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T’sai Yüan-p’ei (Chinese educator)
educator and revolutionary who served as head of Peking University in Beijing from 1916 to 1926 during the critical period when that institution played a major role in the development of a new spirit of nationalism and social reform in China....
Tsaidam Basin (basin, China)
northeastern section of the Plateau of Tibet, occupying the northwestern part of Qinghai province, western China. The basin is bounded on the south by the towering Kunlun Mountains—with many peaks in the western part exceeding 20,000 feet (6,000 metres) above sea ...
Tsakalov, Athanasios (Greek revolutionary)
...“Friendly Society.” Their specific aim was to lay the foundations for a coordinated, armed uprising against the Turks. The three founders—Emmanuil Xanthos, Nicholas Skouphas, and Athanasios Tsakalov—had little vision of the shape of the independent Greece they sought beyond the liberation of the motherland....
Tsakhur language
This language group includes Lezgi (with 240,000 speakers in Dagestan and about 170,000 in Azerbaijan); Tabasaran (about 90,000); Agul (about 12,000); Rutul (about 15,000); Tsakhur (about 11,000); Archi (fewer than 1,000); Kryz (about 6,000); Budukh (about 2,000); Khinalug (about 1,500); and Udi (about 3,700). The majority of Lezgi languages are spoken in southern Dagestan, but some of them......
Tsakonian dialect
Of the local dialects, Tsakonian, spoken in certain mountain villages in eastern Peloponnese, is quite aberrant and shows evidence of descent from the ancient Doric dialect (e.g., it often has an /a/ sound for the early Greek /ā/ that went to /ē/ in Attic, later to /i/). The Asia Minor dialects also display archaic features (e.g., Pontic /e/ for ancient /ē/ in certain words).....
Tsalagi (people)
North American Indians of Iroquoian lineage who constituted one of the largest politically integrated tribes at the time of European colonization of the Americas. Their name is derived from a Creek word meaning “people of different speech”; many prefer to be known as Keetoowah or Tsalagi. They are believed to have numbered some 2...
Tsamkong (China)
city and major port, southwestern Guangdong sheng (province), China. It is located on Zhanjiang Bay on the eastern side of the Leizhou Peninsula, where it is protected by Naozhou and Donghai islands....
Tsan-Usdi (chief of Cherokee Nation)
Cherokee chief who, after devoting his life to resisting U.S. seizure of his people’s lands in Georgia, was forced to assume the painful task of shepherding the Cherokees in their removal to the Oklahoma Territory....
Ts’ang Chieh (Chinese calligrapher)
It was said that Cangjie, the legendary inventor of Chinese writing, got his ideas from observing animals’ footprints and birds’ claw marks on the sand as well as other natural phenomena. He then started to work out simple images from what he conceived as representing different objects such as those that are given below: ...
Tsang, Donald (Chinese politician)
politician in Hong Kong and second chief executive of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR) of China (2005– )....
Tsang Yam-kuen (Chinese politician)
politician in Hong Kong and second chief executive of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR) of China (2005– )....
Tsang Yin-ch’üan (Chinese politician)
politician in Hong Kong and second chief executive of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR) of China (2005– )....
Ts’ang-chou (China)
city, eastern Hebei sheng (province), northeastern China. It is situated on the low-lying coastal plain about 60 miles (100 km) south of Tianjin on the Grand Canal and on the Beijing-Shanghai railway. The coastal plain there is very low, and in histo...
Tsangpo (river, Asia)
major river of Central and South Asia. It flows some 1,800 miles (2,900 km) from its source in the Himalayas to its confluence with the Ganges (Ganga) River, after which the mingled waters of the two rivers empty into the Bay of Bengal. Along its course it passes through the Tib...
Tsankov, Aleksandŭr (prime minister of Bulgaria)
politician, prime minister of Bulgaria (1923–26) during years of great domestic unrest and violence....
