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  • Alkan, Charles-Henri-Valentin (French pianist and composer)
    French pianist-composer, a notable keyboard virtuoso, and one of the most enigmatic figures in 19th-century music....
  • Alkan, Valentin (French pianist and composer)
    French pianist-composer, a notable keyboard virtuoso, and one of the most enigmatic figures in 19th-century music....
  • alkane (chemical compound)
    any of the saturated hydrocarbons having the general formula CnH2n+2, C being a carbon atom, H a hydrogen atom, and n an integer. The paraffins are major constituents of natural gas and petroleum. Paraffins containing fewer than 5 carbon atoms per molecule are usually gaseous at room temperature, those having 5 to 15 carbon atoms are usually liquids, and ...
  • alkanet (plant)
    any plant of the 50 or so mostly Mediterranean species of the genus Anchusa and the closely related Pentaglottis sempervirens, bearing blue, purple, or white forget-me-not–like flower clusters on hairy, herbaceous stems. They belong to the family Boraginaceae. True alkanet (A. officinalis) bears purple flowers in coiled sprays, on narrow-leaved plants, 60 cm (2 feet) t...
  • Alkanna tinctoria (plant)
    The closely related Alkanna tinctoria is dyer’s alkanet. Its roots yield a water-insoluble red dye used to colour fat, oil, perfume, wood, marble, and pharmaceutical products....
  • alkapton (chemical compound)
    ...be readily detected if the urine of every newborn infant is tested. Restriction of phenylalanine in the diet in such cases may be beneficial. Alkaptonuria, a disease identified by the presence of homogentisic acid in the urine, is due to lack of the enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of homogentisic acid; deposits of the acid in the tissues may cause chronic arthritis or spinal disease.......
  • alkaptonuria (pathology)
    rather rare (one in 200,000 births) inherited disorder of protein metabolism characterized by an inability of the body to metabolize the amino acids tyrosine and phenylalanine. In the normal metabolic pathway of tyrosine, homogentisic acid is converted to maleylacetoacetate in the liver by the enzyme homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase. This enzyme is not active in...
  • alkas (Baltic religion)
    in Baltic religion, an open-air religious site, a natural sanctuary—forest, hill, river—that was sacred and inviolate. Trees could not be cut in such forests, sacred fields could not be plowed, and fishing was not allowed in the holy waters. The rituals of various religious cults, involving animal sacrifice and human cremation, took place at the alkas. The sense of the ancient...
  • Alkatiri, Mari (prime minister of East Timor)
    ...and was appointed East Timor’s foreign minister in 2000; he continued in that office after East Timor achieved full sovereignty in 2002. In 2006 fighting erupted in the country after Prime Minister Mari Alkatiri fired hundreds of soldiers who had gone on strike to protest against discrimination. Criticized for his handling of the crisis, Alkatiri resigned and was replaced by Ramos-Horta,...
  • Alkazares (Spain)
    city, capital of Cáceres provincia (province), in Extremadura comunidad autónoma (autonomous community), western Spain. It is built on a low east-west ridge south of the Tagus River and about 50 miles (80 km) northeast of Badajoz. Cáceres or...
  • Alkazi, Ebrahim (Indian actor-director)
    In the last half of the 20th century, two outstanding actor-directors are Ebrahim Alkazi, director of the National School of Drama in New Delhi, and Utpal Dutt, who founded the Calcutta Little Theatre Group in 1947, which originally performed plays in English and in 1954 changed to productions in Bengali. Dutt is an actor fully committed to the revolutionary ideology of the Chinese Communist......
  • alkene (chemical compound)
    any unsaturated hydrocarbon containing one or more pairs of carbon atoms linked by a double bond. The olefins are classified in either or both of the following ways: (1) as cyclic or acyclic (aliphatic) olefins, in which the double bond is located between carbon atoms forming part of a cyclic (closed-ring) or of an open-chain grouping, respectively, and (2) as monoolefins, diolefins, triolefins, e...
  • alkene insertion (chemical reaction)
    ...+ H2C=CH2(Ln represents the n ligands not involved in the hydrogen elimination.) The reverse of this reaction, alkene insertion into the M−H bond, is illustrated by the hydroboration and hydrosilation reactions discussed above. Both the βべーた-hydrogen elimination and addition of......
