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administrative court (law)
...and an ancient legal doctrine holds that “the king can do no wrong.” Moreover, the development of state-provided social services has been accompanied by the creation of a large number of administrative tribunals to determine disputes between a government department and a citizen. The jurisdiction of these tribunals is of a specialized and narrowly circumscribed character and relat...
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administrative law
the legal framework within which public administration is carried out. It derives from the need to create and develop a system of public administration under law, a concept that may be compared with the much older notion of justice under law. Since administration involves the exercise of power by the executive arm of government, administrative law is of constitutional and politi...
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Administrative Procedure Act (United States [1946])
To counter charges that the U.S. civil service was encroaching on the powers of the judiciary, the Administrative Procedure Act of 1946 laid down detailed provisions to safeguard citizens’ rights where the administration had powers of adjudication. These rights included the right to ample previous notice of proceedings, the right to submit evidence, the right to have independent hearing......
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Administrative Staff College (British college)
...the advanced management program for senior executives at the Harvard Graduate School of Business Administration, were already well established in the immediate postwar period. In Great Britain the Administrative Staff College (now Henley Management College) was set up at Henley-on-Thames in 1945 to offer short courses in problems of advanced management. It employs a novel technique of training....
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administrative tribunal (law)
...and an ancient legal doctrine holds that “the king can do no wrong.” Moreover, the development of state-provided social services has been accompanied by the creation of a large number of administrative tribunals to determine disputes between a government department and a citizen. The jurisdiction of these tribunals is of a specialized and narrowly circumscribed character and relat...
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Admirable Discourses (work by Palissy)
From 1575, in Paris, Palissy gave public lectures on natural history, which, published as Discours admirables (1580; Admirable Discourses), became extremely popular, revealing him as a writer and scientist, a creator of modern agronomy, and a pioneer of the experimental method, with scientific views generally more advanced than those of his contemporaries. After seeing a white......
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admiral (naval officer)
the title and rank of a senior naval officer, often referred to as a flag officer, who commands a fleet or group of ships of a navy or who holds an important naval post on shore. The term is sometimes also applied to the commander of a fleet of merchant vessels or fishing ships....
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admiral (butterfly)
any of several butterfly species in the family Nymphalidae (order Lepidoptera) that are fast-flying and much prized by collectors for their coloration, which consists of black wings with white bands and reddish brown markings. The migratory red admiral (Vanessa atalanta), placed in the subfamily Nymphalinae, is widespread in Europe, Scandinavia, North America, and North Africa and feeds on ...
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Admiral carpet (Spanish carpet)
any of a number of 14th- or 15th-century carpets handwoven in Spain, probably at Letur or at Liétor in Murcia. The carpets were made with the Spanish knot, tied on a single warp and set in staggered rows on adjacent warps. In most cases the carpets show heraldic shields with coats of arms against a background diaper (all-over pattern) of small octagons, many of which contain eight-pointed s...
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“Admiral Graf von Spee” (battleship)
German pocket battleship of 10,000 tons launched in 1936. The Graf Spee was more heavily gunned than any cruiser and had a top speed of 25 knots and an endurance of 12,500 miles (20,000 km)....
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Admiral of the Ocean Sea (work by Morison)
Morison’s writings include: Maritime History of Massachusetts (1921); Admiral of the Ocean Sea (1942), a biography of Columbus for which Morison was awarded a Pulitzer Prize; John Paul Jones (1959), which also received a Pulitzer; The Oxford History of the American People (1965); the monumental History of U.S. Naval Operations in World War II, 15 vol.......
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Admiral Scheer (German battleship)
...the ranks, becoming a captain and the commander of the German naval academy in 1937. In October 1939, after World War II had begun, Krancke took command of the pocket battleship Admiral Scheer, which raided Allied maritime commerce over the next two years. He was promoted to rear admiral (1941), vice admiral (1942), and admiral (1943), and he served as a naval......
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Admirals (portrait series by Lely)
...subjects—e.g., the portrait series of court ladies titled The Windsor Beauties (1660s). Simultaneously he painted the portrait series of the Admirals (1666–67) at Greenwich, the best of them rugged and severely masculine characterizations. Lely’s late works are marred by stylistic mannerisms and decreasing vitality....
