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a member of the Goidelic group of Celtic languages, spoken in Ireland. As one of the national languages of the Republic of Ireland, Irish is taught in the public schools and is required for certain civil-service posts....

one of two groups of the modern Celtic languages; the group includes Irish, Manx, and Scottish Gaelic. The Goidelic languages originated in Ireland and are distinguished from the other group of Insular Celtic tongues—the Brythonic—by the retention of the sound q (later developing to k, spelled ...

flowering of Irish literary talent at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century that was closely allied with a strong political nationalism and a revival of interest in Ireland’s Gaelic literary heritage. The renaissance was inspired by the nationalistic pride of the Gaelic revival; by the retelling of ancient heroic legends in books such as the History...

Dublin theatre, established in 1904. It grew out of the Irish Literary Theatre (founded in 1899 by William Butler Yeats and Isabella Augusta, Lady Gregory, and devoted to fostering Irish poetic drama), which in 1902 was taken over by the Irish National Dramatic Society, led by W.G. and Frank J. Fay and formed to present Irish actors in Irish plays. In 1903 thi...

...Irish poetic drama), which in 1902 was taken over by the Irish National Dramatic Society, led by W.G. and Frank J. Fay and formed to present Irish actors in Irish plays. In 1903 this became the Irish National Theatre Society, with which many leading figures of the Irish literary renaissance were closely associated. The quality of its productions was quickly recognized, and in 1904 an......

the body of written works produced by the Irish. This article discusses Irish literature written in English from about 1690; its history is closely linked with that of English literature. Irish-language literature is treated separately under Celtic literature....

The son of a Roman Catholic wine merchant, Moore graduated from Trinity College, Dublin, in 1799 and then studied law in London. His major poetic work, Irish Melodies (1807–34), earned him an income of £500 annually for a quarter of a century. It contained such titles as The Last Rose of Summer and Oft in the Stilly Night. The....

(Chondrus crispus), species of red tufted seaweed with thin fronds from 5 to 25 cm (2 to 10 inches) long that grows abundantly along the rocky parts of the Atlantic coast of the British Isles, continental Europe, and North America. The plant is cartilaginous, varying in colour from a greenish yellow to a dark purple; when sun-dried and bleached it has a yellowish, translucent, hornlike aspe...

...Irish poetic drama), which in 1902 was taken over by the Irish National Dramatic Society, led by W.G. and Frank J. Fay and formed to present Irish actors in Irish plays. In 1903 this became the Irish National Theatre Society, with which many leading figures of the Irish literary renaissance were closely associated. The quality of its productions was quickly recognized, and in 1904 an......

...Parnell’s release (May 2, 1882), caused a general revulsion against terrorism, and Parnell had little difficulty in bringing the nationalist movement again under firm discipline, subordinating the Irish National League (the successor to the Land League) to the Home Rule Party in Parliament....

...Irish poetic drama), which in 1902 was taken over by the Irish National Dramatic Society, led by W.G. and Frank J. Fay and formed to present Irish actors in Irish plays. In 1903 this became the Irish National Theatre Society, with which many leading figures of the Irish literary renaissance were closely associated. The quality of its productions was quickly recognized, and in 1904 an......

lace made with a needle in Ireland from the late 1840s, when the craft was introduced as a famine-relief measure. Technically and stylistically influenced by 17th-century Venetian needle lace, it arose in several centres through the enterprise of individuals, especially the mother superiors of convents, who unraveled old examples to learn the technique and then taught the pupil...

In Ireland, Fenian ideals were propagated in the newspaper The Irish People; and in 1865 four Fenian leaders, Charles Kickham, John O’Leary, Thomas Clarke Luby, and Jeremiah O’Donovan Rossa, were sentenced to long-term imprisonment for publishing treasonable documents. During the next two years, plans gradually developed for a projected nationwide rising...

famine that occurred in Ireland in 1845–49 when the potato crop failed in successive years. The crop failures were caused by late blight, a disease that destroys both the leaves and the edible roots, or tubers, of the potato plant. The causative agent of late blight is the fungus Phytophthora infestans. The Irish Potato Famine was the worst famin...

