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incandescent lamp (lighting)
any of various devices that produce light by heating a suitable material to a high temperature. When any solid or gas is heated, commonly by combustion or resistance to an electric current, it gives off light of a colour (spectral balance) characteristic of the material....
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incandescent mantle
Nonelectric incandescent lamps include the gas-mantle lamp. The mantle is a mesh bag of fabric impregnated with a solution of nitrates of cerium and one or more of the following metals: thorium, beryllium, aluminum, or magnesium. The mantle is fixed over an orifice carrying a flammable gas such as natural gas, ......
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incantation (magic)
words uttered in a set formula with magical intent. The correct recitation, often with accompanying gestures, is considered to unleash supernatural power. Some societies believe that incorrect recitation can not only nullify the magic but cause the death of the practitioner....
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Incantation by Laughter (poem by Khlebnikov)
...role in Russian attempts to renew language, which in turn aimed at the destruction of syntax. The most famous Futurist poem, Khlebnikov’s Zaklyatiye smekhom (1910; “Incantation by Laughter”), generates a series of permutations built on the root -smekh (“laughter”) by adding impossible prefixes and suffixes. The result is a typ...
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Incantations (work by Shapey)
...and his Fantasy for orchestra (1951; later withdrawn), Shapey began to make a reputation. His Dimensions (1960) and Incantations (1961) were scored for instrumental ensembles and a soprano who sings wordlessly, using only vowel sounds. In 1964 he started teaching at the University of Chicago and later that...
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incapacitant (chemical compound)
A good deal of work has been done on chemicals that can incapacitate, disorient, or paralyze opponents. Experiments have been conducted on a number of hallucinogenic drug compounds—for instance, 3-quinuclidinyl benzilate (BZ), LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide), mescaline, and methaqualone—and at one time the U.S. Army fielded BZ.....
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incapacitation (penology)
Incapacitation refers to the act of making an individual “incapable” of committing a crime—historically by execution or banishment, and in more modern times by execution or lengthy periods of incarceration. Most instances of incapacitation involve offenders who have committed repeated crimes (multiple recidivists) under what are known as habitual offender statutes, which......
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incarceration (law)
...Serious offenses are handled by the courts, which were reformed in 1996 to make them more adversarial and to give the defense counsel more independence. Punishments for serious offenses include imprisonment and the death penalty. About 70 different offenses are punishable by death, though the vast majority of death sentences are imposed......
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Incarnation (Jesus Christ)
central Christian doctrine that God became flesh, that God assumed a human nature and became a man in the form of Jesus Christ, the Son of God and the second Person of the Trinity. Christ was truly...
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incarnation (religion)
...to the high ethical teaching and character of saints and prophets, who have a special role to play in transmitting the divine message. In some religions this tendency culminates in doctrines of incarnation, of God manifesting himself expressly in refined or perfected human form. This trend is peculiarly marked in the Christian religion, in which the claim is usually made that a unique and......
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Incarnation, Era of the (chronology)
...and, after the Arab invasions, in the unconquered Christian kingdoms in the north of the Iberian Peninsula. It was abolished, in favour of the Era of the Incarnation, in Catalonia in 1180, in Aragon in 1350, in Castile in 1383, and in Portugal in 1422. The Era of the Passion, commencing 33 years after that of the Incarnation, enjoyed a......
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Incarnation of the Word of God, The (work by Athanasius)
Athanasius’ two-part work of apologetics, Against the Heathen and The Incarnation of the Word of God, completed about 335, was the first great classic of developed Greek Orthodox theology. In Athanasius’ system, the Son of God, the eternal Word through whom God made the world, entered the world in human form to lead men back to the harmony from which they had fallen awa...
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“Ince Memed” (novel by Kemal)
...until 1963. During this time he published a novella, Teneke (1955; “The Tin Pan”), and the novel Ince Memed (1955; Memed, My Hawk). The latter, a popular tale about a bandit and folk hero, was translated into more than 20 languages and was made into a movie in 1984. Kemal wrote three more novels featuring.....
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Ince Minare (building, Konya, Turkey)
...uniquely Anatolian architectural features, however, can be distinguished. One was limited to Konya at this time but would have an important widespread development later on. As it appears in the Ince or Karatay medreses, it consists of the transformation of the central courtyard into a domed space while maintaining the eyvān. Thus the centralized aspect of the......
