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Justice, Temple of (building, Monrovia, Liberia)
...and cement enterprises. Prominent buildings have included the Capitol (1958), the Executive Mansion (1964), the City Hall, and the Temple of Justice. Many of these and other buildings, however, were severely damaged or destroyed during the fierce, multisided civil war beginning in 1990....
Justice, U.S. Department of (United States government)
executive division of the U.S. federal government responsible for law enforcement. Headed by the U.S. attorney general, it investigates and prosecutes cases under federal antitrust, civil-rights, criminal, tax, and envi...
justicia (Spanish legal official)
...over their peasants. In Catalonia they had the right to wage private war. In Aragon anyone arrested by order of the king could put himself under the jurisdiction of a justicia who held his office for life and was therefore independent of the king’s pleasure. It was this highest judge who crowned the kneeling king and made him swear to observe the......
Justicia (plant)
...formerly known as Beloperone guttata), and caricature plant (Graptophyllum pictum). The largest genera include Justicia (about 600 species; now comprising former segregate genera such as Jacobinia and Beloperone), Stobilanthes (250), Barleria (230),......
Justicia brandegeeana (plant)
(Justicia brandegeana, sometimes called Beloperone guttata), popular border and greenhouse ornamental of the family Acanthaceae. It is native to warm regions of the Americas and to the West Indies. Shrimp plants have several stems, about 45 cm (18 inches) tall, that bear clusters of white, sp...
Justicialist Nationalist Movement (Argentine history)
in Argentine politics, a supporter of Juan Perón, a member of the Justicialist Party (Partido Justicialista; PJ), or an adherent of the populist and nationalistic policies that Perón espoused. Peronism has played an important part in Argentina’s history since the mid-1940s....
Justicialist Party (political party, Argentina)
...de Kirchner’s spouse, former president Néstor Kirchner (who after leaving office in 2007 continued to be the country’s de facto political leader), squared off against dissident Peronist Francisco de Narváez as well as a non-Peronist opposition alliance led by Margarita Stolbizer. The Chamber list headed by Kirchner utilized copious amounts of government resources to....
justiciar (medieval law)
early English judicial official of the king who, unlike all other officers of the central administration, was not a member of the king’s official household. The justiciarship originated in the king’s need for a responsible subordinate who could take a wide view of the affairs of the kingdom, act as regent when the king was abroad, and on other occasions take charge...
Justificacion of Queen Elizabeth in Relacion to the Affair of Mary Queen of Scottes, A (work by Puttenham)
...he was charged with conspiring to murder the Calvinist bishop of London, and in 1570, when he criticized the queen’s counselors too freely. His knowledge of law and public affairs is shown by A Justificacion of Queen Elizabeth in Relacion to the Affair of Mary Queen of Scottes, undertaken at the queen’s request and anonymously circulated, but attributed to Puttenham ...
justification (philosophy)
An ideal theory of scientific method would consist of instructions that could lead an investigator from ignorance to knowledge. Descartes and Bacon sometimes wrote as if they could offer so ideal a theory, but after the mid-20th century the orthodox view was that this is too much to ask for. Following Hans Reichenbach (1891–1953), philosophers often distinguished between the......
justification (Christianity)
in Christian theology, either (1) the act by which God moves a willing person from the state of sin (injustice) to the state of grace (justice); (2) the change in a person’s condition moving from a state of sin to a state of righteousness; or (3) especially in Protestantism, the act of acquittal whereby God gives contrite sinners the status of the righteous....
justification (printing)
...four operations: (1) taking the type pieces letter by letter from a typecase; (2) arranging them side by side in a composing “stick,” a strip of wood with corners, held in the hand; (3) justifying the line; that is to say, spacing the letters in each line out to a uniform length by using little blank pieces of lead between......
Justification by Faith Alone (work by Edwards)
Against these ideas Edwards also delivered a series of sermons on “Justification by Faith Alone” in November 1734. The result was a great revival in Northampton and along the Connecticut River Valley in the winter and spring of 1734–35, during which period more than 300 of Edwards’ people made professions of faith. ...
Justification of God, The (work by Forsyth)
...of modern personal experience the meaning of the doctrine of Christ’s divinity. In Christ on Parnassus (1911), dealing with theology and the arts, and in The Justification of God (1916), he considered the relation of Christian faith to the questions of his day....
Justin (Gnostic teacher)
Another 2nd-century figure, Justin (not to be confused with the more famous Justin Martyr), taught that there were three original entities, a transcendent being called the Good, a male intermediate figure named Elohim (the God of Israel in the Hebrew Bible, or Old Testament), and an earth-mother figure named Eden......