...Green in the centre of the city began operating in 2004. Connolly and Heuston are the capital’s two railway stations; Connolly serves the north and northwest, Heuston the south, southwest, and west. Irish Railways (Iarnród Éireann), a subsidiary of Córas Iompair Éireann (CIE), the national transport company, provides suburban services and intercity connections...

(1798), an uprising of Irish Roman Catholics seeking parliamentary reform and complete Catholic emancipation....

...as the 16th century. Except in the Scottish Highlands, they disappeared under the influence of the Presbyterian church in the 17th century; they reappeared in the Scottish Lowlands after 1700. The Irish reel, or cor, is distinguished by more complex figurations and styling and may be either a solo or a set dance to reel music. Reels are danced, less commonly, in England and Wales and,......

republican paramilitary organization seeking the end of British rule in Northern Ireland and the unification of the province with the republic of Ireland....

...in Ireland against British government there, which began on Easter Monday, April 24, 1916, in Dublin. The insurrection was planned by Patrick Pearse, Tom Clarke, and several other leaders of the Irish Republican Brotherhood, which was a revolutionary society within the nationalist organization called the Irish Volunteers; the latter had about 16,000 members and was armed with German weapons......

(1798), an uprising of Irish Roman Catholics seeking parliamentary reform and complete Catholic emancipation....

...the disintegration of the Western Empire, the Merovingian Franks used a Roman provincial script for their documents. Distinctive forms developed elsewhere, in Visigothic Spain and in Ireland. The Irish script, a half uncial (uncials are rounded letters) and a minuscule script, spread to Anglo-Saxon England and thence to the European continent. Under the Carolingian rulers, a particularly......

arm of the North Atlantic Ocean that separates Ireland from Great Britain. The Irish Sea is bounded by Scotland on the north, England on the east, Wales on the south, and Ireland on the west. The sea is connected with the Atlantic by the North Channel between Northern Ireland and Scotland and by St. George’s Channel between the southeastern tip of Ireland and southwestern...

breed of sporting dog renowned for its elegant build and its bright, mahogany-coloured coat; it was developed in early 18th-century Ireland to locate birds for the hunter. Probably of English and Gordon setter, spaniel, and pointer ancestry, it stands about 25 to 27 inches (63.5 to 69 cm) and weighs 60 to 70 pounds (27 to 32 kg). Its shiny coat is straight and flat, with feather...

...have been called the four pillars of Hungarian cooking. Bigos, a hunter’s stew of Poland, combines a variety of fresh and cured meats, game, cabbage or sauerkraut, and aromatic vegetables. Irish stew is a simple “white” dish of mutton, onions, and potatoes. A Greek stifado of beef is flavoured with red wine, onions, tomatoes, bay leaf, and garlic, and it may c...

...Union [EU]). In addition to the major clearing banks, all of which have their main offices in Dublin, there has been a rapid increase in the number of other banks, principally from EU countries. The Irish Stock Exchange, an integral part of the British Stock Exchange system, is also located in central Dublin and is one of the oldest such markets in the world, trading continuously since 1793....

The Reformation period began with the passage in 1537 of the Irish Supremacy Act, which asserted the English king’s supremacy in the Irish as well as the English Church. It was, however, a superficial Reformation. The dissolution of the monasteries was only partial, and, because of the scant knowledge of English, liturgical changes were few. No attempt was made to win the mass of the Irish....

one of the largest lotteries promoted internationally; it was authorized by the Irish government in 1930 to benefit Irish hospitals. A private trust was formed to run the lottery and market tickets throughout the world. During the 57 years of its existence, the contest derived more revenue from the United States than from any other country, although all the tickets sold there were smuggled in and ...

penal method originated in the early 1850s by Sir Walter Crofton; it emphasized training and performance as the instruments of reform. The Irish system consisted of three phases: a period of solitary confinement; a period of congregate work, in which the prisoner advanced to higher levels by credits earned for industry and good behaviour; and, finally, a period in “intermediate prisons...

dog developed in Ireland, one of the oldest breeds of terriers. Nicknamed the “daredevil,” it has earned the reputation of being adaptable, loyal, spirited, and recklessly courageous. It served as a messenger and sentinel dog in World War I, and it has been used to hunt and to retrieve game. The Irish terrier is a sturdily built dog with racier lines than those of ...

