-for-word) inspiration of Scripture and affirmed that the Bible was not only infallible (correct when it spoke on matters of faith and morals) but inerrant (correct when it spoke on any matters, including history and science)....
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inert gas (chemical elements)
any of the seven chemical elements that make up Group 18 (VIIIa) of the periodic table. The elements are helium (He), neon (Ne), argon (Ar), krypton (Kr), xenon (Xe), radon (Rn), and element 118 (temporarily named ununoctium [Uuo...
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inert indicator electrode
Inert-indicator-electrode potentiometry utilizes oxidationreduction reactions. The potential of a solution that contains an oxidation-reduction couple (e.g., Fe3+ and Fe2+) is dependent on the identity of the couple and on the activities of the oxidized and reduced chemical species in the couple. For a general reduction half reaction of the form Ox +......
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inertia (physics)
property of a body by virtue of which it opposes any agency that attempts to put it in motion or, if it is moving, to change the magnitude or direction of its velocity. Inertia is a passive property and does not enable a body to do anything except oppose such active agents as forces and torques. A moving body keeps moving not because of its inertia but only because of the absence of a force to slo...
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inertia, law of (physics)
...magnitude is included in the definition.) Newton then defined force (also a vector quantity) in terms of its effect on moving objects and in the process formulated his three laws of motion: (1) The momentum of an object is constant unless an outside force acts on the object; this means that any object either remains at rest or continues uniform motion in a straight line unless acted on by a......
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inertia, moment of (physics)
in physics, quantitative measure of the rotational inertia of a body—i.e., the opposition that the body exhibits to having its speed of rotation about an axis altered by the application of a torque (turning force). The axis may be internal or external and may or may not be fixed. The moment of inertia (I), however, is always specified with respect to that axis and ...
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inertial bone conduction (physiology)
...skull. The result is that the oval window moves with respect to the footplate of the stapes, which gives the same effect as if the stapes itself were vibrating. This form of transmission is known as inertial bone conduction. In otosclerosis the fixed stapes interferes with inertial, but not with compressional, bone conduction....
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inertial confinement fusion (physics)
In an inertial confinement fusion (ICF) reactor, a tiny solid pellet of fuel—such as deuterium-tritium (D-T)—would be compressed to tremendous density and temperature so that fusion power is produced in the few nanoseconds before the pellet blows apart. The compression is accomplished by focusing an intense laser beam or a charged particle beam, referred to as the driver, upon the......
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inertial force (physics)
any force invoked by an observer to maintain the validity of Isaac Newton’s second law of motion in a reference frame that is rotating or otherwise accelerating at a constant rate. For specific inertial forces, see centrifugal force; Coriolis force; d’Alembert’s principle....
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