Justin (Roman historian)
Roman historian who was the author of Epitome, an abridgment of the Historiae Philippicae et totius mundi origines et terrae situs (Philippic Histories) by Pompeius Trogus, whose work is lost. Most of the abridgement is not so much a summary as passages quoted from Trogus, connected by colourless moralizing by Justin. Nothing i...
Justin I (Byzantine emperor)
Byzantine emperor (from 518) who was a champion of Christian orthodoxy; he was the uncle and predecessor of the great emperor Justinian....
Justin II (Byzantine emperor)
Byzantine emperor (from 565) whose attempts to maintain the integrity of the Byzantine Empire against the encroachments of the Avars, Persians, and Lombards were frustrated by disastrous military reverses....
Justin Martyr, Saint (Christian apologist)
one of the most important of the Greek philosopher-Apologists in the early Christian church. His writings represent the first positive encounter of Christian revelation with Greek philosophy and laid the basis for a theology of history....
Justin Morgan (horse)
...United States. The Morgan declined in popularity, and for a while breeding was supervised by the government. The breed was founded by a horse known as Justin Morgan, after his owner. Though the horse died in 1821, his individual stamp still persists. He stood approximately 14 hands (56 inches, or 142 cm) high and was a compact, active, and virile......
Justine, or the Misfortunes of Virtue (work by Sade)
...Enlightenment, of which his antisocial egoism is, however, only a perverted expression. But in works such as Justine; ou, les malheurs de la vertu (1791; Justine; or, The Misfortunes of Virtue) or the tale of Justine’s sister, Juliette (1797; Eng. trans. Juliette), he made the reader aware...
“Justine, ou les malheurs de la vertu” (work by Sade)
...Enlightenment, of which his antisocial egoism is, however, only a perverted expression. But in works such as Justine; ou, les malheurs de la vertu (1791; Justine; or, The Misfortunes of Virtue) or the tale of Justine’s sister, Juliette (1797; Eng. trans. Juliette), he made the reader aware...
Justinian (Romanian Orthodox patriarch)
patriarch of the Romanian Orthodox Church (1948–77) who helped his church become one of the strongest in Eastern Europe....
Justinian, Code of (law)
the collections of laws and legal interpretations developed under the sponsorship of the Byzantine emperor Justinian I from ad 529 to 565. Strictly speaking, the works did not constitute a new legal code. Rather, Justinian’s commit...
Justinian I (Byzantine emperor)
Byzantine emperor (527–565), noted for his administrative reorganization of the imperial government and for his sponsorship of a codification of laws known as the Codex Justinianus (534)....
Justinian II (Byzantine emperor)
last Byzantine emperor of the Heraclian dynasty. Although possessed of a despotic temperament and capable of acts of cruelty, Justinian was in many ways an able ruler, who recovered for the empire areas of Macedonia that had previously been conquered by Slavic tribesmen....
Justinianopolis (Turkey)
former city of the ancient province of Cilicia in Anatolia that was important in the Roman and Byzantine periods. It was located in what is now south-central Turkey. The original native settlement was refounded by the Romans in 19 bc, following a visit by Augustus. It rivaled Tarsus, the Cilician capital, in the 3rd century ad, and ...
Justinianopolis (ancient city, Tunisia)
ancient Phoenician colony some 100 miles (160 km) south of Carthage, on the east coast of the Al-Hammāmāt Gulf in what is now Tunisia. Hadrumetum was one of the most important communities within the Carthaginian territory in northern Africa because of its location on the sea at the edge of the fertile Sahel region. In the ...
Justinianopolis (Greece)
town, capital of the nomós (department) of Kastoría, Macedonia (Modern Greek: Makedonía), northern Greece. The town stands on a promontory reaching out from the western shore of Lake Kastorías. The lake is formed in a deep hollow that is surrounded by limestone mountains. The town was apparently named for the beavers that have long been the basis of a local ...
Justinianopolis (ancient Cappadocian city, Turkey)
city, central Turkey. It lies along a tributary of the Kızıl River at an elevation of 3,248 feet (990 metres). It may have been Justinianopolis (Mocissus), which, under the 6th-century Byzantine emperor Justinian, was a major town in the ancient district of Cappadocia. From the 14th to 18th century, Kırşehir was the stronghold of the influential Ahi brotherhood, a......
Justinianus, Flavius (Byzantine emperor)
Byzantine emperor (527–565), noted for his administrative reorganization of the imperial government and for his sponsorship of a codification of laws known as the Codex Justinianus (534)....
