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excitement phase (physiology)
In the excitement stage, the body prepares for sexual activity by tensing muscles and increasing heart rate. In the male, blood flows into the penis, causing it to become erect; in the female, the vaginal walls become moist, the inner part of the vagina becomes wider, and the clitoris enlarges. In the plateau stage, breathing becomes more rapid and the muscles continue to tense. The glans at......
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excitement stage (physiology)
In the excitement stage, the body prepares for sexual activity by tensing muscles and increasing heart rate. In the male, blood flows into the penis, causing it to become erect; in the female, the vaginal walls become moist, the inner part of the vagina becomes wider, and the clitoris enlarges. In the plateau stage, breathing becomes more rapid and the muscles continue to tense. The glans at......
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exciter (electronics)
...in a generator with a capacity of 1,000 megavolt-amperes this will still be several megawatts. For most large synchronous generators, the field current is provided by another generator, known as an exciter, mounted on the same shaft. This may be a direct-current generator. In most modern installations, a synchronous generator is used as the exciter. For this purpose, the field windings of the.....
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exciton (physics)
the combination of an electron and a positive hole (an empty electron state in a valence band), which is free to move through a nonmetallic crystal as a unit....
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exciton state (physics)
...are produced for which there is no analogue in the gaseous state. They owe their existence to the collective behaviour of atoms and molecules in close proximity. The more important of them are the exciton state, the polaron state, the charge-transfer (or charge-separated) state, and the plasmon state....
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exclamation mark (grammar)
...stated plainly for the first time the view that clarification of syntax is the main object of punctuation. By the end of the 17th century the various marks had received their modern names, and the exclamation mark, quotation marks, and the dash had been added to the system....
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excluded middle, law of (logic)
...there will be a sea battle tomorrow, nevertheless it is true even now, before the fact, that there either will or will not be a sea battle tomorrow. In short, Aristotle appears to have affirmed the law of excluded middle (for any proposition replacing “p,” it is true that either p or not-p), but to have denied the principle of bivalence (that every proposition...
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excluded peril (insurance)
Among the excluded perils (or exclusions) of homeowner’s policies are the following: loss due to freezing when the dwelling is vacant or unoccupied, unless stated precautions are taken; loss from weight of ice or snow to property such as fences, swimming pools, docks, or retaining walls; theft loss when the building is under construction; vandalism loss when the dwelling is vacant beyond 30...
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excluded third, principle of (logic)
...there will be a sea battle tomorrow, nevertheless it is true even now, before the fact, that there either will or will not be a sea battle tomorrow. In short, Aristotle appears to have affirmed the law of excluded middle (for any proposition replacing “p,” it is true that either p or not-p), but to have denied the principle of bivalence (that every proposition...
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exclusion (insurance)
Among the excluded perils (or exclusions) of homeowner’s policies are the following: loss due to freezing when the dwelling is vacant or unoccupied, unless stated precautions are taken; loss from weight of ice or snow to property such as fences, swimming pools, docks, or retaining walls; theft loss when the building is under construction; vandalism loss when the dwelling is vacant beyond 30...
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exclusion and avoidance, principle of (biology)
The principle of exclusion and avoidance is to keep the pathogen away from the growing host plant. This practice commonly excludes pathogens by disinfection of plants, seeds, or other parts, using chemicals or heat. Inspection and certification of seed and other planting stock help ensure freedom from disease. For gardeners this involves sorting bulbs or corms before planting and rejecting......
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Exclusion Bill (English history)
...of Shaftesbury, the earl of Halifax, and the earl of Essex, into his government, and then he offered a plan for safeguarding the church during his brother’s reign. But when the Commons passed the Exclusion Bill, Charles dissolved Parliament and called new elections. These did not change the mood of the country, for in the second Exclusion Parliament (1679) the Commons also voted to bypas...
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exclusion chromatography (chemistry)
in analytical chemistry, technique for separating chemical substances by exploiting the differences in the rates at which they pass through a bed of a porous, semisolid substance. The method is especially useful for separating enzymes, proteins, peptides, and amino acids from each other and from substances of low molecular weight. The separation of the components of a mixture by gel chromatography...