Tsankov, Dragan (Bulgarian political leader)
...the time the constituent assembly convened in Tŭrnovo in February 1879, conservative and liberal political tendencies had emerged and rapidly coalesced into parties. The Liberal Party, under Dragan Tsankov, Petko Karavelov (the brother of Lyuben Karavelov), and Petko Slaveikov, dominated the assembly and created a constitution that was one of the most democratic in Europe. It provided......
tsantsa (talisman)
In South America the heads were often preserved, as by the Jívaro, by removing the skull and packing the skin with hot sand, thus shrinking it to the size of the head of a small monkey but preserving the features intact. There, again, headhunting was probably associated with cannibalism in a ceremonial form....
Ts’ao Chan (Chinese author)
author of Hongloumeng (Dream of the Red Chamber), generally considered China’s greatest novel. A partly autobiographical work, it is written in the vernacular and describes in lingering detail the decline of the powerful Jia family and the ill-fated love between Baoyu and his cousin Lin Daiyu....
Ts’ao Chih (Chinese poet)
one of China’s greatest lyric poets and the son of the famous general Cao Cao....
Tsao Chün (Chinese mythology)
in Chinese religion, the “Furnace Prince” whose magical powers of alchemy produced gold dinnerware that conferred immortality on the diner. The Han-dynasty emperor Wudi was reportedly duped by Li Shaojun, a self-styled mystic, into believing that this new deity was capable of conferring immun...
Ts’ao Kuo-chiu (Chinese mythology)
in Chinese mythology, one of the Baxian, the Eight Immortals of Daoism. Cao is sometimes depicted in official robes and hat and carrying a tablet indicative of his rank and of his right to palace audiences. He was a man of exemplary character who often reminded a dissolute brother that though one can escap...
Ts’ao P’i (emperor of Wei dynasty)
founder of the short-lived Wei dynasty (ad 220–265/266) during the Sanguo (Three Kingdoms) period of Chinese history....
Tsao Shen (Chinese mythology)
in Chinese religion, the Kitchen God (literally, “god of the hearth”), who is believed to report to the celestial gods on family conduct and to have it within his power to bestow poverty or riches on individual families. Because he is also a protector of the home from evil spirits, his periodic absences are thought to make the ho...
Ts’ao Ts’ao (Chinese general)
one of the greatest of the generals at the end of the Han dynasty (206 bce–220 ce) of China....
Ts’ao Yü (Chinese author)
Chinese playwright who was a pioneer in huaju (“word drama”), a genre influenced by Western theatre rather than traditional Chinese drama (which is usually sung)....
Tsao-chuang (China)
city, southern Shandong sheng (province), eastern China. The city includes an extensive area on the western flank of the southwestern spur of the Shandong Hills, to the east of the Grand Canal, that contains one of the most important coal-mining districts of eastern China. The coal deposits, which are of high-quality ...
ts’ao-shu (Chinese calligraphy)
in Chinese calligraphy, a cursive variant of the standard Chinese scripts lishu and kaishu and their semicursive derivative xingshu. The script developed during the ...
Ts’ao-tung (Buddhist sect)
largest of the Zen Buddhist sects in Japan. It follows the method of quiet sitting and meditation (zazen) as a means of obtaining enlightenment....
tsar (title)
title associated primarily with rulers of Russia. The term tsar, a form of the ancient Roman imperial title caesar, generated a series of derivatives in Russian: tsaritsa, a tsar’s wife, or tsarina; tsarevich, his son; tsarevna, his daughter; and tsesarevich, his eldest son and heir apparent (a 19th-ce...
Tsar Bell (Russian bell)
Bells grew larger until the largest ever produced, the Tsar Kolokol III (Emperor Bell III; 1733–35) of Moscow, weighing about 180,000 kg (400,000 pounds), proved too cumbersome and heavy for hanging. The hemispheric form was abandoned early as chimes became larger, culminating in tower-borne carillons brought into existence by progress in casting methods and mechanization. Chime bells......
Tsar Cannon (Russian cannon)
...bell tower of Ivan III; built in the 16th century and damaged in 1812, it was restored a few years later. At its foot is the enormous Tsar Bell, cast in 1733–35 but never rung. Nearby is the Tsar Cannon, cast in 1586. Beside the gun are located the mid-17th-century Cathedral of the Twelve Apostles and the adjoining Patriarchal Palace....