  • alkiete (Baltic religion)
    in Baltic religion, an open-air religious site, a natural sanctuary—forest, hill, river—that was sacred and inviolate. Trees could not be cut in such forests, sacred fields could not be plowed, and fishing was not allowed in the holy waters. The rituals of various religious cults, involving animal sacrifice and human cremation, took place at the alkas. The sense of the ancient...
  • Alkmaar (municipality, The Netherlands)
    gemeente (municipality), northwestern Netherlands. It lies along the North Holland Canal, 6 miles (10 km) east of the North Sea....
  • Alkmaar, Convention of (Netherlands history)
    ...when the surrounding swamps were reclaimed. The town successfully withstood a Spanish siege in 1573 to become a symbol of Dutch resistance (commemorated by a monument in Victorie Park). Under the Convention of Alkmaar (1799), a Russo-British army withdrew from the Netherlands after an unsuccessful campaign to overthrow the Batavian Republic....
  • Alkman (work by Enckell)
    ...student of classical poetry and mythology, Enckell made use of classical parallels to dramatize the problems of his time in a series of verse plays including Orfeus och Eurydike (1938) and Alkman (1959). Enckell reflects upon this continuous preoccupation with the classical myths of Greece in his most remarkable collection of poetry, Andedräkt av koppar (1946;......
  • alkoxide (chemical compound)
    Alcohols are weak acids. The most acidic simple alcohols (methanol and ethanol) are about as acidic as water, and most other alcohols are somewhat less acidic....
  • alkoxy radical (chemistry)
    ...removes a hydrogen atom from another lipid molecule and the reaction starts over again (propagation). During the propagation steps, hydroperoxide molecules (LOOH) are formed that may break down into alkoxy (LO · ) and peroxy radicals plus water (H2O). The lipid, alkoxy, and peroxy radicals may combine with one another (or other radicals) to form stable, nonpropagating products...
  • alkoxy-silane (chemical compound)
    ...is deposited, its eventual interaction with atmospheric carbon dioxide forms a network of calcium carbonate, similar to that which makes up the stone itself. In a similar manner, the application of alkoxy silanes in recent decades offers the conservator a method by which amorphous silica can be introduced as a binder and strengthener for deteriorated sandstone. Some silanes will also impart......
  • alkyd (chemical compound)
    Alkyds, or alkyd resins, are highly complex network polyesters that are manufactured for the paint industry. Developed from research conducted at the General Electric Co. in the 1920s, they are made from dicarboxylic acids or their anhydrides and polyfunctional alcohols such as glycerol. To the ester-forming monomers are added modifiers consisting of unsaturated oils such as tung oil, linseed......
  • alkyd resin (chemical compound)
    Alkyds, or alkyd resins, are highly complex network polyesters that are manufactured for the paint industry. Developed from research conducted at the General Electric Co. in the 1920s, they are made from dicarboxylic acids or their anhydrides and polyfunctional alcohols such as glycerol. To the ester-forming monomers are added modifiers consisting of unsaturated oils such as tung oil, linseed......
  • alkyl fluoride (chemical compound)
    The relative order of alkyl halide reactivity is governed by the carbon-halogen bond strength. Alkyl iodides have the weakest carbon-halogen bond and react at the fastest rate. Alkyl fluorides have the strongest carbon-halogen bond and react so slowly as to rarely undergo nucleophilic substitutions....
  • alkyl group (chemical compounds)
    ...bond between a carbon atom and an attached group; (2) electron removal from a neutral organic compound; (3) addition of a proton, or other cation, to an unsaturated system; and (4) protonation, or alkylation (addition of an alkyl, or hydrocarbon, group), of a carbon–carbon or carbon–hydrogen single bond. Since carbonium ions are positively charged species, they are most readily......
  • alkyl halide (chemical compound)
    Alkyl halides are often synthesized from alcohols, in effect substituting a halogen atom for the hydroxyl group. Hydrochloric (HCl), hydrobromic (HBr), and hydroiodic (HI) acids are useful reagents for this substitution, giving their best yields with tertiary alcohols. Thionyl chloride (SOCl2), phosphorus tribromide (PBr3), and phosphorus triiodide (generated from......