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Admirals All (work by Newbolt)
...was educated at Clifton Theological College and at Corpus Christi College, Oxford. He was admitted to the bar at Lincoln’s Inn in 1887 and practiced law until 1899. The appearance of his ballads, Admirals All (1897), which included the stirring “Drake’s Drum,” created his literary reputation. These were followed by other volumes collected in Poems: New and ...
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Admiral’s Cup (yachting)
racing trophy awarded to the winner of a biennial international competition among teams of sailing yachts; it was established in 1957 by the Royal Ocean Racing Club (RORC) of Great Britain. Teams of three yachts rated at 25 to 70 feet (8 to 21 m) by RORC rules (formerly 30 to 60 feet [9 to 18 m] waterline length) represent each nation in six races (five until 1987) off the south...
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Admiral’s Men (English theatrical company)
a theatrical company in Elizabethan and Jacobean England. About 1576–79 they were known as Lord Howard’s Men, so called after their patron Charles Howard, 1st earl of Nottingham, 2nd Baron Howard of Effingham. In 1585, when Lord Howard became England’s lord high admiral, the company changed its designation to the Admiral’s Men. It was later known succ...
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Admiralty (building, Saint Petersburg, Russia)
Much of St. Petersburg’s historical and cultural heritage is concentrated on the Admiralty Side. The district centres on the Admiralty. This, the nucleus of Peter’s original city, was reconstructed in 1806–23 by Andreyan D. Zakharov as a development of the earlier building of Ivan K. Korobov, which itself had been remodeled in 1727–38 but retained the layout of the orig...
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admiralty
the body of legal rules that governs ships and shipping....
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Admiralty (British government)
in Great Britain, until 1964, the government department that managed naval affairs. In that year the three service departments—the Admiralty, the War Office, and the Air Ministry—were abolished as separate departments and merged in a new unified Ministry of Defence, and the Admiralty was renamed the Admiralty Board of the Defence Council....
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Admiralty, Board of (British government)
in Great Britain, until 1964, the government department that managed naval affairs. In that year the three service departments—the Admiralty, the War Office, and the Air Ministry—were abolished as separate departments and merged in a new unified Ministry of Defence, and the Admiralty was renamed the Admiralty Board of the Defence Council....
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Admiralty Board of the Defence Council (British government)
in Great Britain, until 1964, the government department that managed naval affairs. In that year the three service departments—the Admiralty, the War Office, and the Air Ministry—were abolished as separate departments and merged in a new unified Ministry of Defence, and the Admiralty was renamed the Admiralty Board of the Defence Council....
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admiralty brass (alloy)
...zinc, added to improve physical and mechanical properties, corrosion resistance, or machinability or to modify colour. Among these are the lead brasses, which are more easily machined; the naval and admiralty brasses, in which a small amount of tin improves resistance to corrosion by seawater; and the aluminum brasses, which provide strength and corrosion resistance where the naval brasses may....
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Admiralty Court (building, Amsterdam, The Netherlands)
...When Louis Bonaparte, the French king of Holland, chose this structure as his residence in 1808 and converted it into what is now the Royal Palace (Koninklijk Paleis), the council moved to the Prinsenhof, a onetime convent that later became the Admiralty Court. In the mid-1980s a new city hall and opera house were constructed on the north bank of the Amstel River, at Waterloo Square. In......
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Admiralty, High Court of (English legal body)
in England, formerly the court presided over by the deputy of the admiral of the fleet. The Black Book of the Admiralty says it was founded in the reign of Edward I, but it actually appears to have been established by Edward III about 1360. At this time the court seems to have had some civil jurisdiction over mercantile and shipping cases, although it originally dealt on...
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Admiralty Inlet (inlet, Canada)
passage of water located between Brodeur and Borden peninsulas and indenting for 230 miles (370 km) the northwest coast of Baffin Island in the Baffin region of Nunavut territory, Canada. The inlet, leading southward from Lancaster Sound of Baffin Bay, is 2 to 20 miles (3 to 32 km) wide, with a shoreline that rises abruptl...
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Admiralty Island (island, Alaska, United States)
...mountains of the archipelago range in elevation from 2,000–3,500 feet in the southern Prince of Wales Mountains to more than 4,000–7,500 feet in the Chilkat Range and the mountains of Admiralty, Baranof, and Chicagof islands. These islands have small glaciers and rugged coastlines indented by fjords. The archipelago is composed of southeast–northwest-trending belts of......