Tourism is the largest component of the country’s net invisible earnings. Its value has increased considerably since the 1950s, in large part because of the promotional efforts of the Irish Tourist Board (Bord Fáilte Éireann) and that body’s work in encouraging new hotel construction, developing resort areas, extending sporting facilities, and increasing tourist ameniti...

The Irish Transport System (Córas Iompair Éireann) has financial control over three autonomous operating companies—Irish Rail (Iarnród Éireann), Dublin Bus (Bus Átha Cliath), and Irish Bus (Bus Éireann). An electrified commuter rail system, the Dublin Area Rapid Transport, opened in Dublin in 1984. There are rail services between the principal......

A complex instrument of similar date is the bellows-blown Irish union pipe. Its chanter is stopped on the knee both for staccato and to jump the reed to the higher octave, giving this bagpipe a melodic compass of two octaves (in contrast to the more common compass of nine tones). The three drones are held in one stock with three accompanying pipes, or regulators. These resemble the chanter in......

...all the officers in the cavalry brigade at the Curragh suddenly announced in March 1914 that they would resign if ordered to move against the Ulster volunteers. Meanwhile, a nationalist force, the Irish Volunteers, had been launched in Dublin in November 1913 to counter the UVF. Both forces gathered arms, and Ireland was on the verge of civil war when World War I broke out. Assured of......

...made all legislation passed by the Irish Parliament subject to approval by the English Parliament. Two years later the British—again in response to Grattan’s demands and to pressure from the Irish Volunteers, a militia organized to defend Ireland against possible French invasion—relinquished their right to legislate for Ireland and freed the Irish Parliament from subservien...

...all the officers in the cavalry brigade at the Curragh suddenly announced in March 1914 that they would resign if ordered to move against the Ulster volunteers. Meanwhile, a nationalist force, the Irish Volunteers, had been launched in Dublin in November 1913 to counter the UVF. Both forces gathered arms, and Ireland was on the verge of civil war when World War I broke out. Assured of......

During the Irish War of Independence (1919–21) the IRA, under the leadership of Michael Collins, employed guerrilla tactics—including ambushes, raids, and sabotage—to force the British government to negotiate. The resulting settlement established two new political entities: the Irish Free State, which comprised 26 counties and was granted dominion status within the British......

breed of sporting dog developed in Ireland in the 1830s for retrieving game; its ancestors were other curly coated water retrievers. The Irish water spaniel has a distinctive liver-coloured (brown-red) curly coat that covers everything except its face and “rat” tail and forms a characteristic topknot that falls over the top of its head and ears. The coat sheds wate...

Irish whiskeys taste much like Scotch but without the smoky quality. They are produced by methods similar to those for Scotch whisky, but the malt is not exposed to smoke during roasting. Irish whiskeys pass through three distillations and are sometimes blended with neutral grain whiskeys to produce a lighter-bodied product....

tallest of all dog breeds, a keen-sighted hound used in Ireland for many years to hunt wolves and other game. An ancient breed, first mentioned about the 2nd century ad, it is similar in build to the greyhound but far more powerful. The female, which is smaller than the male, stands a minimum of 30 inches (76 cm) and weighs a minimum of 105 pounds (48 kg); the male...

(all three are lumber trade names), an ornamental evergreen tree of the yew family (Taxaceae), widely distributed throughout Europe and Asia as far east as the Himalayas. Some botanists consider the Himalayan form to be a separate species, called Himalayan yew. Rising to a height of from 10 to 30 m (about 35 to 100 feet), the tree has spreading branches and slightly drooping branchlets. The bark ...

...Kilkenny, Ireland. It lies on both banks of the River Nore, about 30 miles (50 km) north of Waterford. The ancient capital of the kingdom of Ossory, Kilkenny in Norman times had two townships: Irishtown, which had its charter from the bishops of Ossory; and Englishtown, which was established by William Marshal, earl of Pembroke, and was raised to the status of a city in 1609. The two were......

...that had a permanent influence on the industry—e.g., soft-focus photography, using a light-diffusion screen in front of the camera lens; the fade-out, used to close a scene; and the iris shot, in which the frame either is gradually blacked out in a shrinking circle, thereby ending a scene, or gradually opened in a widening circle, beginning a scene. He refined methods of taking......