  • alkyl iodide (chemical compound)
    The relative order of alkyl halide reactivity is governed by the carbon-halogen bond strength. Alkyl iodides have the weakest carbon-halogen bond and react at the fastest rate. Alkyl fluorides have the strongest carbon-halogen bond and react so slowly as to rarely undergo nucleophilic substitutions....
  • alkylaluminum (chemical compound)
    ...them important in chemical synthesis. The organomagnesium halides (Grignard reagents), for example, are used widely in synthetic organic chemistry, as are organolithium and organoboron compounds. Alkylaluminum compounds are also employed in organic synthesis. Used with titanium salts, they are important catalysts in the polymerization of unsaturated hydrocarbons, such as ethylene and......
  • alkylating agent (chemical compound)
    ...such as amethopterin and aminopterin cause sterility in female insects by preventing egg formation. In some species, certain doses may stop eggs from hatching or larvae from maturing. Alkylating agents such as tepa, metepa, and apholate cause changes in genetic material and chromosomal damage in both male and female reproductive cells....
  • alkylation (petroleum refining)
    in petroleum refining, chemical process in which light, gaseous hydrocarbons are combined to produce high-octane components of gasoline. The light hydrocarbons consist of olefins such as propylene and butylene and isoparaffins such as isobutane. These compounds are fed into a reactor, where, under the influence of a sulfuric-acid or hydrofluoric-acid catalyst...
  • alkylation (organic chemistry)
    ...past usually been C12H24 (tetrapropylene) obtained from the petrochemical gas propylene. This molecular group is attached to benzene by a reaction called alkylation, with various catalysts, to form the alkylbenzene. By sulfonation, alkylbenzene sulfonate is produced; marketed in powder and liquid form, it has excellent detergent and cleaning......
  • alkylbenzene (chemical compound)
    Soon after World War II, another raw material, alkylbenzene, became available in huge quantities. Today it is the most important raw material for synthetic detergent production; about 50 percent of all synthetic detergents produced in the United States and western Europe are based on it. The alkyl molecular group has in the past usually been C12H24......
  • alkylbenzene sulfonate (chemical compound)
    ...obtained from the petrochemical gas propylene. This molecular group is attached to benzene by a reaction called alkylation, with various catalysts, to form the alkylbenzene. By sulfonation, alkylbenzene sulfonate is produced; marketed in powder and liquid form, it has excellent detergent and cleaning properties and produces high foam....
  • alkylidene (chemical compound)
    Alkylidene ligands, such as CH2, CHR, or CR2, form the M=C d-p double bonds (i.e., bonds between the d orbitals of the metal and the p orbitals of the carbon), and their metal compounds are often called carbenes. The first stable metal carbene complex was discovered in the laboratory of the German chemist Ernst O. Fischer in......
  • alkylidyne (chemical compound)
    Alkylidyne ligands have the general formula CH or CR. They are bound to the metal by an M≡C triple bond involving one σしぐま bond and two d-p πぱい bonds. The simplest member of this series is methylidyne, CH, and the next simplest, CCH3, is ethylidyne. One route to methylidynes, discovered in Fischer’s laboratory, involves the abstraction of an alkoxide...
  • alkyllithium (chemical compound)
    The highly active metals combine with a halogen-substituted hydrocarbon to produce simple organometallic compounds. For example, methyllithium, an important reagent in organic synthesis, is produced commercially by following the reaction:2Li + CH3Cl → LiCH3 + LiCl With other active metals, such as magnesium, aluminum, and zinc, the reaction......
  • alkylmagnesium (chemical compound)
    Alkyllithium, alkylaluminum, and alkylmagnesium compounds are the most common carbanion reagents in laboratory-scale synthetic chemistry; carbanion character is greatly diminished for the less metallic elements boron and silicon. The nucleophilic character of organometallic compounds of active metals has many synthetic applications. For example, the organic group in organometallic compounds of......
  • alkyne (chemical compound)
    Alkenes (also called olefins) and alkynes (also called acetylenes) belong to the class of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons. Alkenes are hydrocarbons that contain a carbon-carbon double bond, whereas alkynes have a carbon-carbon triple bond. Alkenes are characterized by the general molecular formula CnH2n, alkynes by CnH2n......