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Admiralty Islands (islands, Papua New Guinea)
islands in Papua New Guinea, southwestern Pacific Ocean, an extension of the Bismarck Archipelago comprising about 40 islands. The group lies about 190 miles (300 km) off the northern coast of Papua New Guinea. The volcanic Manus Island constitutes the majority of its land area and is the site of Lorengau, the islands’ principal settlement....
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Admiralty Landships Committee (British military body)
...The vehicle was constructed by the Armoured Car Division of the Royal Naval Air Service, whose ideas, backed by the First Lord of the Admiralty, Winston S. Churchill, resulted in the formation of an Admiralty Landships Committee. A series of experiments by this committee led in September 1915 to the construction of the first tank, called “Little Willie.” A second model, called......
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admiralty law
the body of legal rules that governs ships and shipping....
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admiralty mile (unit of measurement)
A nautical mile was originally defined as the length on the Earth’s surface of one minute (160 of a degree) of arc along a meridian (north-south line of longitude). Because of a slight flattening of the Earth in polar latitudes, however, the measurement of a nautical mile increases slightly toward the poles. For many years the British nautical mile, or......
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Admiralty Screen (architectural work by Adam)
Adam’s first important work in London was the Admiralty Screen (c. 1760). Through the influence of John Stuart, 3rd earl of Bute, a friend of King George III, he was appointed architect of the King’s Works in November 1761 along with William Chambers, his principal architectural rival. By the early 1760s he had many domestic commissions; almost without exception these consisted of th...
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Admiralty Side (district, Saint Petersburg, Russia)
Much of St. Petersburg’s historical and cultural heritage is concentrated on the Admiralty Side. The district centres on the Admiralty. This, the nucleus of Peter’s original city, was reconstructed in 1806–23 by Andreyan D. Zakharov as a development of the earlier building of Ivan K. Korobov, which itself had been remodeled in 1727–38 but retained the layout of the orig...
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admissibility (law)
In civil proceedings in the common-law countries, evidence is both ascertained and simultaneously restricted by the assertions of the parties. If the allegations of one party are not disputed or contested by the other, or if the allegations are even admitted, then no proof is required. Proof would, in fact, be irrelevant. Evidence offered to prove assertions that are neither at issue nor......
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admission (law)
...law than in continental law. The most commonly cited exceptions to the rule of hearsay relate to statements made by dead or absent persons, statements in public documents, and to confessions and admissions by parties....
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admission fee
Many museums charge entrance fees to help finance operations—even in some countries, such as the United Kingdom, that previously had a strong tradition of free entry to museums. Some museums charge admission fees only for major exhibitions. Others have introduced a system of voluntary donations by visitors on entry to supplement their income, but the results of this approach generally......
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admittance (electronics)
...component of the impedance (whether predominantly inductive or capacitive), the alternating current either lags or leads the voltage. The reciprocal of the impedance, 1/Z, is called the admittance and is expressed in terms of the unit of conductance, the mho unit (ohm spelled backward). ...
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admitted liability insurance
...Medical costs, including loss of income, are usually paid to passengers suffering permanent total disability without the requirement of proving negligence. This type of coverage has been called admitted liability insurance....
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admixture (social practice)
marriage or cohabitation by persons of different race. Theories that the anatomical disharmony of children resulted from miscegenation were discredited by 20th-century genetics and anthropology. Although it is now accepted that modern populations are the result of the continuous mixing of various populations since prehistoric times, taboos on miscegenation—in some instances legally enforced...
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Admonet nos (papal constitution)
...was an avowed enemy of nepotism. Though it is true that he made one nephew cardinal, he was allowed to have no influence, and the rest of the family was kept at a distance. By the constitution Admonet Nos (March 29, 1567), he forbade the reinvestiture of fiefs—those landed estates held under feudal tenure that were intended to revert to the Holy See—and bound the cardinals....
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Admonition to Peace Concerning the Twelve Articles of the Peasants (work by Luther)
...be judged by the Word of God, a notion derived directly from Luther’s teaching that the Bible is the sole guide in matters of morality and belief. Luther wrote two responses—Admonition to Peace Concerning the Twelve Articles of the Peasants, which expressed sympathy for the peasants, and Against the Murderous and Robbing Hordes of the......