Tsar Kolokol (Russian bell)
Bells grew larger until the largest ever produced, the Tsar Kolokol III (Emperor Bell III; 1733–35) of Moscow, weighing about 180,000 kg (400,000 pounds), proved too cumbersome and heavy for hanging. The hemispheric form was abandoned early as chimes became larger, culminating in tower-borne carillons brought into existence by progress in casting methods and mechanization. Chime bells......
Tsaratanana Massif (massif, Madagascar)
...worn down several times and is tilted to the west. Three massifs are more than 8,500 feet (2,600 metres) high. The Tsaratanana region in the north is separated from the rest of the plateau by the Tsaratanana Massif, whose summit, Maromokotro, reaches 9,436 feet (2,876 metres) and is the highest point on the island. Ankaratra Massif in the centre is an enormous volcanic mass whose summit,......
tsarina (title)
title associated primarily with rulers of Russia. The term tsar, a form of the ancient Roman imperial title caesar, generated a series of derivatives in Russian: tsaritsa, a tsar’s wife, or tsarina; tsarevich, his son; tsarevna, his daughter; and tsesarevich, his eldest son and heir apparent (a 19th-ce...
Tsarina’s Meadow (field, Saint Petersburg, Russia)
...important, in outward order from the Admiralty, are the Moyka and Fontanka rivers and the Griboyedov and Obvodny canals. Downstream from the northern entrance of the Fontanka into the Neva lies the Field of Mars, one of the city’s beautiful open spaces. Begun under Peter (when it was known as the Field of Amusement), it was intended for popular festivities and fireworks. It was a favouri...
Tsarist Triple Crown (horse racing)
...and Russia in 1904. (Many veteran American jockeys extended their careers in Europe, where heavier riding weights prevailed.) In his first season he won the Emperor’s Purse in Russia and the “Tsarist Triple Crown”—the Moscow, St. Petersburg, and Warsaw derbies—and he was the 1904 Russian national riding champion. Beginning in 1909 he rode in Austria and German...
Tsaritsyn (Russia)
city and administrative centre of Volgograd oblast (region), southwestern Russia, on the Volga River. It was founded as the fortress of Tsaritsyn in 1589 to protect newly acquired Russian territory along the Volga. During the Russian Civil War (1918–20), Joseph Stalin organized the defense ...
Tsarskoye Selo (Russia)
suburban town and administrative raion (district) of St. Petersburg, northwestern Russia, 14 miles (22 km) south of the city of St. Petersburg. Tsarskoye Selo grew up around one of the main summer palaces of the Russian royal family. ...
“Tsarstvo bozhiye vnutri vas” (work by Tolstoy)
...(written 1881; Union and Translation of the Four Gospels), and V chyom moya vera? (written 1884; What I Believe); he later added Tsarstvo bozhiye vnutri vas (1893; The Kingdom of God Is Within You) and many other essays and tracts. In brief, Tolstoy rejected all the sacraments, all miracles, the Holy Trinity, the immortality of the soul, and many other......
Tsaryovo Gorodishche (Russia)
city and administrative centre of Kurgan oblast (region), west-central Russia, on the Tobol River. In 1553 the fortified settlement of Tsaryovo Gorodishche was founded on a large ancient tumulus or artificial mound (Russian kurgan); it became a town in 17...
Tsatchela (people)
Indian people of the Pacific coast of Ecuador. They live in the tropical lowlands of the northwest, where, along with the neighbouring Chachi, they are the last remaining aboriginal group. The Tsáchila are linguistically related to the Chachi, although their Chibchan languages are mutually unintelligible....
Tsavo National Park (national park, Kenya)
national park, southeastern Kenya, east of Mount Kilimanjaro. The largest (8,036 square miles [20,812 square km]) of Kenya’s national parks, it was established in 1948. Later that year, for administrative purposes, the park was divided into two ...
Tsawwassen (people)
The Indian (First Nations) inhabitants of the metropolitan Vancouver area are increasing their economic impact within the region. In 2009 the Tsawwassen people initiated through their economic development corporation a project to construct an industrial park in the suburb of Delta, just south of Vancouver, on their lands abutting the Strait of Georgia. First Nations workers from the entire......