  • ALL (pathology)
    Acute leukemia is marked by the presence in the blood of immature cells normally not present. In acute lymphocytic anemia (ALL), most frequently seen in children, the cells are immature forms of the lymphatic series of cells. In acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), the predominant cells are the youngest recognizable precursors (myeloblasts) of the neutrophils of the blood. In a third and the least......
  • All About Eve (film by Mankiewicz [1950])
    In 1950 Monroe played a small uncredited role in The Asphalt Jungle that reaped a mountain of fan mail. An appearance in All About Eve (1950) won her another contract from Fox and much recognition. In a succession of movies, including Let’s Make It Legal (1951), Love Nest (1951), Clash by Night (1952), and Niagara (1953), she advanced to star billin...
  • All America Football Conference (American sports organization)
    ...The American Football League was formed in 1926 by Grange and his agent, but it lasted just one year. A second (1936–37) and third (1940–41) AFL were also formed. Finally, the All-America Football Conference (1946–1949) seriously challenged the existing league and contributed the Cleveland Browns, San Francisco 49ers, and a first version of the Baltimore Colts to an......
  • All American Airways, Inc. (American company)
    American airline incorporated on March 5, 1937, as All American Aviation, Inc.; the airline was renamed All American Airways, Inc., in 1948, Allegheny Airlines, Inc., in 1953, and USAir, Inc., in 1979. In 1997 the airline changed its name to US Airways....
  • All American Aviation, Inc. (American company)
    American airline incorporated on March 5, 1937, as All American Aviation, Inc.; the airline was renamed All American Airways, Inc., in 1948, Allegheny Airlines, Inc., in 1953, and USAir, Inc., in 1979. In 1997 the airline changed its name to US Airways....
  • All Basotho Convention (political party, Lesotho)
    ...seats, and Mosisili was named to a second term as prime minister. In 2006, dissension within the LCD resulted in one of the party’s prominent ministers, Thomas Thabane, leaving to form the All Basotho Convention (ABC); many other LCD ministers followed Thabane to the ABC. Nevertheless, the LCD managed to maintain control of the parliament after early elections were called in February......
  • all believers, priesthood of (Christianity)
    cardinal doctrinal principle of the churches of the 16th-century Reformation, both Lutheran and Reformed, and the Protestant Free churches that arose from the Reformation churches. The doctrine asserts that all humans have access to God through Christ, the true high priest, and thus do not need a priestly mediator. This introduced a democrat...
  • All Blacks (New Zealand rugby team)
    ...at his position. At the time of his retirement in 1997, Fitzpatrick had appeared in more Test (international) matches than any other forward in the world and more than any other member of the All Blacks (nickname of the New Zealand national team), having played 92 Test matches. He also played in a record 63 consecutive Test matches (1983–95)....
  • All Citizens Are Soldiers (play by Vega)
    ...memorable and highly dramatic vindications of the inalienable rights of the individual, as is El caballero de Olmedo (The Knight from Olmedo) on a more exalted social plane. In Fuente Ovejuna the entire village assumes responsibility before the king for the slaying of its overlord and wins his exoneration. This experiment in mass psychology, the best known outside Spain......
  • All Fall Down (work by Arden)
    ...he captured in his play The Workhouse Donkey (1963). He studied architecture at the University of Cambridge and at Edinburgh College of Art, where fellow students performed his comedy All Fall Down (1955), about the construction of a railway. He continued to write plays while working as an architectural assistant from 1955 to 1957. His first play to be produced professionally......
  • All Fools’ Day (social custom)
    in most countries the first day of April. It received its name from the custom of playing practical jokes on this day—for example, telling friends that their shoelaces are untied or sending them on so-called fools’ errands. Although the day has been observed for centuries, there are different explanations for its origin. It resembles festivals such as the Hilaria o...
  • All for Love (play by Dryden)
    ...of the sexes was given a sophisticated and civilized expression that only Sir George Etherege and William Congreve at their best would equal. Equally fine in a different mode was his tragedy All for Love (1677), based on Shakespeare’s Antony and Cleopatra and written in a flowing but controlled blank verse. He had earlier adapted The Tempest (1667),...
  • all fours (card game)
    ancestor of a family of card games dating back to 17th-century England and first mentioned in The Complete Gamester of Charles Cotton in 1674. The face card formerly known as the knave owes its modern name of jack to this game. Originally, all fours was regarded as a lower-class game—it was much played by African Americans on slave plantations...