Anterior uveitis is called iritis if the inflammation is confined to the iris, cyclitis if it affects only the ciliary body, and iridocyclitis if both structures are involved. Anterior uveitis causes contraction of the pupil and deposition of clumps of cells on the iris and the cornea. The pupillary edges of the iris may adhere to the lens, impeding the flow of the aqueous humour. The resultant......

city and administrative centre of Irkutsk oblast (province), east-central Russia. The city lies along the Angara River at its confluence with the Irkut River. It was founded as a wintering camp in 1652, during the first Russian colonization of the area; a fort was built in 1661, and Irkutsk rapidly became the main centre of Cisbaikalia and...

oblast (province), east-central Russia, occupying an area of 296,500 square miles (767,900 square km) west and north of Lake Baikal. It consists mostly of the hills and broad valleys of the Central Siberian Plateau and of its eastern extension, the Patom Plateau. In the south the oblast extends to the eastern crestline...

...Championship Auto Racing Teams (CART) was formed in 1979. By the mid-1990s CART had successfully replaced USAC as the leading power in IndyCar racing. In 1996 speedway owner Tony George formed the Indy Racing League (IRL) to counteract the influence of CART. The IRL has overseen the 500 since 1997. CART went bankrupt in 2003 and was re-formed the following year as Champ Car. In 2008 the IRL......

...effects. To the south of the new cathedral stand the Neoclassical Colegio de Anaya (1760–68), designed by José Mamerto Hermosilla, and the only remaining old residential college, the Colegio de Fonseca (1527–78), generally known as the Colegio de los Irlandeses because it was ceded after the Peninsular War (1808–14) to the Irish as a seminary and was so used until......

Scottish writer, theologian, and diplomatist, whose treatise The Meroure of Wyssdome is the earliest extant example of original Scots prose....

IRM (isothermal remanent magnetization) results from the application of a magnetic field at a constant (isothermal) temperature, often room temperature....

...system by a so-called releasing mechanism (RM) and are responsible for triggering the specific motor response appropriate to the stimulus. If the releasing mechanism is innate, it is termed an IRM. If it is acquired through individual experience, it is termed an ARM. Some innate releasing mechanisms may be modified as a result of individual experience; such a mechanism is termed an IRMe....

...Pelling, Jack Martin Smith, Elven Webb for CleopatraMusic Score (Substantially Original): John Addison for Tom JonesScoring of Music Adaptation or Treatment: André Previn for Irma La DouceSong: “Call Me Irresponsible” from Papa’s Delicate Condition; music by James Van Heusen, lyrics by Sammy Cahn...

...an IRM. If it is acquired through individual experience, it is termed an ARM. Some innate releasing mechanisms may be modified as a result of individual experience; such a mechanism is termed an IRMe....

...by the Huns in the second quarter of the 5th century, but by 500 they had established a large kingdom stretching from the Harz mountains to the Danube. As a result of the defeat of their king, Irminfrid, at Burgscheidungen (in the present-day state of Saxony-Anhalt), on the Unstrut River, by the Frankish kings Theodoric I and Chlotar I in 531, their territory was reduced to the Harz......

branch of the warm North Atlantic Current, flowing generally westward along the south coast of Iceland. It divides into two currents west of Iceland. One proceeds northward and then eastward around Iceland, and the other flows westward and then southwestward, merging with the East Greenland and, eventually, the West Greenland currents. The Irminger Current is a rather saline flow that represents ...

one of the scholars who revived Roman legal studies in Italy and the first of a long series of noted legal glossators and teachers of law (late 11th–middle 13th century) at the University of Bologna....

(IRO), temporary specialized agency of the United Nations that, between its formal establishment in 1946 and its termination in January 1952, assisted refugees and displaced persons in many countries of Europe and Asia who either could not return to their countries of origin or were unwilling to return for political reasons. Beginning operations on July 1, 1947, the IRO took ov...

...again, but that marriage foundered as Uno achieved success with her writing and pursued other lovers. She established her literary reputation with the novel Iro zange (1935; Confessions of Love), a vivid, widely popular account of the love affairs of a male artist. The character was based on the painter Tōgō Seiji, well known in Tokyo for having......