Tschaikovsky, Peter Ilich (Russian composer)
the most popular Russian composer of all time. His music has always had great appeal for the general public in virtue of its tuneful, open-hearted melodies, impressive harmonies, and colourful, picturesque orchestration, all of which evoke a profound emotional response. His oeuvre includes 7 symphonies, 11 operas, 3 ballets, 5 suites, 3 piano concertos, a violin concerto, 11 overtures (strictly sp...
tschego (primate)
...(The so-called pygmy chimpanzee, or bonobo, is a distinct and separate species, P. paniscus.) Three subspecies of P. troglodytes have traditionally been recognized: the tschego, or Central African chimpanzee (P. troglodytes troglodytes), also known as the common chimpanzee in continental Europe; the West African, or masked, chimpanzee (P. troglodytes......
Tschermak von Seysenegg, Erich (Austrian botanist)
Austrian botanist, one of the co-discoverers of Gregor Mendel’s classic papers on his experiments with the garden pea....
tschermakite (pyroxene molecule)
...of Li+ and Al3+ for 2 Mg2+ yields spodumene. The substitution of Al3+ for Mg2+ and Al3+ for Si4+ yields the ideal tschermakite component MgAlSiAlO6....
Tscherning, Anton Frederik (Danish politician)
military reformer and radical champion of democracy in mid-19th-century Denmark....
Tschichold, Jan (German typographer and author)
German typographer and author who played a seminal role in the development of 20th-century graphic design and typography....
Tschirnhaus, Ehrenfried Walter von (German scientist)
The secret of true, or hard, porcelain similar to that of China was not discovered until about 1707 in Saxony, when Ehrenfried Walter von Tschirnhaus, assisted by an alchemist called Johann Friedrich Böttger, substituted ground feldspathic rock for the ground glass in the soft porcelain formula. Soft porcelain, always regarded as a substitute for hard porcelain, was progressively......
Tschudi, Gilg (Swiss historian)
Swiss humanist and scholar, the author of a chronicle of Swiss history that was used as a source by many subsequent writers, including Friedrich Schiller....
Tschumi, Bernard (Swiss American architect)
Despite the shrinking economy, many notable buildings did reach completion in 2009. Among the most interesting was the new Acropolis Museum in Athens by Swiss-born Franco-American architect Bernard Tschumi. Working only 300 m (1,000 ft) from the ancient Parthenon temple, which was possibly the world’s most famous building, Tschumi created a modern museum of concrete and stainless steel for....
Tschunkur, Eduard (German chemist)
...50,000 tons per year. In Germany, meanwhile, the first synthetic elastomer that could be used to replace natural rubber and make satisfactory tires was developed at I.G. Farben by Walter Bock and Eduard Tschunkur, who synthesized a rubbery copolymer of styrene and butadiene in 1929, using an emulsion process. The Germans referred to this rubber as Buna S; the British called it SBR, or......
TSD (reproduction)
...(ESD) is the collective term for all factors (such as temperature, moisture, and others) that affect the ratio of males to females produced in a given clutch of eggs or a litter of neonates. Temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD), discovered in the early 1970s, is the most researched of these factors. The sex of the offspring in species with TSD is influenced by the temperature......
TSDF (waste management)
Hazardous waste generated at a particular site often requires transport to an approved treatment, storage, or disposal facility (TSDF). Because of potential threats to public safety and the environment, transport is given special attention by governmental agencies. In addition to the occasional accidental spill, hazardous waste has, in the past, been intentionally spilled or abandoned at random......
TSE (stock exchange, Toronto, Canada)
the largest stock exchange in Canada and one of the largest in North America. It opened in 1861 with 18 stock listings and has since become an innovator in securities-trading technology. The Toronto Stock Exchange, which originally used the acronym TSE, was the first North American excha...
TSE (stock exchange, Tokyo, Japan)
the main stock market of Japan, located in Tokyo, and one of the world’s largest marketplaces for securities. The exchange was first opened in 1878 to provide a market for the trading of government bonds that had been newly is...