Justinopolis (Turkey)
former city of the ancient province of Cilicia in Anatolia that was important in the Roman and Byzantine periods. It was located in what is now south-central Turkey. The original native settlement was refounded by the Romans in 19 bc, following a visit by Augustus. It rivaled Tarsus, the Cilician capital, in the 3rd century ad, and ...
Justinus, Marcus Junianus (Roman historian)
Roman historian who was the author of Epitome, an abridgment of the Historiae Philippicae et totius mundi origines et terrae situs (Philippic Histories) by Pompeius Trogus, whose work is lost. Most of the abridgement is not so much a summary as passages quoted from Trogus, connected by colourless moralizing by Justin. Nothing i...
justitiekansler (Swedish government official)
The chancellor of justice (justitiekansler) is a government appointee who supervises courts and administrative organs with particular concern for safeguarding the state’s interests....
Justness of Taxation, The (work by Lindahl)
...full employment. Lindahl also developed the benefit principle in taxation, described in his book Die Gerechtigkeit der Besteuerung (1919; “The Justness of Taxation”). That principle holds that each person’s share of taxes paid for government-provided goods and services should equal the share of benefits each person......
Justo, Agustín Pedro (president of Argentina)
army officer and president (1932–38) of Argentina....
Justowriter (device)
In the Justowriter, the keyboard on which the uncoded, unjustified proofing copy is typed simultaneously perforates a paper tape with the code for the letters, as well as, for each line, the code for the amount of space between the words as indicated by a calculator. The tape then controls, on a second unit of the machine, the electric typing of the final justified copy....
Justus, Gaius Pescennius Niger (Roman emperor)
rival Roman emperor from 193 to 194....
Justus of Ghent (Flemish painter)
painter who introduced the Flemish style into Urbino. He has been identified with Joos van Wassenhove, a master of the painters’ guild at Antwerp in 1460 and at Ghent in 1464....
Justus Perthes (German publishing company)
...government officials. Publication of this world-famous handbook was taken over by the geographic-cartographic institute and publishing house of Justus Perthes in 1785, and the Almanach is still published in Gotha by a successor firm. One of the first German life......
Justus, Saint (archbishop of Canterbury)
first bishop of Rochester and fourth archbishop of Canterbury, under whose archiepiscopacy Northumbria was converted to Christianity....
jute (plant)
either of two species of Corchorus plants—C. capsularis, or white jute, and C. olitorius, including both tossa and daisee varieties—belonging to the hibiscus, or mallow family (Malvaceae), and their fibre. The latter is a bast fibre; i.e., it is obtained from the inner ba...
Jute (people)
member of a Germanic people who, with the Angles and Saxons, invaded Britain in the 5th century ad. The Jutes have no recorded history on the European continent, but there is considerable evidence that their home was in the Scandinavian area (probably Jutland) and that those who did not migrate were later absorbed by the Danes. According to the Venerable Bede, the...
jute cloth
member of a Germanic people who, with the Angles and Saxons, invaded Britain in the 5th century ad. The Jutes have no recorded history on the European continent, but there is considerable evidence that their home was in the Scandinavian area (probably Jutland) and that those who did not migrate were later absorbed by the Danes. According to the Venerable Bede, the...
Jutes (people)
member of a Germanic people who, with the Angles and Saxons, invaded Britain in the 5th century ad. The Jutes have no recorded history on the European continent, but there is considerable evidence that their home was in the Scandinavian area (probably Jutland) and that those who did not migrate were later absorbed by the Danes. According to the Venerable Bede, the...
jutha (food)
...a service will be performed. Members of subordinate castes pick up the dirty plates of members of superior castes, as at village feasts. Food left on plates after eating is defined as garbage (jūṭhā); it is felt to have been polluted by the eater’s saliva. This garbage may be handled in the family by a person whose status is lower than the eater’s, such...
Jutiapa (Guatemala)
city, southeastern Guatemala. It lies on the southern flanks of the central highlands at an elevation of 2,926 feet (892 metres) above sea level. Jutiapa is a commercial and manufacturing centre for the agricultural and pastoral hinterland. Its principal agricultural products are corn (maize) and bean crop...
Jutiapa (El Salvador)
city, north-central El Salvador, at the foot of Mt. Platinar (1,200 ft [370 m]). The original name, Tepeahua, was derived from a Nahuatl expression meaning “mountain of the oak trees.” A short distance away is a 130-ft (40-m) waterfall on the Río Cristóbal, and there are traces of an ancient city at the nearby locality of Los Remedios. Jutiapa became...