Under the constitution adopted in 1979, the government consists of a president elected by a unicameral, 33-member parliament known as the Nitijela. The Council of Iroji (Chiefs) has mainly a consultative function, concerned with traditional laws and customs....

wood of the iroko tree (Chlorophora excelsa), native to the west coast of Africa. It is sometimes called African, or Nigerian, teak, but the iroko is unrelated to the teak family. The wood is tough, dense, and very durable. It is often used in cabinetmaking and paneling as a substitute for teak, which it resembles both in colour (light brown to deep golden-brown) and in grain. ...

wood of the iroko tree (Chlorophora excelsa), native to the west coast of Africa. It is sometimes called African, or Nigerian, teak, but the iroko is unrelated to the teak family. The wood is tough, dense, and very durable. It is often used in cabinetmaking and paneling as a substitute for teak, which it resembles both in colour (light brown to deep golden-brown) and in grain. ...

chemical element, metal of Group VIIIb of the periodic table, the most used and cheapest metal....

Pressing has two major divisions: buck pressing and iron pressing. A buck press is a machine for pressing a garment or section between two contoured, heated, pressure surfaces that may have steam and vacuum systems in either or both surfaces. Before 1905 all garment pressing was done by hand irons heated directly by gas flame, stove plate heat, or electricity; the introduction of the steam buck......

(1750), in U.S. colonial history, one of the British Trade and Navigation acts; it was intended to stem the development of colonial manufacturing in competition with home industry by restricting the growth of the American iron industry to the supply of raw metals. To meet British needs, pig iron and iron bar made in the colonies were permitted to enter England duty free. In the...

final technological and cultural stage in the Stone–Bronze–Iron-Age sequence. The date of the full Iron Age, in which this metal for the most part replaced bronze in implements and weapons, varied geographically, beginning in the Middle East and southeastern Europe about 1200 bc but in China not until about 600 bc. Although in the Middl...

an alloy of iron (less than 50 percent) and one or more other metals, important as a source of various metallic elements in the production of alloy steels. The principal ferroalloys are ferromanganese, ferrochromium, ferromolybdenum, ferrotitanium, ferrovanadium, ferrosilicon, ferroboron, and ferrophosphorus. These are brittle and unsuitable for direct use in fabricating products, but they are a ...

For much of its history, British Steel was a government-owned corporation established by the Iron and Steel Act of March 22, 1967, when the firm assumed ownership of 14 major steel companies in the United Kingdom: Colvilles Limited; Consett Iron Company Limited; Dorman, Long & Co., Limited; English Steel Corporation Limited; G.K.N. Steel Company Limited; John Summers & Sons Limited; ...

...and umbers (browns). Certain compounds of chromium are used to provide chrome yellows, oranges, and greens, while various compounds of cadmium yield brilliant yellows, oranges, and reds. Iron, or Prussian, blue and ultramarine blue are the most widely used blue pigments and are both inorganic in origin. ...

...last entry in the Table is an application of metallic glasses having magnetic properties. These are typically iron-rich amorphous solids with compositions such as Fe0.8B0.2 iron-boron and Fe0.8B0.1Si0.1 iron-boron-silicon. They are readily formed as long metallic glass ribbons by melt spinning or as wide sheets by planar flow casting.......

...having magnetic properties. These are typically iron-rich amorphous solids with compositions such as Fe0.8B0.2 iron-boron and Fe0.8B0.1Si0.1 iron-boron-silicon. They are readily formed as long metallic glass ribbons by melt spinning or as wide sheets by planar flow casting. Ferromagnetic glasses are mechanically hard materials, but they......

structure that is generally considered the first cast-iron bridge, spanning the River Severn at Ironbridge, near Coalbrookdale, in Shropshire, England. It is now a British national monument. The bridge’s semicircular arch spans 100.5 feet (30.6 m) and has five arch ribs, each cast in two halves. Designed by Abraham Darby or Thomas Pritchard, the bridge was erected by Darby in 1777–7...

...carbon (the majority lying in the range of 0.01 to 1.2 percent), and cast irons with 2 to 4 percent carbon. At the carbon contents typical of steels, iron carbide (Fe3C), also known as cementite, is formed; this leads to the formation of pearlite, which in a microscope can be seen to consist of alternate laths of alpha-ferrite and cementite. Cementite is harder and stronger than......