Tsedenbal, Yumjaagiin (Mongolian political leader)
Mongolian political leader who was first prime minister (1952–74) and then head of state (1974–84) of Mongolia during the country’s communist period....
Tsedenbal, Yumjaagiyn (Mongolian political leader)
Mongolian political leader who was first prime minister (1952–74) and then head of state (1974–84) of Mongolia during the country’s communist period....
Tsederbaum, Yuly Osipovich (Russian revolutionary)
leader of the Mensheviks, the non-Leninist wing of the Russian Social Democratic Workers’ Party....
Tsegaye, Gabre-Medhin (Ethiopian author)
Ethiopian playwright and poet, who wrote in Amharic and English....
Tsek’ehne (people)
Athabaskan-speaking North American Indian group that lived mostly in river valleys on the eastern and western slopes of the Rocky Mountains in what are now British Columbia and Alberta, Can. They we...
Tselinograd (Kazakhstan)
city, capital of Kazakhstan. Astana (meaning “Capital” in Kazak) lies in north-central Kazakhstan along the Ishim River at the junction of the Trans-Kazakhstan and South Siberian railways....
“Tsement” (work by Gladkov)
Russian writer best known for Tsement (1925; Cement, 1929), the first postrevolutionary novel to dramatize Soviet industrial development. Although crudely written, this story of a Red Army fighter who returns to find his hometown in ruins and dedicates himself to making industry thrive again anticipated in two important ways the future trends of Soviet literature. Its theme of......
Ts’en Chia-chou (Chinese poet)
one of the celebrated poets of the Tang dynasty (618–907) of China....
Ts’en Shen (Chinese poet)
one of the celebrated poets of the Tang dynasty (618–907) of China....
Tsenacommacah (territory of Powhatan empire)
...and occasionally cruel toward his subjects. In the Algonquian language of his people, his title as emperor was mamanatowick, and his territory was known as Tsenacommacah. Each tribe within the Powhatan empire had its own chief, or weroance, and Powhatan ruled as the chief of these chiefs....
“Tsene-rene” (Yiddish work)
The most influential Yiddish rendering of the Bible was Tsene-rene (“Go Out and See”; Eng. trans. Tsenerene) by Jacob ben Isaac Ashkenazi. The text is a loose paraphrase of the biblical passages that are read in the synagogue: the Five Books of Moses, the supplementary readings (haftarot), and......
Tsenerene (Yiddish work)
The most influential Yiddish rendering of the Bible was Tsene-rene (“Go Out and See”; Eng. trans. Tsenerene) by Jacob ben Isaac Ashkenazi. The text is a loose paraphrase of the biblical passages that are read in the synagogue: the Five Books of Moses, the supplementary readings (haftarot), and......
Tseng Kuo-fan (Chinese official)
Chinese administrator, the military leader most responsible for suppressing the Taiping Rebellion (1850–64)—thus staving off the collapse of China’s imperial regime....
Tseng-chang (Hindu and Buddhist mythology)
...also referred to as Vaiśravaṇa, is common to both Hindu and Buddhist traditions. The other Buddhist lokapālas are Dhṛtarāṣṭra (east), Virūḍhaka (south), and Virūpākṣa (west)....
Tseng-tze (Chinese philosopher)
Chinese philosopher, disciple of Confucius, traditionally believed to be the author of the Daxue (“Great Learning”). In this classic, which became a part of the Liji (“Collection of Rituals”) and one of the Four Books during the Song dynasty...
Tsentralen Sŭvet na Profesionalnite Sŭyuzi (labour organization, Bulgaria)
...made up of more than 100,000 separate subgroups. Only an insignificant portion of the country’s workforce does not belong to a trade union. Until the late 1980s all trade unions belonged to the Central Council of Trade Unions (Tsentralen Sŭvet na Profesionalnite Sŭyuzi), founded in 1944 and allied with the Bulgarian Communist Party. It was reconstituted in 1989 as the......
t’ser (unit of measurement)
...palm, five a hand. Twelve digits, or three palms, equaled a small span. Fourteen digits, or one-half a cubit, equaled a large span. Sixteen digits, or four palms, made one t’ser. Twenty-four digits, or six palms, were a small cubit....