  • All Green Shall Perish (work by Mallea)
    ...problems, as in La bahía de silencio (1940; The Bay of Silence) and Las águilas (1943; “The Eagles”). In Todo verdor perecerá (1941; All Green Shall Perish), which many consider his greatest work, he explored—by the use of interior monologue and flashback techniques—the anguish of a woman living in the provinces...
  • All Hallows’ Eve
    holiday, October 31, now observed largely as a secular celebration. As the eve of All Saints’ Day, it is a religious holiday among some Christians....
  • All in the Family (American television show)
    American television situation comedy that aired on the Columbia Broadcasting System (now CBS Corporation) for eight seasons (1971–79). The show continued from 1979 to 1983 under the title Archie Bunker’s Place....
  • All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazagham (political party, India)
    ...government with Vajpayee as prime minister. In May of that year, nuclear weapons tests ordered by Vajpayee drew widespread international condemnation. After 13 months in office, coalition partner All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazagham (AIADMK) withdrew its support, and Vajpayee was prompted to seek a vote of confidence, which he lost by the margin of a single vote....
  • All India Muslim League (Indian Muslim group)
    political group that led the movement calling for a separate Muslim nation to be created out of the partition of British India (1947). The Muslim League was founded in 1906 to safeguard the rights of Indian Muslims. At first the league was encouraged by the British and was generally favourable to their rule, but the organization adopted self-government for India as its goal in 1913. For several de...
  • “All Men Are Brothers” (Chinese novel)
    Chinese writer who traditionally has been credited as the author of the classic Chinese novels Sanguozhi yanyi (Three Kingdoms) and Shuihuzhuan (Water Margin, or All Men Are Brothers)....
  • All My Sons (play by Miller)
    ...the problem dramas of Henrik Ibsen and the works of the socially conscious ethnic dramatists of the 1930s, especially Clifford Odets, but Miller gave them a metaphysical turn. From All My Sons (1947) to The Price (1968), his work was at its strongest when he dealt with father-son relationships, anchored in the harsh realities of the Great......
  • All Nations (American baseball team)
    ...were the Chicago American Giants, the Columbia Giants, Leland Giants, and Union Giants of Chicago, the Kansas City (Missouri) Monarchs, and the Indianapolis ABCs. Especially noteworthy was the All Nations team, composed of African Americans, whites, a Japanese, a Hawaiian, an American Indian, and several Latin Americans. On its roster at various times before World War I were two of the......
  • All Nippon Airways Co., Ltd. (Japanese company)
    the largest domestic air carrier in Japan, and one of the largest in the world. The company was founded in 1952 and is headquartered in Tokyo. Under the Japanese government’s strict regulation of civil aviation, All Nippon Airways was basically restricted to carrying passengers and freight on Japan’s major domestic routes, while Japan Air Lines basically monopolized the country...
  • All or Nothing at All (song)
    ...he sang with the James band for six months in 1939, but he did not gain a following until he joined Tommy Dorsey’s orchestra the following year. The James-Sinatra recording of All or Nothing at All was a flop when first released in 1939, but it sold more than a million copies when rereleased in 1943....
  • All People’s Congress (political party, Sierra Leone)
    The constitution of 1971 made Sierra Leone a republic within the Commonwealth. Adoption of the constitution of 1978 created a one-party republic based on the All People’s Congress; the head of state, or executive president, was elected by delegates of the All People’s Congress, and there was a parliament. Mounting political pressures and violence resulted in the adoption of a new con...
  • all possible worlds, best of (philosophy)
    in the philosophy of the 17th- and 18th-century philosopher Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, the present world of monads (infinitesimal psychophysical entities) coordinated in preestablished harmony. Among all possible worlds that God could have created, his actual choice of one over the others required a “sufficient reason,” which, for Leibniz, was t...
  • All Progressive Grand Alliance (political party, Nigeria)
    ...in 1998 by Abdusalam Abubakar, the military head of state, as Nigeria once again began the process of converting from military to civilian rule. In 2003 Ojukwu, representing the new political party All Progressive Grand Alliance, unsuccessfully ran for president. He ran again in 2007 but was defeated by the ruling party’s candidate, Umaru Yar’Adua, in an election that was strongly...