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Ince, Thomas H. (American film director)
pioneer American motion-picture director, who was the first to organize production methods into a disciplined system of filmmaking....
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Ince, Thomas Harper (American film director)
pioneer American motion-picture director, who was the first to organize production methods into a disciplined system of filmmaking....
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incendiary bomb (military technology)
Incendiary bombs are of two main types. The burning material of the intensive type is thermite, a mixture of aluminum powder and iron oxide that burns at a very high temperature. The casing of such a bomb is composed of magnesium, a metal that itself burns at a high temperature when ignited by thermite. Intensive-type incendiaries are......
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incendiary bullet (ammunition)
...Tracer bullets have a column of pyrotechnic composition in the base that is ignited by the flame of the propellant; this provides a visible pyrotechnic display during the bullet’s flight. Incendiary bullets, intended to ignite flammable materials such as gasoline, contain a charge of chemical incendiary agent. See also bullet; cartridge; gunpowder; shell....
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incendiary shell (military technology)
...illuminated the battlefield at night; gas shells, filled with various chemicals such as chlorine or mustard gas, were used against troops; incendiary shells were developed for setting fire to hydrogen-filled zeppelins. High explosives were improved, with TNT (trinitrotoluene) and amatol (a mixture of TNT and ......
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Incendie, L’ (work by Dib)
Algerian novelist, poet, and playwright, known for his early trilogy on Algeria, La Grande Maison (1952; “The Big House”), L’Incendie (1954; “The Fire”), and Le Métier à tisser (1957; “The Loom”), in which he described the Algerian people’s awakening to s...
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incendio, L’ (work by Soldati)
...in works such as Le lettere da Capri (1953; The Capri Letters) and Le due città (1964; “The Two Cities”)—and in a later novel, L’incendio (1981; “The Fire”), which takes a quizzical look at the modern art business—showed himself to be...
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incense
grains of resins (sometimes mixed with spices) that burn with a fragrant odour, widely used as an oblation. It is commonly sprinkled on lighted charcoal contained in a censer, or thurible....
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incense burner
container generally of bronze or pottery, fitted with a perforated lid, in which incense is burnt. Although incense burners were used in Europe, they were far more widespread in the East. In China during the Han dynasty (206 bc–ad 220), a type of vessel known as a ...
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incense cedar (tree)
(species Calocedrus decurrens), ornamental and timber evergreen conifer of the cypress family (Cupressaceae). It is native primarily to the western slopes of the Cascade and Sierra Nevada mountain ranges of North America, at altitudes of 300 to ...
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incense juniper (plant)
...chinensis) of eastern Asia, and creeping juniper (J. horizontalis) of eastern North America are other popular ornamental species with many horticultural varieties. The wood of incense, or Spanish, juniper (J. thurifera), of Spain and Portugal, and of Phoenician juniper (J. phoenicea) of the Mediterranean region.....
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incense tree (plant)
Bark varies from the smooth, copper-coloured covering of the gumbo-limbo (Bursera simaruba) to the thick, soft, spongy bark of the punk, or cajeput, tree (Melaleuca leucadendron). Other types of bark include the commercial cork of the cork oak (Quercus suber) and the rugged, fissured outer coat of many other oaks; the flaking, patchy-coloured barks......
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incentive (economics)
Another major lesson that was learned is that poor people are, if anything, more responsive to incentives than rich people. Nominal exchange rates that are pegged without regard to domestic inflation have strong negative effects on incentives to export; producer prices for agricultural goods that are set as a small fraction of their world market price constitute a significant disincentive to......
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incentive motivation (psychology)
One area within the study of human motivation that has proved fruitful is research on incentives. Incentive motivation is concerned with the way goals influence behaviour. For example, a person might be willing to travel across the city to dine at a special restaurant that served a favourite dish. On the other hand, that same person might not be willing to travel the same distance to eat an......
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Inceptisol (soil)
one of the 12 soil orders in the U.S. Soil Taxonomy. Inceptisols are soils of relatively new origin and are characterized by having only the weakest appearance of horizons, or layers, produced by soil-forming factors. They are the most abundant on Earth, occupying almost 22 percent of all nonpolar continental land area. Their geographic settings vary widely, f...