Tsering, Tashi (Tibetan religious leader, scholar, and activist)
Aug. 16, 1922Takster, Amdo, TibetSept. 5, 2008Bloomington, Ind.Tibetan religious leader, scholar, and activist who was identified as the reincarnation of the Tibetan lama Taktser Rinpoche at age three, 10 years before the birth of his brother, the future 14th Dalai Lama. The 13th Dalai Lama...
Tsesis (Latvia)
city and district centre, Latvia, situated on the Gauja River at the foot of the Vidzeme (Livonia) highlands, 55 miles (90 km) northeast of the city of Riga. It is an old city, first mentioned in documents in 1206, and its castle dates from 1207. It was once a prosperous town of the Hanseatic League, as ev...
tsessebe (mammal)
one of Africa’s most common and widespread antelopes. It is a member of the tribe Alcelaphini (family Bovidae), which also includes the blesbok, hartebeest, and wildebeest. Damaliscus lunatus is known as the topi in ...
tsetse fly (insect)
any member of a genus of bloodsucking flies in the housefly family, Muscidae (order Diptera), that occur only in Africa and transmit sleeping sickness in humans. They also transmit a similar disease called nagana in domestic animals. Tsetse flies have mandibles modified into bladelike structures used to pierce skin. They readily feed on the blood of humans, do...
Tsetserleg (Mongolia)
town, central Mongolia. It lies on the northeastern slopes of the Hangayn Mountains, 250 miles (400 km) southwest of Ulaanbaatar, the capital. Once the seat of a monastery, Tsetserleg is an ancient cultural and commercial centre; it now has a theatre, hotel, hospital, and an agricultural college. The main ...
Tsetserlig (Mongolia)
town, central Mongolia. It lies on the northeastern slopes of the Hangayn Mountains, 250 miles (400 km) southwest of Ulaanbaatar, the capital. Once the seat of a monastery, Tsetserleg is an ancient cultural and commercial centre; it now has a theatre, hotel, hospital, and an agricultural college. The main ...
Tsetserlik (Mongolia)
town, central Mongolia. It lies on the northeastern slopes of the Hangayn Mountains, 250 miles (400 km) southwest of Ulaanbaatar, the capital. Once the seat of a monastery, Tsetserleg is an ancient cultural and commercial centre; it now has a theatre, hotel, hospital, and an agricultural college. The main ...
Tsévié (Togo)
town, southern Togo, West Africa. It is located about 20 miles (32 km) north of Lomé, the national capital. The town constitutes an important centre for palm oil processing and a major market for commercial trade among Togo’s regions. Ts...
Tsez language
...The member languages are the Avar language; the Andi subgroup of languages, including Andi, Botlikh, Godoberi, Chamalal, Bagvalal, Tindi, Karata, and Akhvakh; and the Dido subgroup, including Dido (Tsez), Khvarshi, Hinukh, Bezhta, and Hunzib....
TSH (biochemistry)
substance produced by cells called thyrotrophs in the anterior pituitary gland....
TSH-receptor antibody (medicine)
...common procedure is to measure several thyroid antibodies found in serum, namely antithyroid peroxidase antibodies, antithyroglobulin antibodies, and antibodies that act like thyrotropin (called TSH-receptor antibodies). Most patients with Hashimoto disease have high serum concentrations of antithyroid peroxidase and antithyroglobulin antibodies. Many patients with Graves disease have high......
Tshabalala-Msimang, Manto (South African physician and politician)
Oct. 9, 1940Durban, S.Af.Dec. 16, 2009Johannesburg, S.Af.South African physician and politician who as South Africa’s health minister (1999–2008), earned the epithet Dr. Beetroot for her insistence that AIDS could be treated with vitamins and a diet rich in such vegetables as ...
Tshabalala-Msimang, Mantombazana Edmie (South African physician and politician)
Oct. 9, 1940Durban, S.Af.Dec. 16, 2009Johannesburg, S.Af.South African physician and politician who as South Africa’s health minister (1999–2008), earned the epithet Dr. Beetroot for her insistence that AIDS could be treated with vitamins and a diet rich in such vegetables as ...