...radio-frequency currents—i.e., the currents used for radio transmission; they consist of two or more coils wound around a solid insulating substance or on an insulating coil form. Iron-core transformers serve analogous functions in the audio-frequency range....

...in the theatre, and there are three types: counterbalance, electrical, and fluid drive. The simplest method of hoisting is by counterbalancing, and there are two types: the hemp system and the iron-counterweight system. In the hemp system, sandbags and iron ingots are used as a counterbalance. Four to six lines are attached to a batten; each line passes over its associated “loft......

Prussian military decoration instituted in 1813 by Frederick William III for distinguished service in the Prussian War of Liberation. Use of the decoration was revived by William I for the Franco-Prussian War of 1870, recreated in 1914 for World War I, and last revived by Adolf Hitler on Sept. 1, 1939, the same day that German forces invaded Poland....

originally an armlet or perhaps a votive crown, as suggested by its small size, that was presented to the Cathedral of Monza, where it is preserved as a holy relic. No firm record exists of its use for coronations before that of Henry VII as Holy Roman emperor in 1312....

the political, military, and ideological barrier erected by the Soviet Union after World War II to seal off itself and its dependent eastern European allies from open contact with the West and other noncommunist areas. The term Iron Curtain had been in occasional and varied use as a metaphor since the 19th century, but it came to prominence only after it was used by the former B...

...Fulton, steamboat engineer and inventor. Fulton is the seat of Westminster College (1851) and William Woods University (1870). At Westminster College, Sir Winston Churchill delivered his “Iron Curtain” speech on March 5, 1946. To commemorate the occasion, the college brought from London and reconstructed on its campus the 12th-century Church of St. Mary the Virgin, Aldermanbury,.....

anemia that develops due to a lack of the mineral iron, the main function of which is in the formation of hemoglobin, the blood pigment that carries oxygen from the blood to the tissues. Iron deficiency anemia, the most common anemia, occurs when the body’s loss of iron is high and its iron stores are depleted—as during periods...

There are two main dialects of Ossetic: the eastern, known as Iron, and the western, known as Digor (Digoron). Of these, Digor is the more archaic, Iron words being often a syllable shorter than their Digor counterparts—e.g., Digor madä, Iron mad “mother.” Iron is spoken by the majority of Ossetic speakers and is the basis of the literary language.....

British army commander during the Napoleonic Wars and later prime minister of Great Britain (1828–30). He first rose to military prominence in India, won successes in the Peninsular War in Spain (1808–14), and shared in the victory over Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo (1815)....

American wrestling champion and boxing trainer....

Native American actor who appeared in about 100 motion pictures and a number of television programs but made his greatest impact on the American public when a single tear ran down his face as he gazed upon a litter-filled and polluted landscape in a 1971 public-service TV commercial for Keep America Beautiful (b. April 3, 1907?, Oklahoma—d. Jan. 4, 1999, Los Angeles, Calif.)....

...of, behind, within, and above the audience. His intention was to revive the festival spirit and incorporate the audience into the spectacle, and his methods were not restricted to the spatial. In The Iron Flood, a play about guerrillas in the Russian Civil War, the audience was kept outside the theatre until the Red Army arrived to break open the doors and the audience flooded into the.....

...the old masters because of its warm, luminous colour qualities was known as bistre. It was prepared by boiling wood soot to obtain a liquid, transparent brown extract. The third important ink was an iron gall, or chemical, ink. Its principal ingredients were iron sulfate, the extract of gall nuts, and a gum arabic solution. It was, in fact, the common writing ink for centuries and was employed....

the last gorge of the Ðerdap gorge system on the Danube River, dividing the Carpathian and Balkan mountains and forming part of the boundary between Serbia and Romania. It is about 2 miles (3 km) long and 530 feet (162 metres) wide, with towering rock cliffs that make it one of the most dramatic natural wonders of Europe. Near the tow...

...obstructed nearly the whole width of the river until the construction of the Sip Canal in 1896. A joint development project of Romania and Yugoslavia on the Danube River (including a dam and hydroelectric power plant) was completed in 1972, providing equal amounts of energy to each country and quadrupling the annual tonnage of shipping. The name Iron Gate is commonly applied to the whole......