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incest
sexual relations between persons who, because of the nature of their kin relationships, are prohibited by law or custom from intermarrying. Because, cross-culturally, incest is more an emotional than a legal issue, the term taboo is generally preferred over prohibition. The incest taboo is acknowledged in anthropology as universal, although it is imposed differently in different...
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inch (ancient unit of length)
...in terms of these equivalents, the digit (digitus), or 116 foot, was 18.5 mm (0.73 inch); the inch (uncia or pollicus), or 112 foot, was 24.67 mm (0.97 inch); and the palm (......
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inch (unit of measurement)
unit of British Imperial and United States Customary measure equal to 136 of a yard. The unit derives from the Old English ince, or ynce, which in turn came from the Latin unit uncia, which was “one-twelfth” of a Roman foot, or pes. (The Lati...
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inch plant
...erect to trailing, weak-stemmed herbs native to North and South America. Several species are grown as indoor plants in baskets, especially the wandering Jews (T. albiflora and T. fluminensis); among other slight differences, the former is green-leaved and the latter has purplish underleaves. White velvet, or white-gossamer......
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Inchbald, Elizabeth (English author and actress)
English novelist, playwright, and actress whose successful prose romances, A Simple Story (1791) and Nature and Art (1796), are early examples of the novel of passion....
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Inchcape Rock (reef, Scotland, United Kingdom)
sandstone reef in the North Sea off the coast of Scotland, 12 miles (19 km) southeast of Arbroath, Angus. It is 2,000 feet (600 metres) long and is exposed for a few feet at low tide but submerged at high tide. A peril to navigation, the rock lies in the fairway of vessels entering or leav...
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Incheon (South Korea)
port city, Kyŏnggi (Gyeonggi) do (province), northwestern South Korea. It lies near the mouth of the Han River, 25 miles (40 km) west-southwest of Seoul, with which it is connected by highway and railroad. It serves as the capital’s chief seaport and is the site of South Korea’s main international airport. Inch...
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Incheon landing (Korean War)
(Sept. 15–26, 1950) in the Korean War, an amphibious landing by U.S. and South Korean forces at the port of Inch’ŏn, near the South Korean capital, Seoul. A daring operation planned and executed under extremely difficult conditions by U.S. Gen. Douglas MacAr...
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inchoate crime (law)
In Anglo-American law there is a class of offenses known as inchoate, or preliminary, crimes because guilt attaches even though the criminal purpose of the parties may not have been achieved. Thus the offense of incitement or solicitation consists of urging or requesting another to commit a crime. Certain specified types of solicitation may be criminal, such as solicitation of a bribe or......
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Inch’ŏn (South Korea)
port city, Kyŏnggi (Gyeonggi) do (province), northwestern South Korea. It lies near the mouth of the Han River, 25 miles (40 km) west-southwest of Seoul, with which it is connected by highway and railroad. It serves as the capital’s chief seaport and is the site of South Korea’s main international airport. Inch...
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Inch’ŏn Free Economic Zone (economic zone, South Korea)
...The city’s other industries include chemicals, lumber, salt manufacturing, and high-technology industries. In 2003, to encourage international business and investment, the government established the Inch’ŏn Free Economic Zone, comprising several areas around the city. One element of the zone was the construction, on reclaimed land, of the planned high-technology city of Son...
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Inch’ŏn landing (Korean War)
(Sept. 15–26, 1950) in the Korean War, an amphibious landing by U.S. and South Korean forces at the port of Inch’ŏn, near the South Korean capital, Seoul. A daring operation planned and executed under extremely difficult conditions by U.S. Gen. Douglas MacAr...
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inchworm (larva)
the larva of any of a large group of moths in the order Lepidoptera. Because the larva lacks the middle pair of legs, it moves in a characteristic “inching,” or “looping,” gait by extending the front part of the body and bringing the rear up to meet it. The larvae resemble twigs or leaf stems, feed on foliage, and often seriously damage or destroy trees and crops. The s...
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incidence (taxation)
The incidence of a tax rests on the person(s) whose real net income is reduced by the tax. It is fundamental that the real burden of taxation does not necessarily rest upon the person who is legally responsible for payment of the tax. General sales taxes are paid by business firms, but most of the cost of the tax is actually passed on to......