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Exclusion Parliament (British history)
...from the throne. This plunged the state into its most serious political crisis since the revolution. But, unlike his father, Charles II reacted calmly and decisively. First he co-opted the leading exclusionists, including the earl of Shaftesbury, the earl of Halifax, and the earl of Essex, into his government, and then he offered a plan for safeguarding the church during his brother’s re...
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exclusion principle (physics)
assertion that no two electrons in an atom can be at the same time in the same state or configuration, proposed (1925) by the Austrian physicist Wolfgang Pauli to account for the observed patterns of light emission from atoms. The exclusion principle subsequently has been generalized to include a whole class of particles of which the electron is only one member....
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exclusion, principle of (mathematics)
...· · , An, then this number can be computed as an alternating sum of sums involving the numbers of objects that possess the properties (see 14). This is the principle of inclusion and exclusion expressed by Sylvester....
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exclusion, right of (Roman Catholic history)
By the 17th century the church had tacitly accepted a right of veto, or exclusion, in papal elections by the Catholic kings of Europe. Typically, a cardinal who was charged with the mission by his home government would inform the conclave of the inadmissability of certain papal candidates. The royal right of exclusion prevented the election to the papal office of various cardinals in 1721,......
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exclusionary rule (American law)
in U.S. law, the principle that evidence seized by police in violation of the Fourth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution may not be used against a criminal defendant at trial....
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Exclusionist (Australian history)
in Australian history, member of the sociopolitical faction of free settlers, officials, and military officers of the convict colony of New South Wales, formed in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. The Exclusives sought to exclude Emancipists (former convicts) from full civil rights. Governor Lachlan Macquarie (1810–21) tried to introduce notable E...
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Exclusive (Australian history)
in Australian history, member of the sociopolitical faction of free settlers, officials, and military officers of the convict colony of New South Wales, formed in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. The Exclusives sought to exclude Emancipists (former convicts) from full civil rights. Governor Lachlan Macquarie (1810–21) tried to introduce notable E...
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Exclusive Agreement (British history)
...considered a pirate state, Abū Ẓaby signed the British-sponsored General Treaty of Peace (1820), the maritime truce (1835), and the Perpetual Maritime Truce (1853). By the terms of the Exclusive Agreement of 1892, its foreign affairs were placed under British control. During the long rule of Sheikh Zayd ibn Khalīfah (1855–1908), Abū Ẓaby was the premier...
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Exclusive Brethren (religious community)
After Darby returned to England in 1845, disputes over doctrine and church government split the Brethren. Darby’s followers formed a closely knit federation of churches and were known as Exclusive Brethren; the others, called Open Brethren, maintained a congregational form of church government and less rigorous standards for membership. Exclusive Brethren have suffered further divisions....
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exclusive disjunction (logic)
in logic, relation or connection of terms in a proposition to express the concept “or”; it is a statement of alternatives (sometimes called “alternation”). For clarity, exclusive disjunction (either x or y but not both), symbolized x ∨· y, x ∨ y, or x ≡/y, must be distinguished f...
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exclusive economic zone (international law)
...example of the magnitude of the problem. Congress requires the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) to report regularly on the status of all fisheries whose major stocks are within the country’s exclusive economic zone, or EEZ. (Beyond its territorial waters, every coastal country may establish an EEZ extending 370 km [200 nautical miles] from shore. Within the EEZ the coastal state ...
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exclusivism (religion)
During the 20th century, most Christians adopted one of three main points of view. According to exclusivism, there is salvation only for Christians. This theology underlay much of the history outlined above, expressed both in the Roman Catholic dogma extra ecclesiam nulla salus (“outside the church no salvation”) and in the assumption of the 18th- and 19th-century Protestant.....
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excommunication (religion)
form of ecclesiastical censure by which a person is excluded from the communion of believers, the rites or sacraments of a church, and the rights of church membership, but not necessarily from membership in the church as such. Some method of exclusion belongs to the administration of all Christian churches and denominations, indeed of all religious communities....