Juticalpa (Honduras)
city, eastern Honduras. It lies at 2,700 feet (823 m) above sea level along the Juticalpa River, which is a tributary of the Guayape. Founded about 1620 and given city status in 1835, it was a prosperous commercial centre during the colonial era, trading with Caribbean ports and serving ...
Jutland (region, Denmark)
projection of northern Europe forming the continental portion of Denmark. The peninsula is bounded to the west and north by the North Sea and the Skagerrak and to the east by the Kattegat and the Little Belt. The Chersonesus Cimbrica, or Cimbric Chersonese, of ancient geography, it was subsequently named f...
Jutland, Battle of (World War I)
(May 31–June 1, 1916), the only major encounter between the British and German fleets in World War I, fought in the Skagerrak, an arm of the North Sea, about 60 miles (97 km) off the coast of Jutland (Denmark)....
Jutland, law of (Denmark [1241])
...were most often private compilations but were occasionally instructions from the king. The best known laws of this period are the Gulathing’s law (written in the 11th century, Norwegian); the law of Jutland (1241, Danish); and the laws of Uppland (1296) and Götaland (early 13th century), both Swedish. Other Scandinavian communities and states followed suit....
Jutra, Claude (Canadian film director)
Canadian film director. He worked as a television writer before joining the National Film Board in 1954. After making a feature-length documentary, he directed the acclaimed Take It All (1964, Canadian Film Award). His next film, Mon oncle Antoine (1971, Canadian Film Award), was considered his masterpiece. His later films were less successful. Following his diagnosis with ...
Juturnae, Lacus (fountain, Rome, Italy)
The oldest of the city’s fountains is really a spring, the ancient Lacus Juturnae (“Pool of Juturna”) in the Forum, restored in 1952 to the appearance it had in the time of the emperor Augustus. A much newer fountain in the old city is one of the most admired. Inaugurated as simple jets of water in the Piazza Esedra (now the Piazza della Repubblica) by Pope Pius IX in 1870, ju...
Jüüngar (people)
people of Central Asia, so called because they formed the left wing (dson, “left”; gar, “hand”) of the Mongol army. A western Mongol people whose home was the Ili River valley and ...
Juvara, Filippo (Italian architect)
architect and stage designer who attained fame throughout Europe during the early part of the 18th century....
Juvarra, Filippo (Italian architect)
architect and stage designer who attained fame throughout Europe during the early part of the 18th century....
Juvenal (Roman poet)
most powerful of all Roman satiric poets. Many of his phrases and epigrams have entered common parlance—for example, “bread and circuses” and “who will guard the guards themselves?”...
juvenal pelage (biology)
...humans, is rare among mammals. Hairs with determinate growth are subject to wear and must be replaced periodically—a process termed molt. The first coat of a young mammal is referred to as the juvenal pelage, which typically is of fine texture like the underfur of adults and is replaced by a postjuvenile molt. Juvenal pelage is succeeded either directly by adult pelage or by the subadult...
juvenal plumage (biology)
...early autumn. Young geese and swans, on the other hand, remain with their parents during their first winter and migrate to and from the wintering grounds in their company. In most large species the juvenal plumage is retained through much of the first year of life. Ducks, however, begin to lose the juvenal body feathers almost at once. Some replace the juvenal plumage with an immature......
Juvenal, Saint (bishop of Jerusalem)
bishop of Jerusalem from 422 to 458 who elevated the see of Jerusalem—previously under the rule of Caesarea—to a patriarchate....
Juvenalian satire (literature)
in literature, any bitter and ironic criticism of contemporary persons and institutions that is filled with personal invective, angry moral indignation, and pessimism. The name alludes to the Latin satirist Juvenal, who, in the 1st century ad, brilliantly denounced Roman society, the rich and powerful, and the discomforts and dangers of city life. Samuel Johnson m...
Juvenalis, Decimus Junius (Roman poet)
most powerful of all Roman satiric poets. Many of his phrases and epigrams have entered common parlance—for example, “bread and circuses” and “who will guard the guards themselves?”...
juvenile court (law)
special court handling problems of delinquent, neglected, or abused children. The juvenile court fulfills the government’s role as substitute parent, and, where no juvenile court exists, other courts must assume the function....
juvenile delinquency (criminology)
criminal behaviour, especially that carried out by a juvenile. Depending on the nation of origin, a juvenile becomes an adult anywhere between the ages of 15 to 18, although the age is sometimes lowered for murder and other serious crimes. Delinquency implies conduct that does not conform to the legal or moral standards of society; it usually ...