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incidence (disease)
...is the study of the distribution of disease in different populations. Prevalence denotes the number of cases of a condition present at a particular time or over a specified period, while incidence denotes the number of new cases occurring in a defined time period. Epidemiology is also concerned with the social, economic, or other contexts in which mental illnesses arise....
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incidence, angle of (physics)
...(The refractive index of a transparent substance is the ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum to its speed in that substance.) For any angle of incidence smaller than the critical angle, and for any angle at all if the ray strikes the boundary from the other side, part of the beam will penetrate the boundary, being refracted in the......
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incidence, plane of (physics)
...transparent medium (e.g., water or glass). Waves vibrating in the plane of the surface are indicated by short lines crossing the ray, and those vibrating at right angles to the surface, by dots. The plane of incidence (AON) is the plane that contains the incident ray and the normal (ON, a line perpendicular to the surface) to the plane of the surface such that...
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incident (legal history)
...period each year. Periodic services tended to be commuted into fixed annual payments, which, under the impact of inflation, ceased to have much value over time. The “incidents,” or contingency rights, however, were assessed at current land value and remained important. For example, the feudal lord had the right to take a tenant’s land if he died without heirs; if he did hav...
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incidental motion
Incidental motions include questions arising incidentally in the consideration of other questions and decided before disposition of the one to which they are incident. They comprise motions to suspend the rules, withdraw motions, read papers, raise the question of consideration, raise questions of order and appeal, reconsider, take up out of order, determine the method of procedure, divide......
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incidental music
music written to accompany or point up the action or mood of a dramatic performance on stage, film, radio, television, or recording; to serve as a transition between parts of the action; or to introduce or close the performance. Because it is written to enhance a nonmusical medium, most incidental music makes little impression on public taste. But some incidental music survives in its own right. ...
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Incidents (work by Barthes)
...of his writings have been published, including A Barthes Reader (1982), edited by his friend and admirer Susan Sontag, and Incidents (1987). The latter volume revealed Barthes’s homosexuality, which he had not publicly acknowledged. Barthes’s Oeuvres complètes (“Complete Wor...
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Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl (work by Jacobs)
...Eastern Shore and explained how his struggles for independence and liberty did not end when he reached the so-called “free states” of the North. Harriet Jacobs’s Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl (1861), the first autobiography by a formerly enslaved African American woman, candidly describes her experience of the sexual exploitation that made.....
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Incidents of Travel in Central America, Chiapas, and Yucatan (work by Stephens)
...progressed in clearing away the jungle overgrowth. There and elsewhere, including Uxmal and Palenque in Mexico, Catherwood set about drawing the Maya remains. The report of the first expedition, Incidents of Travel in Central America, Chiapas, and Yucatan, 2 vol. (1841), and the subsequent publication of Catherwood’s superb drawings caused a storm of popular and scholarly interest...
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Incidents of Travel in Yucatan (work by Stephens and Catherwood)
After their second expedition, Stephens and Catherwood published Incidents of Travel in Yucatan, 2 vol. (1843), containing accounts of visits to the remains of 44 ancient sites. Stephens’ last years were devoted to directing the first American transatlantic steamship company and to developing a railroad across the Isthmus of Panama...
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incineration
The process called incineration or combustion—chemically, rapid oxidation—can be used to convert VOCs and other gaseous hydrocarbon pollutants to carbon dioxide and water. Incineration of VOCs and hydrocarbon fumes usually is accomplished in a special incinerator called an afterburner. To achieve complete combustion, the afterburner must provide the proper amount of turbulence and......
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incinerator
container for burning refuse, or plant designed for large-scale refuse combustion. In the second sense, an incinerator consists of a furnace into which the refuse is charged and ignited (usually by a gas burner), a secondary chamber in which burning at a high temperature is continued to complete the combu...
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incipient heart failure (pathology)
...is generally targeted toward decreasing blood volume by increasing salt and water excretion. In patients who have no symptoms at rest and only mild symptoms while exercising (sometimes called incipient heart failure), salt restriction and diuretics may be sufficient. In patients with marked restriction of exercise capacity or with symptoms at rest (mild to moderate heart failure), there......