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excrement (biology)
solid bodily waste discharged from the large intestine through the anus during defecation. Feces are normally removed from the body one or two times a day. About 100 to 250 grams (3 to 8 ounces) of feces are excreted by a human adult daily....
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excretion (biology)
the process by which animals rid themselves of waste products and of the nitrogenous by-products of metabolism. Through excretion organisms control osmotic pressure—the balance between inorganic ions and water—and maintain acid-base balance. The process thus promotes homeostasis, the constancy of the organism’s internal environment....
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excretion rate (physiology)
Clearance value is not the same as excretion rate. The clearance of inulin and some other compounds is not altered by raising its plasma concentration, because the amount of urine completely cleared of the agent remains the same. But the excretion rate equals total quantity excreted per millilitre of filtrate per minute, and this value is directly proportional to its plasma concentration....
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excretory system (anatomy)
in humans, organ system that includes the kidneys, where urine is produced, and the ureters, bladder, and urethra for the passage, storage, and voiding of urine....
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excurrent branching (plant anatomy)
Branching is a significant characteristic in trees. Most conifers form a well-defined dominant trunk with smaller lateral branches (excurrent branching). Many angiosperms show for some part of their development a well-defined central axis, which then divides continually to form a crown of branches of similar dimensions (deliquescent branching). This can be found in many oaks, the honey locust......
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Excursion, The (poem by Wordsworth)
The Recluse itself was never completed, and only one of its three projected parts was actually written; this was published in 1814 as The Excursion and consisted of nine long philosophical monologues spoken by pastoral characters. The first monologue (Book I) contained a version of one of Wordsworth’s greatest poems, “The Ruined Cottage,” composed in superb blank...
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Excursion to Tilsit, The (work by Sudermann)
...Sudermann’s other works, the novel Das hohe Lied (1908; The Song of Songs), a sympathetic study of the downward progress of a seduced girl, and Litauische Geschichten (1917; The Excursion to Tilsit), a collection of stories dealing with the simple villagers of his native region, are notable. Das Bilderbuch meiner Jugend (1922; The Book of My Youth...
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Exe, River (river, England, United Kingdom)
river in southwest England, rising from its source on Exmoor in Somerset, only 5 mi (8 km) from the Bristol Channel, and flowing southward 60 mi across Devon to its estuary beginning at Exeter and into the English Channel at Exmouth. The Exe is an important river for angling (salmon and trout), and yachting is popular on the estuary. Upstream, there are paper and flour mills along its banks....
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Execias (Greek artist)
Greek potter and painter who, with the Amasis Painter, is considered the finest and most original of black-figure masters of the mid-6th century bc and is one of the major figures in the history of the art. He signed 13 vases (2 as painter and potter and 11 as potter). The commonest inscription on the vases is “Exekias e...
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Execration Texts (ancient Egyptian literature)
...at this time. (Most notable are the popular literary work known as the Story of Sinuhe, detailing the hero’s exile in the Palestinian region, and the 20th–19th-century “Execration Texts,” inscriptions of Egypt’s enemies’ names on pottery, which was ceremonially broken to invoke a curse.) The culture introduced at this stage was essentially ...
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executed parol license (property law)
...the license becomes irrevocable when the buyer invests in the property, reasonably believing that the permission will not be revoked. When the license becomes irrevocable, it may be called an “executed parol license,” though it is more accurately called a servitude created by estoppel, a term that better describes both the process used to create the right and the resulting right.....
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execution (law)
execution of an offender sentenced to death after conviction by a court of law of a criminal offense. Capital punishment should be distinguished from extrajudicial executions carried out without due process of law. The term death penalty is sometimes used interchangeably with capital punishment, though imposition of the penalty is not always followed by execution (...