Tshaka (Zulu chief)
Zulu chief (1816–28), founder of Southern Africa’s Zulu Empire. He is credited with creating a fighting force that devastated the entire region. His life is the subject of numerous colourful and exaggerated stories, many of which are debated by historians....
Tshangs-dbyangs-rgya-mtsho (Dalai Lama)
The sixth Dalai Lama, Tshangs-dbyangs-rgya-mtsho (1683–1706), was a libertine and a writer of romantic verse, not entirely suited for a seat of such authority. He was deposed by the Mongols and died while being taken to China under military escort....
Tshangs-pa Dkar-po (Tibetan deity)
in Tibetan Buddhism, one of the eight fierce protection deities. See dharmapāla....
Tshikapa (Democratic Republic of the Congo)
village, Democratic Republic of the Congo, on the Kasai River, about 30 miles (50 km) north of the Angolan border. A noted diamond mining locale (arising after the first diamond was discovered in the area in 1907), exploitation fell off in the 1970s, but gravel quarrying remained important. The village exp...
Tshogdu (Bhutani national assembly)
...Dorji Wangchuk (reigned 1952–72), began to restructure the country’s government to share administrative responsibility, which formerly was his alone. In 1953 a national assembly known as the Tshogdu was established in Bhutan through the king’s initiative. It had 151 members, who were elected by village headmen or chosen by the king and the country’s official Buddhist...
tshol (African sacred object)
...the Baga, who are descendents of 15th- or 16th-century migrants from the Sudan now occupying the coastal region of Guinea, carve sacred objects. These objects are called tshol. They have cylindrical bases with a birdlike beak. One type of tshol, the a-tshol, refers to wealth,......
Tshombe, Moise (African politician)
politician, president of the secessionist African state of Katanga, and premier of the united Congo Republic (now the Democratic Republic of the Congo) who took advantage of an armed mutiny to announce the secession of mineral-rich Katanga province in July 1960. With covert military and ...
Tshombe, Moise-Kapenda (African politician)
politician, president of the secessionist African state of Katanga, and premier of the united Congo Republic (now the Democratic Republic of the Congo) who took advantage of an armed mutiny to announce the secession of mineral-rich Katanga province in July 1960. With covert military and ...
Tshukudu, Adelaide Frances (South African political activist)
July 18, 1929 near Vereeniging, S.Af.Jan. 31, 2007 Johannesburg, S.Af.South African political activist who was a prominent figure in the struggle against apartheid in South Africa. As a teenager she joined the black nationalist African National Congress (ANC) Youth League, where she met Ol...
Tshwane (South Africa)
city in Gauteng province and administrative capital of the Republic of South Africa. Pretoria stretches along both sides of the Apies River and extends into the western foothills of the Magaliesberg on the east. Founded in 1855 by Marthinus, son of Andries Pretorius, the Boer statesman for whom the city was named, it becam...
Tshwete, Stephen Vukile (South African politician and activist)
South African activist and politician (b. Nov. 12, 1938, Springs, S.Af.—d. April 26, 2002, Pretoria, S.Af.), was political commissioner of Umkhonto we Sizwe (“Spear of the Nation”), the military wing of the antiapartheid African National Congress, and ...
tsi-tog (flower)
...of which grow in the low, wet regions. Both wild and domestic flowers flourish in Tibet. Among the wildflowers are blue poppies, lotuses, wild pansies, oleanders, orchids, tsi-tog (light pink flowers that grow at high elevations), shang-drils (bell-shaped flowers, either white, yellow, or maroon, that also grow at high....
Tsiafajavona, Mount (mountain, Madagascar)
volcanic mountainous region in central Madagascar (Malagasy), covering an area of approximately 2,000 square miles (5,200 square km) and rising to 8,671 feet (2,643 m) in Mount Tsiafajavona, the nation’s second highest peak. The main range runs south-southwest from the town of Antananarivo. Antsirabe (q.v.), situated on the slopes of Mount Tsiafajavona, is the principal town in the....