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Admonition to the Military (Japanese military history)
In 1878 Yamagata issued “Admonition to the Military,” a set of instructions to soldiers that emphasized the old virtues of bravery, loyalty, and obedience to the emperor and was intended to counteract democratic and liberal trends. After separating the Operations Department from the Army Ministry and reorganizing the General Staff Office, he resigned as army minister and assumed the....
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“Admonition to the Parliament” (Puritan manifesto, 1572)
Puritan manifesto, published in 1572 and written by the London clergymen John Field and Thomas Wilcox, that demanded that Queen Elizabeth I restore the “purity” of New Testament worship in the Church of England and eliminate the remaining Roman Catholic elements and practices from the Church of England. Reflecting wide Presbyterian influence among Puritans, the admonition advocated g...
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Admonitions of an Egyptian Sage, The (work by Ipuwer)
ancient Egyptian sage who is known because of the discovery of one poorly preserved manuscript relating his speech to the king and the royal court. Ipuwer’s manuscript, often called “The Admonitions of an Egyptian Sage,” is especially valuable for its commentary on woeful contemporary political and economic situations, perhaps those prevalent in Egypt during the First Intermed...
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Admonitions of the Court Instructress, The (work by Gu Kaizhi)
...in Nanking and an eccentric member of a Taoist sect. One of the most famous of his works (which survives in a T’ang dynasty copy in the British Museum) illustrates a 3rd-century didactic text “Nü-shih chen” (“Admonitions of the Court Instructress”), by Chang Hua. In this hand scroll, narrative illustration is bound strictly to the text (as if used as a ...
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admonitory mask
Masks have served an important role as a means of discipline and have been used to admonish women, children, and criminals. Common in China, Africa, Oceania, and North America, admonitory masks usually completely cover the features of the wearer. It is believed among some of the African tribes that the first mask was an admonitory one. A child, repeatedly told not to, persisted in following its......
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Admont Bible (religious manuscript)
...where Salzburg was the leading centre. A strong Italian element is detectable in the illustrations in books of the first half of the 12th century, such as the giant Bible at Michaelbeuern and the Admont Bible of 1140–50. The latter manuscript—which features large, full-page compositions dominated by tall turning figures, unreal landscapes, and bright colours—is a parallel.....
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ADN (political party, Bolivia)
...he staged a coup, forcing Bánzer to resign on July 21, 1978. Exiled by Pereda to Argentina, Bánzer returned in 1979 and founded the Acción Democrática Nacionalista (ADN; Nationalist Democratic Action), which became one of the country’s most powerful parties. Bánzer ran for president in 1985 and won in the popular vote but lost in the subsequent run-off ...
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ʿAdnān (Arabian legendary figure)
...Arabian ancestor, Qaḥṭān, forebear of the “pure” or “genuine” Arabs (known as al-ʿArab al-ʿĀribah), and a northern Arabian ancestor, ʿAdnān, forebear of the “Arabicized” Arabs (al-ʿArab al-Mustaʿribah). A tradition, seemingly derived from the Bible, makes ʿAdnān, and per...
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adnation (plant anatomy)
Floral organs are often united or fused: connation is the fusion of similar organs—e.g., the fused petals in the morning glory; adnation is the fusion of different organs—for example, the stamens fused to petals in the mint family (Lamiaceae). The basic floral pattern consists of alternating whorls of organs positioned concentrically: from outside inward, sepals, petals, stamens,......
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ADNOC (Emirian company)
Oil was discovered in Abū Ẓaby in 1958, and the government of that emirate owns a controlling interest in all oil-producing companies in the federation through the Abu Dhabi National Oil Company (ADNOC). Petroleum production contributes about one-third GDP but employs only a tiny fraction of the workforce. The largest petroleum concessions are held by an ADNOC subsidiary, Abu......
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Ado-Ekiti (Nigeria)
town, Ondo state, southwestern Nigeria. It lies in the Yoruba Hills, at the intersection of roads from Akure, Ilawe, Ilesha, Ila (Illa), and Ikare, and is situated 92 miles (148 km) east-northeast of Ibadan. An urban and industrial centre of the region, it was founded by the Ekiti people, a Yoruba subgroup whose members belonged to the Ekiti-Parapo, a late 19th-century confederation of Yoruba peop...
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adobe
a heavy clay soil used to make sun-dried bricks. The term, Spanish-Moorish in origin, also denotes the bricks themselves....