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Execution of Mayor Yin, The (work by Ch’en Jo-hsi)
...in Taiwanese periodicals, while firsthand experiences and observations by mainland émigrés and overseas Chinese, such as the collection of stories Yin hsien-chang (1976; The Execution of Mayor Yin) by Ch’en Jo-hsi, are given broad exposure....
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Executioner’s Song, The (work by Mailer)
...his true voice—grandiose yet personal, comic yet shrewdly intellectual. He refined this approach into a new objectivity in the Pulitzer Prize-winning “true life novel” The Executioner’s Song (1979). When he returned to fiction, his most effective work was Harlot’s Ghost (1991), the first volume of a projected long novel about the Cent...
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executive (business)
The markets that corporations serve reflect the great variety of humanity and human wants; accordingly, firms that serve different markets exhibit great differences in technology, structure, beliefs, and practice. Because the essence of competition and innovation lies in differentiation and change, corporations are in general under degrees of competitive pressure to modify or change their......
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executive agreement (international law)
an agreement between the United States and a foreign government that is less formal than a treaty and is not subject to the constitutional requirement for ratification by two-thirds of the U.S. Senate....
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executive attention (psychology)
...by the British psychologist Alan Baddeley—is essential for problem solving or the execution of complex cognitive tasks. It is characterized by two components: short-term memory and “executive attention.” Short-term memory comprises the extremely limited number of items that humans are capable of keeping in mind at one time, whereas executive attention is a function that......
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executive branch (government)
...developed new techniques for controlling the executive. The difficulties of presidents in the late 20th century with legislative programs of foreign aid and the perennial congressional criticism of executive policies in foreign affairs also suggest that Congress continues to play a vital role in the governing process....
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Executive Commission (Filipino history)
...to leave the Philippines in March 1942 on a U.S. submarine; he was never to return. Osmeña also went. Filipino and American forces, under Gen. Jonathan M. Wainwright, surrendered in May. An Executive Commission made up of more than 30 members of the old Filipino political elite had been cooperating with Japanese military authorities in Manila since January....
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Executive Committee of Security (Austrian history)
...of March 13, 1848—the first day of the revolution. Rising in a few days to a position of leadership in the Vienna student movement, he was subsequently (May 1848) elected president of the Executive Committee of Security, the ruling force in the Austrian capital through the summer of 1848. A leading member of the short-lived parliaments at Vienna and Kremsier (now......
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Executive Council (Australian government)
...the titular representative of the British monarch. The premier-elect (chief minister-elect) submits names of proposed ministers to the governor for appointment. These ministers become members of the Executive Council, which advises the governor, who is regarded as the trustee of the constitution and stands above party politics. The governor summons and prorogues Parliament, outlines the......
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Executive House (building, Chicago, Illinois, United States)
...loads; the shear wall acts as a narrow deep cantilever beam to resist lateral forces. In 1958 the architect Milton Schwartz and engineer Henry Miller used shear walls to build the 39-story Executive House in Chicago to a height of 111 metres (371 feet). Of equal importance was the introduction of the perimeter-framed tube form in concrete by Fazlur Khan in the DeWitt–Chestnut......
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executive information system (computer science)
Executive information systems make a variety of critical information readily available in a highly summarized and convenient form. Senior managers characteristically employ many informal sources of information, however, so that formal, computerized information systems are of limited assistance. Nevertheless, this assistance is important for the chief executive officer, senior and executive vice......
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Executive Mansion (building, Washington, District of Columbia, United States)
the official office and residence of the president of the United States at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue N.W. in Washington, D.C. The White House and its landscaped grounds occupy 18 acres (7.2 hectares). Since the administration of George Washington (1789–97), who occupied presidential residences in New York and Philadelphia, every Americ...
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Executive Order 8802 (United States history)
...to practice segregation, as did Red Cross blood banks, Roosevelt, under pressure from blacks, who were outraged by the refusal of defense industries to integrate their labour forces, signed Executive Order 8802 on June 25, 1941. It prohibited racial discrimination in job training programs and by defense contractors and established a Fair Employment Practices Committee to insure......