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Incipient Neolithic (anthropology)
Study of the historical reduction of the size of human teeth suggests that the first human beings to eat cooked food did so in southern China. The sites of Xianrendong in Jiangxi and Zengpiyan in Guangxi have yielded artifacts from the 10th to the 7th millennium bc that include low-fired, cord-marked shards with some incised deco...
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incipient species (biology)
Subspecies are groups at the first stage of speciation; individuals of different subspecies sometimes interbreed, but they produce many sterile male offspring. At the second stage are incipient species, or semispecies; individuals of these groups rarely interbreed, and all their male offspring are sterile. Natural selection separates incipient species into sibling species, which do not mate at......
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incipit (printing)
the opening word or words of a medieval Western manuscript or early printed book. In the absence of a title page, the text may be recognized, referred to, and recorded by its incipit. As in the title pages or main divisions of later printed books, incipits provide an occasion for display letters and a fanfare of calligraphic...
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Incirrata (cephalopod suborder)
...soft-bodied, deep-webbed forms with cirri on arms and small to large paddle-shaped fins; primarily deep-sea.Suborder Incirrata (common octopus)Holocene; compact, saccular to round bodied, finless forms with muscular, contractile arms; somewhat secretive; pelagic to......
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incised drawing
A role apart is that played by incised drawings. Their pronounced linearity gives them the visual appearance of other drawings; materially, however, they represent the opposite principle, that of subtracting from a surface rather than adding to it. Incised drawings are among the oldest documents of human activity. In primitive African......
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incised relief (sculpture)
in sculpture, engraving or incised figure in stone or other hard material such that all lines appear below the surface; it is thus the opposite of relief sculpture and is sometimes called “hollow relief.” When the technique is used in casting, the design is cut in reverse into a plaster shell, which is then fil...
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incisional biopsy (medicine)
...There are different techniques. In excisional biopsy, the entire tumour is removed. This procedure is carried out when the mass is small enough to be removed completely without adverse consequences. Incisional biopsies, which remove only a piece of a tumour, are done if the mass is large. Biopsies obtained with visual control of an endoscope consist of small fragments of tissue, usually no......
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incisor
...erupt (emerge from the gums) behind the primary teeth and do not replace any of these, giving a total of 32 teeth in the permanent dentition. The permanent dentition is thus made up of four incisors, two canines, four premolars, and six molars in each jaw....
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Incitatus (Caligula’s horse)
This tale of the mad Caligula’s affection for his horse Incitatus has a long pedigree. The Roman historian Suetonius, who according to his Britannica biography “used ‘characteristic anecdote’ without exhaustive inquiry into its authenticity,” reported just a generation or two after Caligula’s death that “besides a stall of marble, a manger of...
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incitement (criminal law)
...criminal law, the request, encouragement, or direction of one person by another to commit a serious criminal offense. It is frequently linked with the crime of incitement. An inciter is generally one who is present at the scene of the offense and who encourages the principal offender to commit an act that he is already inclined to commit on his own. A......
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inclination (of an orbit)
...orbit defined by the path of the Sun on the sky. (For motion of a near-Earth artificial satellite, the most convenient reference plane would be that of the Earth’s Equator.) Angle i is the inclination of the orbital plane to the reference plane. The line of nodes is the intersection of the orbit plane with the reference plane, and the ascending node is that point where the planet....
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inclination (of equator to orbit)
...have days less than half as long, while Mercury and Venus have days more nearly comparable to their orbital periods. The 23.5° tilt, or inclination, of Earth’s axis to its orbital plane, also typical, results in greater heating and more hours of daylight in one hemisphere ...
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inclination, magnetic (geophysics)
...Earth. The magnitude of the field projected in the horizontal plane is called H. This projection makes an angle D (for declination) measured positive from the north to the east. The dip angle, I (for inclination), is the angle that the total field vector makes with respect to the horizontal plane and is positive for vectors below the plane. It is the complement of the......
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inclined plane
simple machine consisting of a sloping surface, used for raising heavy bodies. The force required to move an object up the incline is less than the weight being raised, discounting friction. The steeper the slope, or incline, the more nearly the required force approaches the actual weight. Expressed mathematically, the force F required to move a block D up an inclined plane without ...