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Adobe Acrobat (computer program)
Another major company initiative in the 1990s—the Adobe Acrobat product family—was designed to provide a standard format for electronic document distribution. Once a document had been converted to Acrobat’s portable document format (PDF), regardless of its origins, users of any major computer operating system could read and print it, with formatting, typography, and graphics n...
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adobe house
a heavy clay soil used to make sun-dried bricks. The term, Spanish-Moorish in origin, also denotes the bricks themselves....
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Adobe Photoshop (computer program)
...the Unix and Windows operating systems. The first such application, introduced in 1987, was Adobe Illustrator, a PostScript-based drawing package for artists, designers, and technical illustrators. Adobe Photoshop, an application for retouching digitized photographic images, followed three years later and quickly became Adobe’s most successful program. It was one of the first commercial....
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Adobe PostScript (computer language)
a page-description language developed in the early 1980s by Adobe Systems Incorporated on the basis of work at Xerox PARC (Palo Alto Research Center). Such languages describe documents in terms that can be interpreted by a personal computer in order to display the document on its screen or by a microprocessor in a printer ...
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Adobe Systems Incorporated (American company)
American developer of printing, publishing, and graphics software. Adobe was instrumental in the creation of the desktop publishing industry through the introduction of its PostScript printer language. Its headquarters are located in San Jose, California....
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Adoian, Vosdanik (American painter)
American painter, important as the direct link between the European Surrealist painters and the painters of the American Abstract Expressionist movement....
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Adoimara (social class)
...Cooperation in larger units such as subtribe or tribe is induced only by warfare against other tribes or neighbouring peoples. Two distinct classes, the Asaimara (“Red Men”) and the Adoimara (“White Men”), constitute the landowning, titled nobles and the lower-class tenants, respectively....
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Adolescence (work by Hall)
Hall’s theory that mental growth proceeds by evolutionary stages is best expressed in one of his largest and most important works, Adolescence (1904). Despite opposition, Hall, as an early proponent of psychoanalysis, invited Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung to the conferences celebrating Clark University’s 20th anniversary (1909). Hall was a leading spirit in the founding of...
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adolescence
transitional phase of growth and development between childhood and adulthood. In many societies adolescence is narrowly equated with puberty and the cycle of physical changes culminating in reproductive maturity....
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adolescent
transitional phase of growth and development between childhood and adulthood. In many societies adolescence is narrowly equated with puberty and the cycle of physical changes culminating in reproductive maturity....
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“Adolescent, The” (work by Dostoyevsky)
...column entitled Dnevnik pisatelya (“The Diary of a Writer”). He left Grazhdanin to write Podrostok (1875; A Raw Youth, also known as The Adolescent), a relatively unsuccessful and diffuse novel describing a young man’s relations with his natural father....
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Adolf (king of Germany)
German king from May 5, 1292, to June 23, 1298, when he was deposed in favour of his Habsburg opponent, Albert I....
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Adolf (grand duke of Luxembourg)
duke of Nassau from 1839 to 1867, who, as grand duke of Luxembourg from 1890 to 1905, was the first ruler of that autonomous duchy....
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Adolf, count von Nassau (king of Germany)
German king from May 5, 1292, to June 23, 1298, when he was deposed in favour of his Habsburg opponent, Albert I....
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Adolf Frederick (king of Sweden)
king of Sweden from 1751 to 1771. He was the son of Christian Augustus (1673–1726), Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp, and of Albertina Frederica of Baden-Durlach....
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Adolf Fredrik (king of Sweden)
king of Sweden from 1751 to 1771. He was the son of Christian Augustus (1673–1726), Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp, and of Albertina Frederica of Baden-Durlach....
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Adolf Friedrich (duke of Mecklenburg)
...clear though distant view of the three eastern volcanoes; and Count Adolf von Götzen, a German, explored the two western volcanoes in 1894. The first maps resulted from the major expedition of Adolf Friedrich, duke of Mecklenburg, which was undertaken in 1907–08. Modern access to the western volcanoes is from Goma and Gisenyi (Rwanda); the remaining mountains are located within th...
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Adolf Friedrich (king of Sweden)
king of Sweden from 1751 to 1771. He was the son of Christian Augustus (1673–1726), Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp, and of Albertina Frederica of Baden-Durlach....