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Executive Order 9066 (United States history)
...civilians occurred shortly after the outbreak of hostilities between Japan and the United States (Dec. 7, 1941), when more than 100,000 Japanese and Japanese-Americans on the West Coast were taken into custody and placed in camps in the interior....
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Executive Suite (film by Wise)
Wise was well-established as a reliable and competent director by the 1950s. One of his best films of the decade was Executive Suite (1954), the chronicle of a cutthroat power struggle at a furniture company. Featuring a large cast and several subplots, the film was potentially unwieldy, but Wise’s shrewd use of intercutting effectively unified it. Wise’s oth...
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executor (law)
in law, person designated by a testator—i.e., a person making a will—to direct the distribution of his estate after his death. The system is found only in countries using Anglo-American law; in civil-law countries the estate goes directly to the heir or heirs. The executor is usually a surviving spouse or other relative and achieves his position in most states even before the...
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exedra (architecture)
in architecture, semicircular or rectangular niche with a raised seat; more loosely applied, the term also refers to the apse of a church or to a niche therein....
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exegesis (crtical interpretation of biblical text)
the critical interpretation of the biblical text to discover its intended meaning. Both Jews and Christians have used various exegetical methods throughout their history, and doctrinal and polemical intentions have often influenced interpretive results; a given text may yield a number of very different interpretations according to the exegetical presuppositions and techniques applied to it. The st...
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Exekias (Greek artist)
Greek potter and painter who, with the Amasis Painter, is considered the finest and most original of black-figure masters of the mid-6th century bc and is one of the major figures in the history of the art. He signed 13 vases (2 as painter and potter and 11 as potter). The commonest inscription on the vases is “Exekias e...
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Exempla (work by Nepos)
...brief biographies of distinguished Romans and foreigners; Chronica (in 3 books), which introduced to the Roman reader a Greek invention, the universal comparative chronology; Exempla (in at least 5 books), which consisted of anecdotes; possibly a universal geography to match the Chronica; and biographies of the elder Cato and Cicero. There survive only......
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exempla (literature)
short tale originally incorporated by a medieval preacher into his sermon to emphasize a moral or illustrate a point of doctrine. Fables, folktales, and legends were gathered into collections, such as Exempla (c. 1200) by Jacques de Vitry, for the use of preachers. Such exempla often provided the germ or plot for medieval secular tales in verse or prose. The influence of ...
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Exemplar Humanae Vitae (work by Acosta)
...from converting to Judaism, he made a public recantation in 1640 after enduring years of ostracism. This humiliation shattered his self-esteem, and, after writing a short autobiography, Exemplar Humanae Vitae (1687; “Example of a Human Life”), he shot himself. Acosta’s Exemplar depicted revealed religion as disruptive of natural law and a source of hatred and....
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exemplarism (philosophy)
...and Plotinus, and above all Augustine, as metaphysicians. His main criticism of Aristotle and his followers was that they denied the existence of divine ideas. As a result, Aristotle was ignorant of exemplarism (God’s creation of the world according to ideas in his mind) and also of divine providence and government of the world. This involved Aristotle in a threefold blindness: he taught...
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Exemplary Stories (work by Cervantes)
The next year, the 12 Exemplary Stories were published. The prologue contains the only known verbal portrait of the author:of aquiline countenance, with dark brown hair, smooth clear brow, merry eyes and hooked but well-proportioned nose; his beard is silver though it was gold not 20 years ago; large moustache, small mouth with teeth neither big nor little, since he has......
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exemplum (literature)
short tale originally incorporated by a medieval preacher into his sermon to emphasize a moral or illustrate a point of doctrine. Fables, folktales, and legends were gathered into collections, such as Exempla (c. 1200) by Jacques de Vitry, for the use of preachers. Such exempla often provided the germ or plot for medieval secular tales in verse or prose. The influence of ...
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exemption (taxation)
The property tax has been increasingly weakened by a variety of exemptions. In the United States, for example, exemptions apply to about one-third of the land area in the average locality. Most of the land exempted from a property tax comprises streets, schools, parks, and other property of local government, meaning that the application of the property tax to it would merely transfer funds from......