  • “All Quiet Along the Potomac To-night” (work by Beers)
    ...Ethel Lynn. In March 1846 she married William H. Beers, and thereafter she published under the name Ethel Lynn Beers. On November 30, 1861, Harper’s Weekly Magazine printed her poem entitled “The Picket Guard,” which soon became better known by its first line, “All Quiet Along the Potomac To-night,” a familiar newspaper caption of those early months of ...
  • All Quiet on the Western Front (film by Milestone [1930])
    Other Nominees...
  • All Quiet on the Western Front (novel by Remarque)
    novelist who is chiefly remembered as the author of Im Westen nichts Neues (1929; All Quiet on the Western Front), which became perhaps the best-known and most representative novel dealing with World War I....
  • all risks (insurance)
    In homeowner’s policies, of which there are several types, coverage can be “all risk” or “named peril.” All-risk policies offer insurance on any peril except those later excluded in the policy. The advantage of these contracts is that if property is destroyed by a peril not specifically excluded the insurance is good. In named-peril policies, no coverage is provi...
  • All Saints (monastery, Schaffhausen, Switzerland)
    ...bank of the Rhine, west of Lake Constance (Bodensee). The site was first mentioned in 1045 as Villa Scafhusun. About 1049 Count Eberhard III of Nellenburg founded there the Benedictine monastery of All Saints, around which the community developed. The town became a free imperial city between 1190 and 1218 but fell under Habsburg domination from 1330, until it bought its independence in 1415. It...
  • All Saints Bay (bay, Brazil)
    sheltered bay of the Atlantic Ocean, eastern coast of Brazil. A natural harbour, it is 25 miles (40 km) long and 20 miles (32 km) wide. Salvador, the principal seaport and capital of Bahia state, is on the peninsula that separates the bay from the Atlantic. Todos os Santos Bay receives the Paraguaçu River and is surrounded by the Recôncavo, a fertile coastal lowland. Its main channel...
  • All Saints’ Church, Margaret Street (church, London, United Kingdom)
    ...near Cardiff; and All Saints’ (1865–74), Babbacombe, Devon. Butterfield brought a new vigour to the Gothic Revival. The building that first gave evidence of his power and originality was All Saints’, Margaret Street, London, designed in 1849 and largely completed by 1852. This church was sponsored by the Ecclesiological Society. But it is not its liturgical correctness that...
  • All Saints’ Day (Christianity)
    in the Christian church, a day commemorating all the saints of the church, both known and unknown, celebrated on November 1 in the Western churches and on the first Sunday after Pentecost in the Eastern churches. Its origin cannot be traced with certainty, and it has been observed on various days in different places. A feast of all martyrs was kept on May 13 in the Eastern church according to Eph...
  • All Saints’ Roman Catholic Church (church, New York City, New York, United States)
    ...for hospitals, mansions, and other nonecclesiastical structures in the 1850s and ’60s. Many of the churches he designed from the 1850s on, notably Saint Bartholomew’s Church (1871–72) and All Saints’ Roman Catholic Church (1882–93), both in New York City, feature Gothic-Romanesque forms built with stonework of contrasting colours and textures to produce effect...
  • All Sorts and Conditions of Men (work by Besant)
    In 1882 Besant published his first independent novel, entitled All Sorts and Conditions of Men and based on his impressions of the East London slums, which he saw as joyless rather than vicious places. The “Palace of Delights” that he projected in his book became a reality when the People’s Palace was founded (1887) in Mile End Road, London, in an atte...
  • All Souls’ Day (Christianity)
    in the Roman Catholic church, a day for commemoration of all the faithful departed, those baptized Christians who are believed to be in purgatory because they have died with the guilt of lesser sins on their souls. It is celebrated on November 2. Roman Catholic doctrine holds that the prayers of the faithful on earth will help cleanse these souls in order to ...
  • All Souls Day (Buddhism)
    The importance of the virtues of filial piety and the reverence of ancestors in China and Japan have established Ullambana, or All Souls Day, as one of the major Buddhist festivals in those countries. In China worshipers in Buddhist temples make fachuan (“boats of the law”) out of paper, some very large, which are then burned in the evening.......