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Adolf of Cologne (archbishop of Cologne)
...years old, and the German princes were unwilling to accept him as king. The princes favourable to the Hohenstaufens elected Philip German king in March 1198. The opposing party, led by Archbishop Adolf of Cologne, elected Otto, a son of Henry the Lion of Brunswick of the rival Welf dynasty, king in June of that year. Otto was crowned at Aachen, the proper place for the ceremony, by Archbishop.....
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Adolf Wilhelm August Karl Friedrich (grand duke of Luxembourg)
duke of Nassau from 1839 to 1867, who, as grand duke of Luxembourg from 1890 to 1905, was the first ruler of that autonomous duchy....
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Adolph III (German count)
...of Holstein, further promoted the economic development of Hamburg as Lübeck’s port on the North Sea. In the autumn of 1188 a group of Hamburg entrepreneurs received from their feudal overlord, Adolph III of Schauenburg (Schaumburg), count of Holstein, a charter for the building of a new town, adjacent to the old one, with a harbour on the Alster River and with facilities for the u...
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Adolph V of Berg (leader of Limburg)
The direct male line of the house of Arlon continued to rule Limburg until 1282. When war broke out between Count Reinald of Guelders (who had married into the rights of Limburg) and Adolph V of Berg (who had been granted those same rights by the Holy Roman emperor), Adolph was not strong enough to contest his rights militarily and sold them to John I of Brabant. After five years of war against......
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Adolphe (work by Constant)
...analysis of religious feeling. He is better known, however, for his novels. Published in 1816 and written in a lucid and classical style, the autobiographical Adolphe (Eng. trans. Adolphe) describes in minute analytical detail a young man’s passion for a woman older than himself. Nearly 150 years after the publication of Adolphe, another of Constant...
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Adolphe, Marquis de Custine (French marquis)
Or to refer to Adolphe, marquis de Custine, whose lasting literary fame rests on his denunciation of the Russia of Nicholas I: “Virgil’s Neptune . . . one could not be more emperor than he.” In short, Nicholas I came to represent autocracy personified: infinitely majestic, determined and powerful, hard as stone, and relentless as fate. Yet, on closer acquaintance, the other si...
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Adomi Bridge (bridge, Ghana)
...Its agricultural basis was strengthened after 1870 by the development of German kola nut plantations and by expanding cacao cultivation. The town’s modern commercial importance was ensured by the Volta Bridge (1957) at Adome, which connects Ho with Ghana’s southern ports. A market centre, Ho also produces palm oil, cotton, and cocoa. It lies on a main road from the coast leading n...
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Adomnan, Saint (Irish abbot and scholar)
abbot and scholar, particularly noted as the biographer of St. Columba....
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Adonais (work by Shelley)
...humane values and imagines the forms that shape the social order: thus each mind recreates its own private universe, and “Poets are the unacknowledged legislators of the World.” Adonais, a pastoral elegy in Spenserian stanzas, commemorates the death of John Keats by declaring that, while we “decay/ Like corpses in a charnel,” the creative spirit of Adonais,......
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Adone (work by Marino)
Before leaving Paris Marino published his most important work, a labour of 20 years, Adone (1623; definitive ed. by R. Balsamo-Crivelli, 1922; Adonis [selections]). Adone, an enormous poem (45,000 lines), relates, with many digressions, the love story of Venus and Adonis and shows the best and worst of Marino’s style. The best is found in brilliant passages, written in ...
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Adoni (India)
city, western Andhra Pradesh state, southern India. It lies 140 miles (225 km) southwest of Hyderābād, on the Madras-Bombay railway route. Ādoni was once the stronghold for the rulers of the medieval Hindu kingdom of Vijayanagar. Muslims later controlled it until 1792, when a war between the British East India Company and Tippu Sultan resulted in its cession to the niẓ...
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Adonias Aguiar Filho (Brazilian author)
novelist, essayist, journalist, and literary critic whose works of fiction embrace universal themes within the provincial setting of Brazil’s rural northeast....
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Adonias Filho (Brazilian author)
novelist, essayist, journalist, and literary critic whose works of fiction embrace universal themes within the provincial setting of Brazil’s rural northeast....
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Adonic line (poetry)
followed by a shorter line, called an Adonic, - ˘ ˘ - - ....
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Adonijah (biblical figure)
in the Old Testament, the fourth son of David, the natural heir to the throne. David’s favourite wife, Bathsheba, organized an intrigue in favour of her son Solomon. Shortly after his accession, Solomon had Adonijah put to death on the ground that, by seeking to marry David’s concubine Abishag, he was aiming at the crown (I Kings 1 ff.)....