...obstructed nearly the whole width of the river until the construction of the Sip Canal in 1896. A joint development project of Romania and Yugoslavia on the Danube River (including a dam and hydroelectric power plant) was completed in 1972, providing equal amounts of energy to each country and quadrupling the annual tonnage of shipping. The name Iron Gate is commonly applied to the whole......

The iron-group metals are isometric and have a simple cubic packed structure (see Figure 9A). Its members include pure iron, which is rarely found on the surface of the Earth, and two species of nickel-iron (kamacite and taenite), which have been identified as common constituents of meteorites. The atomic radii of iron and nickel are both approximately 1.24 Å, and so nickel is a frequent......

Romanian fascist organization that constituted a major social and political force between 1930 and 1941. In 1927 Corneliu Zelea Codreanu founded the Legion of the Archangel Michael, which later became known as the Legion or Legionary Movement; it was committed to the “Christian and racial” renovation of Romania and fed on anti-Semitism and mystical nationalism. Cod...

volleyball player and coach, who was the lead spiker on the Chinese national teams that dominated women’s international volleyball in the early 1980s. Known as the “Iron Hammer,” she was revered for her elegant athleticism, fierce spiking, and tactical brilliance....

...deposited in the river valleys and deltas. As a result of the cultivation of rice, the alluviums have developed special morphological characteristics, the most striking of which is the formation of iron hardpans (hard impervious layers composed chiefly of clay) in the zone of the fluctuating water table....

...novels of considerable interest: The Road (1907) and John Barleycorn (1913). Other important works are The Sea Wolf (1904), which features a Nietzschean superman hero, and The Iron Heel (1907), a fantasy of the future that is a terrifying anticipation of fascism. London’s reputation declined in the United States in the 1920s when a brilliant new generation of....

one of the most durable players in American professional baseball and one of its great hitters. From June 1, 1925, to May 2, 1939, Gehrig, playing first base for the New York Yankees, appeared in 2,130 consecutive games, a record that stood until it was broken on September 6, 1995, by Cal Ripken, Jr., of the Baltimore Orioles. A quiet, gentl...

...the mere noting of a likeness to the evocation of a swarm of associations; it may exist as a minor beauty or it may be the central concept and controlling image of the poem. The familiar metaphor “Iron Horse,” for train, for example, becomes the elaborate central concept of one of Emily Dickinson’s poems, which beginsI like to see it lap the Miles,...

Another Wilkinson innovation (1787) was an iron-hulled barge—a sensation at the time—to transport the heavy ordnance he was manufacturing for the government. Wilkinson taught the French how to bore cannon from solid castings; and he cast all the tubes, cylinders, and ironwork required for the Paris waterworks. Fittingly, he was buried in a cast-iron coffin of his own design....

...the compound FeCl3, which contains Fe3+, is named iron(III) chloride. On the other hand, the compound FeCl2, which contains Fe2+, is designated as iron(II) chloride. In each case, the Roman numeral in the name specifies the charge of the metal ion present....

...binary compounds containing metals such as these must include a Roman numeral to specify the charge on the ion. For example, the compound FeCl3, which contains Fe3+, is named iron(III) chloride. On the other hand, the compound FeCl2, which contains Fe2+, is designated as iron(II) chloride. In each case, the Roman numeral in the name specifies the......

...magnetic ordering. In ferrimagnets the moments are in an antiparallel alignment, but they do not cancel. The best example of a ferrimagnetic mineral is magnetite (Fe3O4). Two iron ions are trivalent, while one is divalent. The two trivalent ions align with opposite moments and cancel one another, so the net moment arises from the divalent iron ion. The historic lodestone.....

American poet, translator, editor, and author, perhaps best-known to the public at large as the author of Iron John: A Book About Men (1990, reprinted 2001 as Iron John: Men and Masculinity). Drawing upon Jungian psychology, myth, legend, folklore, fairy tales (the title is taken from a story by the Grimm Brothers), the book demonstrates Bly’s masculinist convictio...

town, northeastern Eyre Peninsula, South Australia, 247 miles (397 km) northwest of Adelaide by rail. It is the centre for one of the richest deposits of iron ore in the Southern Hemisphere. Mining rights were acquired in 1897, and in 1901 the Broken Hill Proprietary Company, Ltd. (BHP), began developing the deposits of iron ore in Iron Knob hill. The town lie...