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inclined screw conveyor (technology)
machine for raising water, allegedly invented by the ancient Greek scientist Archimedes for removing water from the hold of a large ship. One form consists of a circular pipe enclosing a helix and inclined at an angle of about 45 degrees to the horizontal with its lower end dipped in the water; rotation of the device causes the water to rise in the pipe. Other forms consist of a helix revolving i...
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inclinometer (scientific instrument)
instrument for measuring the inclination, or dip, of the Earth’s magnetic field. It consists essentially of a magnetic needle pivoted at the centre of a graduated circle. The assembly is mounted such that the needle swings vertically rather than horizontally, as does a compass needle. When the instrument is placed wit...
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inclosure (European history)
the division or consolidation of communal fields, meadows, pastures, and other arable lands in western Europe into the carefully delineated and individually owned and managed farm plots of modern times. Before enclosure, much farmland existed in the form of numerous, dispersed strips under the control of individual cultivators only during the gr...
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inclusion (igneous rock)
The Allende meteorite, which is classified as a carbonaceous chondrite, consists of large, irregularly shaped white inclusions and rounded chondrules in a dark matrix. The inclusions are composed of minerals believed to have condensed at high temperatures from a gas having the composition of the Sun, and their time of formation is older than that of any other known ......
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inclusion (set theory)
...dog is not a species of animal (if the number of dogs increases, the number of species of animals does not thereby increase). Class membership is therefore not a transitive relation. The relation of class inclusion, however (to be carefully distinguished from class membership), is transitive. A class x is said to be included in a class y (written: x ⊆ y) if an...
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inclusion and exclusion, principle of (mathematics)
This is the principle of inclusion and exclusion expressed by Sylvester....
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inclusion body (biology)
There are numerous inclusion bodies, or granules, in the bacterial cytoplasm. These bodies are never enclosed by a membrane and serve as storage vessels. Glycogen, which is a polymer of glucose, is stored as a reserve of carbohydrate and energy. Volutin, or metachromatic granules, contains polymerized phosphate and represents a storage form......
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inclusion body encephalitis (disease)
Attention repeatedly has been drawn to severe and persistent memory defect following attacks of a form of brain inflammation called acute inclusion body encephalitis. The individual’s behaviour closely resembles that of Korsakoff’s syndrome except that his insight into the memory disorder is usually good and confabulation is infrequent or absent. Indeed, the memory disorder is someti...
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inclusion conjunctivitis (eye disorder)
...Trachoma is the leading cause of preventable blindness in the world and is especially prevalent in the Middle East, Asia, and parts of Africa. Inclusion conjunctivitis, so called because of the small bodies that are observed within (“included in”) the infected cells, is.....
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inclusive disjunction (logic)
...of the propositions they combined). For example, they defined a disjunction as true if and only if exactly one disjunct is true (the modern “exclusive” disjunction). They also knew “inclusive” disjunction (defined as true when at least one disjunct is true), but this was not widely used. More important, the Stoics seem to have been the first to show how some of......
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Incognegro (graphic novel by Johnson)
...moving manga-influenced accounts of her childhood in Tehrān and her adolescence and young adulthood in Europe. Also noteworthy is African American Mat Johnson’s Incognegro (2008), with art by Warren Pleece. Set in the 1930s, this graphic novel shows a black journalist who passes as white, using his light skin as a mask in order to solve a crime....
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“Incognegro” (album by Ludacris)
...word of mouth the album managed to enter the Billboard 200 chart, and Ludacris was soon signed to the record label Def Jam South, which repackaged Incognegro as Back for the First Time (2000). That major label debut ultimately reached number four in the Billboard 200....
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Incognita: or, Love and Duty reconcil’d (work by Congreve)
...a serious reader in law, he published in 1692 under the pseudonym Cleophil a light but delightfully skillful near-parody of fashionable romance, possibly drafted when he was 17, Incognita: or, Love and Duty reconcil’d. He quickly became known among men of letters, had some verses printed in a miscellany of the same year, and became a protégé of John...
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Incoherence of the Incoherence, The (work by Averroës)
...Examination of the Methods of Proof Concerning the Doctrines of Religion (Kashf al-Manāhij), and The Incoherence of the Incoherence (Tahāfut al-Tahāfut), all in defense of the philosophical study of......