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Adonim (Jewish physician)
Jewish physician and one of the first scholars to make a comparative study of the Hebrew and Arabic languages....
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Adonina ha-Levi (Hebrew poet)
Hebrew poet, grammarian, and polemicist who was the first to use Arabic metres in his verse, thus inaugurating a new mode in Hebrew poetry. His strictures on the Hebrew lexicon of Menahem ben Saruq provoked a quarrel that helped initiate a golden age in Hebrew philology....
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Adonis (Lebanese poet and literary critic)
Lebanese poet and literary critic who was a leader of the modernist movement in Arabic poetry in the second half of the 20th century....
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Adonis (Greek mythology)
in Greek mythology, a youth of remarkable beauty, the favourite of the goddess Aphrodite (identified with Venus by the Romans). Traditionally, he was the product of the incestuous love Smyrna (Myrrha) entertained for her own father, the Syrian king Theias. Charmed by his beauty, Aphrodite put the newborn infant Adonis in a box and handed him over to the care of Perseph...
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Adonis annua (plant)
(species Adonis annua), annual herbaceous plant of the buttercup family (Ranunculaceae) native to Eurasia and grown in garden borders and for cut flowers. It is 20 to 40 cm (8 to 16 inches) tall and is noted for its small, red flowers with prominent dark centres....
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Adonis, Attis, Osiris (work by Frazer)
...that were otherwise difficult to reconstruct. As for the relationship between myth and ritual, Frazer argued that myths were intended to explain otherwise unintelligible rituals. Thus, in Adonis, Attis, Osiris (1906) he stated that the mythical story of Attis’ self-castration was designed to explain the fact that the priests of Attis’ cult castrated themselves at his ...
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Adonis, Joe (American crime boss)
major American crime-syndicate boss in New York and New Jersey....
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Adonizedek (king of Jerusalem)
...narrative mentions the meeting of the Canaanite Melchizedek, said to be king of Salem (Jerusalem), with the Hebrew patriarch Abraham. A later episode in the biblical text mentions another king, Adonizedek, who headed an Amorite coalition and was vanquished by Joshua....
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adoptee (kinship)
the act of establishing a person as parent to one who is not in fact or in law his child. Adoption is so widely recognized that it can be characterized as an almost worldwide institution with historical roots traceable to antiquity....
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adoptees-rights movement (social movement)
Beginning in the 1970s, a growing adoptees-rights movement in the United States called for the repeal of confidentiality laws in most states that prevented adoptees as adults from viewing their adoption records, including their original birth certificates. In subsequent decades several states passed legislation that allowed adult adoptees access to their records under certain conditions,......
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adoptianism (religion)
Heresies have survived or reemerged in the course of history: Arianism continued among the Teutonic tribes until the 7th century and in 18th-century England; “adoptianism” reappeared in Spain and France in the 8th and 9th centuries; antimaterial dualism was revived among the Bulgarian Bogomils in the 10th century and among the Cathars of France and Italy in the 12th. Keen-eyed......
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adoption (kinship)
the act of establishing a person as parent to one who is not in fact or in law his child. Adoption is so widely recognized that it can be characterized as an almost worldwide institution with historical roots traceable to antiquity....
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adoption (education)
In the United States the boards of education in some of the larger states review the available textbooks and approve a selection for use in their school districts. This selection process is called adoption, and publishers compete to have their books adopted for use because of the large volume of sales that are thus guaranteed. The schoolbook that is widely adopted may sell for a generation and......
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Adoption of Children Act (Massachusetts, United States [1851])
The first modern adoption legislation, the Adoption of Children Act, was passed in the U.S. state of Massachusetts in 1851. It required judges to determine that adoptive parents had “sufficient ability to bring up the child” and that “it is fit and proper that such adoption should take effect.” In Great Britain adoption was not legally permitted until 1926; the delay in...
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Adoptionism (Christian heresy)
either of two Christian heresies: one developed in the 2nd and 3rd centuries and is also known as Dynamic Monarchianism (see Monarchianism); the other began in the 8th century in Spain and was concerned with the teaching of Elipandus, archbishop of Toledo. Wishing to distinguish in Christ the operations of each of his natures, human and divine, Elipandus referred to Chri...
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