  • All Stalin’s Men (work by Medvedev)
    ...The Years in Power (1976; coauthored with Zhores), Khrushchev (1983), and Khrushchev: A Political Biography (1986) are landmark biographies of that Soviet leader, while All Stalin’s Men (1984) presents biographies of six of Stalin’s lieutenants who managed to survive him. In On Socialist Democracy (1975), Medvedev presented his own political view...
  • All That Fall (work by Beckett)
    ...images of one another. In his work for the mass media, Beckett also showed himself able to grasp intuitively and brilliantly the essential character of their techniques. His radio plays, such as All That Fall (1957), are models in the combined use of sound, music, and speech. The short television play Eh Joe! (1967) exploits the television camera’s ability to move in on a f...
  • All That Jazz (film by Fosse [1979])
    ...for Breaking AwayAdapted Screenplay: Robert Benton for Kramer Vs. KramerCinematography: Vittorio Storaro for Apocalypse NowArt Direction: Philip Rosenberg and Tony Walton for All That JazzOriginal Score: Georges Delerue for A Little RomanceOriginal Song Score and Its Adaptation or Adaptation Score: Ralph Burns for All That JazzOriginal Song: “It....
  • All That Money Can Buy (film by Dieterle [1941])
    ...and Nathan Juran for How Green Was My ValleyArt Direction, Color: Cedric Gibbons and Urie McCleary for Blossoms in the DustMusic Score of a Dramatic Picture: Bernard Herrmann for All That Money Can BuyScoring of a Musical Picture: Frank Churchill and Oliver Wallace for DumboSong: “The Last......
  • All the King’s Men (film by Rossen [1949])
    Other Nominees...
  • All the King’s Men (work by Warren)
    ...Long Day’s Journey into Night, appeared posthumously in 1956. Before and after World War II, Robert Penn Warren published influential fiction, poetry, and criticism. His All the King’s Men, one of the best American political novels, won the 1947 Pulitzer Prize. Mary McCarthy became a widely read social satirist and essayist. When it first appeared in the....
  • All the News That’s Fit to Print (slogan by Ochs)
    ...financially faltering New York Times, again with borrowed money ($75,000). To set his paper apart from its more sensational competitors, Ochs adopted the slogan “All the News That’s Fit to Print” (first used October 25, 1896) and insisted on reportage that lived up to that promise. Despite an early shortage of capital, he refused advertisements...
  • All the News That’s Fit to Sing (album by Ochs)
    ...of Woody Guthrie and Pete Seeger. In 1961 he moved to New York City to pursue songwriting and performing in the hothouse environment of Greenwich Village’s folk scene. His first album, All the News That’s Fit to Sing (1964), reflected his aspirations as a “singing journalist.” A wavery tenor, Ochs employed melodic lyricism, strident leftist views, and...
  • All the President’s Men (film by Pakula [1976])
    Original Screenplay: Paddy Chayefsky for NetworkAdapted Screenplay: William Goldman for All the President’s MenCinematography: Haskell Wexler for Bound for GloryArt Direction: George Jenkins for All the President’s MenOriginal Score: Jerry Goldsmith for The......
  • All the Talents, Ministry of (British history)
    ...peer in 1806. His undistinguished parliamentary career was almost wholly devoid of the forensic triumphs that marked his legal practice. In 1806–07 he was lord chancellor during the so-called Ministry of All the Talents. His latter years were marked by private sorrows and misfortunes, which caused him almost completely to withdraw from public affairs. Toward the close of his life,......
  • All the Way (song by Van Heusen and Cahn)
    ...River KwaiCinematography: Jack Hildyard for The Bridge on the River KwaiArt Direction: Ted Haworth for SayonaraScoring: Malcolm Arnold for The Bridge on the River KwaiSong: “All the Way” from The Joker Is Wild; music by James Van Heusen, lyrics by Sammy CahnHonorary Award: Gilbert M. Anderson, Charles Brackett, B.B. Kahane, the Society of Motion....
  • All the Year Round (periodical by Dickens)
    Dickens’ journalistic ambitions at last found a permanent form in Household Words (1850–59) and its successor, All the Year Round (1859–88). Popular weekly miscellanies of fiction, poetry, and essays on a wide range of topics, these had substantial and increasing circulations, reaching 300,000 for some of the Christmas numbers. Dickens contributed some......