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incoherent light
...The effects of partially coherent fields are clearly of importance in the description of normally coherent phenomena, such as diffraction and interference, but also in the analysis of normally incoherent phenomena, such as image formation. It is notable that image formation in coherent light is not linear in intensity but is linear in the complex amplitude of the field, and in partially......
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incoherent scatter radar method
...waves also provide ways to determine these same variables. This technique has also been employed to remotely measure the properties of the plasmas in the near-space regions of the Earth using the incoherent scatter radar method. The largest single antenna is at the National Astronomy and Ionosphere Center at Arecibo in Puerto Rico. It has.....
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Incolitermes (termite)
A few termites, known as inquilinous species, live only in obligatory association with other termite species. Examples of such obligate relationships are Ahamitermes and Incolitermes species, which live only in the mound nests of certain Coptotermes species. In these, the galleries of guests and hosts are completely separate. Inquilinous species feed on the inner carton......
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Incomati River (river, Africa)
river rising near Breyten in Mpumalanga province, South Africa. Running generally eastward, it descends from a plateau, cutting a valley 3,000 feet (900 metres) deep in northwestern Swaziland before reaching the Lebombo Mountains, at which point it is joined by the Krokodil River and cuts another valley—the Komatipoort (700 feet [213 ...
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income (economics)
...It may be given a monetary value if prices can be determined for each of the possessions; this process can be difficult when the possessions are such that they are not likely to be offered for sale. Income is a net total of the flow of payments received in a given time period. Some countries collect statistics on wealth from legally required evaluations of the estates of deceased persons, which...
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income and employment theory
a body of economic analysis concerned with the relative levels of output, employment, and prices in an economy. By defining the interrelation of these macroeconomic factors, governments try to create policies that contribute to economic stability....
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income bond (finance)
Another of the hybrid types is the income bond, which has a fixed maturity but on which interest is paid only if it is earned. These bonds developed in the United States out of railroad reorganizations, when investors holding defaulted bonds were willing to accept an income obligation in exchange for their own securities because of its bond form; the issuer for his part was less vulnerable to......
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income, distribution of (economics)
the way in which the wealth and income of a nation are divided among its population, or the way in which the wealth and income of the world are divided among nations. Such patterns of distribution are discerned and studied by various statistical means, all of which are based on data of varying degrees of reliability....
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Income Doubling Plan (Japanese history)
Two elements underscored rapid growth in the 1960s. The first was the development of a consumer economy, which was given a significant boost by Ikeda Hayato’s Income Doubling Plan of 1960. This plan reaffirmed the government’s responsibility for social welfare, vocational training, and education, while also redefining growth to i...
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income effect (economics)
...tax reduces total income after taxes, it may lead some persons to work longer in an effort to maintain an established standard of living (the income effect). To the extent that the tax reduces the reward for an extra hour’s work, it may make the taxpayer decide to work less and to indulge in more leisure (the substitution effect);......
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income redistribution (economics)
Although governments do affect the distribution of resources in numerous ways, this is often a by-product of the other things they are trying to do. It has been long debated whether or not governments should seek explicitly to redistribute income from the rich to the poor and, if so, to what extent. More generosity to the poor, whether through higher benefits or through a more......
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income statement (accounting)
In accounting, the activity-oriented financial statement issued by businesses. Covering a specified time, such as three months or one year, the income statement is a summary of revenues and expenses. It also lists gains and losses from other transactions, such as the sale of assets or the repayment of debt. Standard accounting rules govern the...
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income support
...noncontributory benefits, paid out of general tax revenues, offer poverty relief to individuals and families whose income and savings fall below some prescribed level. The benefit of last resort is income support (formerly called the supplementary benefit); it is payable to individuals whose entitlement to insurance benefits has been exhausted or has left them with a very low income and to......
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income tax (taxation)
Levy imposed by public authority on the incomes of persons or corporations within its jurisdiction....
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income tax, corporate (taxation)
a tax imposed by public authorities on the incomes of corporations. See income tax....
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income tax, personal (taxation)
a tax imposed by public authorities on the incomes of individuals or family units. See income tax....
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