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exequatur (law)
...appointments, which the Catholic Monarchs insisted upon with ruthless disregard of all papal claims to the contrary. In the Spanish dependencies in Italy, Ferdinand claimed the right of exequatur, according to which all papal bulls and breves (authorizing letters) could be published only with his permission. A letter from Ferdinand to his viceroy in Naples, written in 1510, upbraids......
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Exequias de la lengua castellana (work by Forner)
...“The Erudite Ass”) the dramatist Tomás de Iriarte and his work came under vicious attack. A ban prevented his writing more satires after 1785. His two most important works are Exequias de la lengua castellana (1795; “Exequies of the Castilian Language”), a defense of Castilian literature; and Oración apologética por la España y s...
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exercise (physical fitness)
the training of the body to improve its function and enhance its fitness....
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exercise bicycle (exercise equipment)
...wheels for increased stability and typically is used by small children and the elderly; the tandem bicycle, in which two riders sit one behind the other, the front rider steering; and stationary exercise bicycles....
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exercise, law of (psychology)
...stated that those behavioral responses that were most closely followed by a satisfying result were most likely to become established patterns and to occur again in response to the same stimulus. The law of exercise stated that behaviour is more strongly established through frequent connections of stimulus and response. In 1932 Thorndike determined that the second of his laws was not entirely......
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exercise, Thorndike’s law of (psychology)
...stated that those behavioral responses that were most closely followed by a satisfying result were most likely to become established patterns and to occur again in response to the same stimulus. The law of exercise stated that behaviour is more strongly established through frequent connections of stimulus and response. In 1932 Thorndike determined that the second of his laws was not entirely......
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exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage (equine disease)
disease condition in horses in which blood appears in the airways during and after strenuous exercise. More than 80 percent of racehorses, including Thoroughbreds, Standardbreds, and American Quarter Horses, are affected to varying degrees. The condition can compromise racing performance. Affected horses...
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exercitales (medieval Italian freemen)
...part, for the legitimacy of the king rested on his direct relationship with the free Lombard people in arms—the exercitales, or arimanni, who formed the basis of the Lombard army. This concept did not leave much room for Romans, who indeed largely disappear from the evidence, even when documents increase again in...
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Exercitatio alphabetica (work by Perret)
...reproducing all sorts of writing, and cancelleresca was evolving. The first copybook to be printed in the Netherlands from engraved metal plates was the Exercitatio alphabetica (1569; “Alphabet Practice”) by the 17-year-old Clément Perret. Perret’s book contains examples in many different hands chosen to match the la...
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“Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus” (work by Harvey)
English physician William Harvey announced his observations on the circulation of the blood in 1616 and published his famous monograph titled Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus (The Anatomical Exercises Concerning the Motion of the Heart and Blood in Animals) in 1628. His discovery, that blood circulates around the body in a closed system,......
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Exercitatio anatomica de structura et usu renum (work by Bellini)
In Exercitatio anatomica de structura et usu renum (1662; “Anatomical Exercise on the Structure and Function of the Kidney”), published when he was a 19-year-old student at the University of Pisa, Bellini showed for the first time that the kidney consists of an immense number of tiny canals. A professor at Pisa for 30 years, Bellini described the taste organs (1665) and......
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Exercitationes Centum de Cognitione Dei et Nostri (work by Clauberg)
...Calvinist poet, Clauberg upheld the Cartesian method of pursuing knowledge in his Defensio Cartesiana (1652). He sought again to refute Revius in his Initiatio Philosophi (1655). In Exercitationes Centum de Cognitione Dei et Nostri (1656; “One Hundred Exercises on the Knowledge of God and Ourselves”), he proceeded from his proof for the existence of God based ...
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“Exercitationes de generatione animalium” (work by Harvey)
...active research into the difficult subject of reproduction in animals. This led in 1651 to the publication of Exercitationes de Generatione Animalium (Anatomical Exercitations Concerning the Generation of Animals) through the persuasions of his younger friend Sir George Ent, a fellow of the college. The book contains much of historical and......