  • All Things Betray Thee (novel by Thomas)
    ...disparate authors as Geoffrey Chaucer, the 16th-century French humorist François Rabelais, and the 20th-century American writer Damon Runyon. Thomas’s next important novel, All Things Betray Thee (1949), set in an ironworks in industrial Wales in 1885, is grim in style and tone but relieved by an ironic humour. A Few Selected Exits...
  • All Things Live in the Three (work by Anuszkiewicz)
    Anuszkiewicz’ canvases depict tight geometric shapes in vivid colours that seem to shift under the eye. His “All Things Live in the Three” (1963) has three orange diamonds with green dots on a background of red with blue dots and with red patterns in the orange diamonds....
  • All Tomorrow’s Parties (novel by Gibson)
    ...in Virtual Light (1993). His Idoru (1996), set in 21st-century Tokyo, focuses on the media and virtual celebrities of the future. All Tomorrow’s Parties (1999) concerns a clairvoyant cyberpunk who labours to keep a villain from dominating the world....
  • All Whites (New Zealand rugby team)
    Nepia captained the New Zealand Maori team—known as the All Whites for their white uniforms—on its tour of Australia in 1935. After that he played professional rugby league in England for Streatham and Mitcham, which used Nepia’s name to attract 20,000 spectators to its first match against Oldham. In 1936–37 he played rugby league for Halifax. Returning to New Zealand i...
  • All Worlds, Church of (religious organization)
    Neo-Paganism in the postwar decades has flourished particularly in the United States and the United Kingdom and in Scandinavia. Some of the major Neo-Pagan groups are the Church of All Worlds, the largest of all the pagan movements, which centres on worship of the earth-mother goddess; Feraferia, based on ancient Greek religion and also centred on goddess worship; Pagan Way, a nature religion......
  • All-African Convention (political organization, South Africa)
    ...Wales, and at the universities of London and Birmingham. In 1916 he began teaching at Fort Hare Native College (later University College) in Fort Hare, Cape Province. In December 1935 he founded the All-African National Convention (AANC), which led the opposition to a series of bills whose purpose was to disfranchise black Africans, prevent them from owning land, and keep them from selling thei...
  • All-African Games (sports)
    international athletics (track-and-field) competition sponsored by the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF) and contested by athletes representing the nations of Africa. The African Games were first held in 1965, in Brazzaville, Congo, and consisted of contests in athletic sports exclusively. Attempts to hold such African games date back to the 1920s, and in...
  • All-African National Convention (political organization, South Africa)
    ...Wales, and at the universities of London and Birmingham. In 1916 he began teaching at Fort Hare Native College (later University College) in Fort Hare, Cape Province. In December 1935 he founded the All-African National Convention (AANC), which led the opposition to a series of bills whose purpose was to disfranchise black Africans, prevent them from owning land, and keep them from selling thei...
  • All-African Trade Union Federation (African labour organization)
    labour organization founded in 1973 at Addis Ababa, Eth., on the initiative of the Organization of African Unity and replacing the former All-African Trade Union Federation (AATUF; founded in 1961) and the African Trade Union Confederation (ATUC; founded in 1962). The ATUC from its founding had encouraged member affiliation with other international union organizations, while the more militant......
  • All-America team (American sports)
    honorific title given to outstanding U.S. athletes in a specific sport in a given year competing at the collegiate and secondary school levels. Originally the term referred to a select group of college gridiron football players. Athletes selected to an All-America team are known as All-Americans....
  • All-American Girls Professional Baseball League (American sports organization)
    American sports organization that, between 1943 and its dissolution in 1954, grew from a stopgap wartime entertainment to a professional showcase for women baseball players....
  • all-base airplane (aircraft)
    ...wheel gear to a float seaplane or flying boat, also accomplished by Curtiss, created the amphibian aircraft capable of operating from land runways or water. A post-World War II development was the pantobase, or all-base, airplane incorporating devices for operating from water or from a variety of unprepared surfaces such as snow, ice, mud, and sod....
  • All-Canadian Congress of Labour (Canadian trade association)
    ...from the United States into Canada. At the insistence of the AFL, the TLC expelled the Canadian branches of the CIO internationals in 1939. The next year these CIO unions joined the remnants of the All-Canadian Congress of Labour, which had formed in 1927 on the dual principles of industrial unionism and Canadian nationalism, to create the Canadian Congress of Labour (CCL) in affiliation with.....
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