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Exercitationes Geometricae Sex (work by Cavalieri)
...the method of indivisibles was unsatisfactory and fell under heavy criticism, notably from the contemporary Swiss mathematician Paul Guldin. In reply to this criticism, Cavalieri wrote Exercitationes Geometricae Sex (1647; “Six Geometrical Exercises”), stating the principle in the more satisfactory form that was widely employed by mathematicians during the 17th......
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Exercitationes paradoxicae adversus Aristoteleos (work by Gassendi)
...on the thought of Aristotle from 1617 to 1622, when the new Jesuit authorities of the university, who disapproved of Gassendi’s anti-Aristotelianism, compelled him to leave. Gassendi’s work Exercitationes paradoxicae adversus Aristoteleos (“Paradoxical Exercises Against the Aristotelians”), the first part of which was published in 1624, contains an attac...
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Exeter (district, England, United Kingdom)
...on the thought of Aristotle from 1617 to 1622, when the new Jesuit authorities of the university, who disapproved of Gassendi’s anti-Aristotelianism, compelled him to leave. Gassendi’s work Exercitationes paradoxicae adversus Aristoteleos (“Paradoxical Exercises Against the Aristotelians”), the first part of which was published in 1624, contains an attac...
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Exeter (New Hampshire, United States)
town (township), seat of Rockingham county, southeastern New Hampshire, U.S., on the Exeter River at the falls of the Squamscott River (tidal), southwest of Portsmouth. The town was founded in 1638 by John Wheelwright and a group of religious exiles from the Massachusetts Bay colony. During its early years it was a commonwealth independent o...
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Exeter (ship)
...sinking several merchant ships in the Atlantic, the Graf Spee was sighted on Dec. 13, 1939, off the Río de la Plata estuary by a British search group consisting of the cruisers Exeter, Ajax, and Achilles, commanded by Commodore H. Harwood. At 6:14 am Harwood’s three ships attacked, but in a little more than an hour the Graf Spee had damage...
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Exeter (England, United Kingdom)
city (district), administrative and historic county of Devon, England, on the River Exe about 10 miles (16 km) above the river’s entry into the English Channel. Exeter is the county town (seat) of Devon. The community derived its early importance from its position at the river crossing....
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Exeter (school, Exeter, New Hampshire, United States)
private, coeducational, college-preparatory school (grades 9–12) in Exeter, N.H., U.S. It was founded as a boys’ school in 1781 by John Phillips, a local merchant and uncle of Samuel Phillips, the founder three years earlier of Phillips Academy in Andover, Mass....
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Exeter Book (Old English literature)
the largest extant collection of Old English poetry. Copied c. 975, the manuscript was given to Exeter Cathedral by Bishop Leofric (died 1072). It begins with some long religious poems: the Christ, in three parts; two poems on St. Guthlac; the fragmentary “Azarius”; and the allegorical Phoenix. Following these are a number of shorter religious verses intermingled...
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Exeter, University of (university, Exeter, England, United Kingdom)
the largest extant collection of Old English poetry. Copied c. 975, the manuscript was given to Exeter Cathedral by Bishop Leofric (died 1072). It begins with some long religious poems: the Christ, in three parts; two poems on St. Guthlac; the fragmentary “Azarius”; and the allegorical Phoenix. Following these are a number of shorter religious verses intermingled...
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exfoliation (geology)
separation of successive thin shells, or spalls, from massive rock such as granite or basalt; it is common in regions that have moderate rainfall. The thickness of individual sheet or plate may be from a few millimetres to a few metres....
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exfoliative cytology (medicine)
Exfoliative cytology and fine-needle aspiration cytology are important adjuncts to biopsy. In exfoliative cytology, cells shed from body surfaces, such as the inside of the mouth or the cervix, are collected and examined. In fine-needle aspiration cytology, cells are collected for examination via a thin needle, which is inserted into specific lesions. Both techniques can be used to confirm the......
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exfoliative dermatitis (pathology)
generalized redness and scaling of the skin that usually arises as a complication of a preexisting skin disease or of an allergy. More rarely, it may be indicative of a systemic disease, such as cancer of the lymphoid tissue. The onset of exfoliative dermatitis is gradual; initial single lesions coalesce into large patches of scaly, red skin that may extend over any part of the body until no heal...
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exhalant chamber (mollusk anatomy)
...the mantle cavity below the gill (the infrabranchial, or inhalant, chamber) to that area above it (the suprabranchial, or exhalant, chamber). The anus and the urogenital pores also open into the exhalant chamber so that all waste products exit the animal in the exhalant stream. The paired labial palps in the mantle cavity are used in feeding. The outer palp on each side bears a long,......
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exhalation (physiology)
...periods of strenuous effort. Quiet respiration at rest as well as deep respiration during physical exertion are characterized by symmetry and synchrony of inhalation (inspiration) and exhalation (expiration). Inspiration and expiration are equally long, equally deep, and transport the same amount of air during the same period of time, approximately half a litre (one pint) of air per breath at.....
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exhaust (emissions)
device through which the exhaust gases from an internal-combustion engine are passed to attenuate (reduce) the airborne noise of the engine. To be efficient as a sound reducer, a muffler must decrease the velocity of the exhaust gases and either absorb sound waves or cancel them by interference with reflected waves coming from the same source....
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exhaust pipe (automotive engineering)
...to limit the discharge of noxious gases from the internal-combustion engine. There are four main sources of these gases: the engine exhaust, the crankcase, the fuel tank, and the carburetor. The exhaust pipe discharges burned and unburned hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen and sulfur, and traces of various acids, alcohols, phenols, and heavy metals such as lead. The crankcase......
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exhaust pressure ratio indicator (instrument)
Control apparatus includes the attitude gyro and any number of instruments that indicate power, such as the tachometer (in propeller craft), torquemeter (in turboprops), and exhaust pressure ratio indicator (in turbojets). Performance instruments include the altimeter, Machmeter, turn and slip indicator, and varied devices that show airspeed, vertical velocity, and angle of attack. Electronic......
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exhaust system (automotive)
The elimination of the injection air compressor was a step in the right direction, but there was yet another problem to be solved: the engine exhaust contained an excessive amount of smoke, even at outputs well within the horsepower rating of the engine and even though there was enough air in the cylinder to burn the fuel charge without leaving a discoloured exhaust that normally indicated......
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exhaust valve (mechanics)
As noted earlier, diesel engines are designed to operate on either the two- or four-stroke cycle. In the typical four-stroke-cycle engine, the intake and exhaust valves and the fuel-injection nozzle are located in the cylinder head (see figure). Often, dual valve arrangements—two intake and two exhaust valves—are employed....
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exhaust velocity (engineering)
The exhaust velocity is a figure of merit for rocket propulsion because it is a measure of thrust per unit mass of propellant consumed—i.e.,...
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exhaust-gas recirculation (automotive engineering)
Exhaust-gas recirculation is a technique to control oxides of nitrogen, which are formed by the chemical reaction of nitrogen and oxygen at high temperatures during combustion. Either reducing the concentrations of these elements or lowering peak cycle temperatures will reduce the amount of nitrogen oxides produced. To achieve this, exhaust gas is piped from the exhaust manifold to the intake......
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exhausting (food preservation)
...jars or plastic pouches. When foods containing trapped air, such as leafy vegetables, are canned, the air must be removed from the cans prior to closing and sealing the lids by a process called exhausting. Exhausting is accomplished using steam exhaust hoods or by creation of a vacuum....
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exhaustion (physiology)
specific form of human inadequacy in which the individual experiences an aversion to exertion and feels unable to carry on. Such feelings may be generated by muscular effort; exhaustion of the energy supply to the muscles of the body, however, is not an invariable precursor. Feelings of fatigue may also stem from pain, anxiety, fear, or boredom. In the latter ...
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