Juvenile Delinquency and Subterranean Values (work by Sykes and Matza)
...that their behaviour was wrong but distort reality to maintain that certain times or conditions make it acceptable to break societal rules. The authors’ second article, Juvenile Delinquency and Subterranean Values (1961), argued that the values behind deviant behaviour, such as excitement and thrill seeking, are actually “subterranean values” tha...
juvenile delinquent (legal category)
any young person whose conduct is characterized by antisocial behaviour that is beyond parental control and subject to legal action. See delinquency....
juvenile drama (puppetry)
popular 19th-century English children’s toy that provides modern theatre historians with a valuable record of the plays and playhouses of its day....
juvenile hemochromatosis (pathology)
...Type 1 is characterized by the appearance of symptoms in men between the ages of 40 and 60 and in women after menopause (when iron is no longer lost through menstruation and pregnancy). Type 2, also called juvenile hemochromatosis, is divided into types 2A and 2B based on different genetic mutations and is characterized by the onset of symptoms in childhood that often lead to......
juvenile hormone (biochemistry)
a hormone in insects, secreted by glands near the brain, that controls the retention of juvenile characters in larval stages. The hormone affects the process of molting, the periodic shedding of the outer skeleton during development, and in adults it is necessary for normal egg production in females. See also thoracotropic hormone....
juvenile justice
system of laws, policies, and procedures intended to regulate the processing and treatment of nonadult offenders for violations of law and to provide legal remedies that protect their interests in situations of conflict or neglect. Punishable offenses that are classified as criminal offenses for adults (e.g., murder, robbery, and larceny) are referred to as delinquency when comm...
juvenile literature
Body of written works produced to entertain or instruct young people....
juvenile pelage (biology)
...humans, is rare among mammals. Hairs with determinate growth are subject to wear and must be replaced periodically—a process termed molt. The first coat of a young mammal is referred to as the juvenal pelage, which typically is of fine texture like the underfur of adults and is replaced by a postjuvenile molt. Juvenal pelage is succeeded either directly by adult pelage or by the subadult...
juvenile-onset diabetes (medical disorder)
Type I diabetes mellitus is the autoimmune form of diabetes and often arises in childhood. It is caused by the destruction of cells of the pancreatic tissue called the islets of Langerhans. Those cells normally produce insulin, the hormone that helps regulate glucose levels in the blood. Individuals with type I diabetes have high blood......
Juvenilia (work by Beza)
After studying law at Orléans, France (1535–39), Beza established a practice in Paris, where he published Juvenilia (1548), a volume of amorous verse that earned him a reputation as a leading Latin poet. On recovering from a serious illness, he underwent a conversion experience and in 1548 traveled to Geneva to join Calvin, then deeply involved with his......
Juvento (political organization, Togo)
...Togolese, especially those with Western education, resented the regime’s authoritarianism; northern leaders felt left out of the predominantly southern government, and the more radical members of Juvento (once the party’s youth wing) wanted Olympio to be less dependent on French aid. By early 1963 some Juvento leaders were in detention and other opposition figures had left the cou...
Juventud, Isla de la (island and municipality, Cuba)
island and municipio especial (special municipality) of Cuba, in the Caribbean Sea. It is bounded on the northwest by the Canal de los Indios and on the north and northeast by the Gulf of Batabanó, which separate it from the mainland of Cuba. A 1904 treaty reco...
Juventud Island (island and municipality, Cuba)
island and municipio especial (special municipality) of Cuba, in the Caribbean Sea. It is bounded on the northwest by the Canal de los Indios and on the north and northeast by the Gulf of Batabanó, which separate it from the mainland of Cuba. A 1904 treaty reco...
Juventus (Italian football club)
...October of that year, several popular teams that had been docked points or demoted to lesser leagues by the Italian Football Federation had their penalties lowered by an arbitration court. Turin’s Juventus, arguably the most popular team in the country, had its penalty significantly reduced and subsequently won the 2006–07 Serie B championship, which earned it a swift return to Se...
“Juvikfolke” (novel series by Duun)
...revealed his insight into life as endless conflict in a six-volume novel cycle about the development of a peasant family through four generations—Juvikfolke (1918–23; The People of Juvik)....
Juwaynī, ʿAlāʾ ad-Dīn ʿAṭā Malek (Persian historian)
Persian historian. Joveynī was the first of several brilliant representatives of Persian historiography who flourished during the period of Mongol domination in Iran (1220–1336)....
Juxon, William (archbishop of Canterbury)
archbishop of Canterbury and minister to King Charles I on the scaffold. As lord high treasurer, Juxon was the last English clergyman to hold both secular and clerical offices in the medieval tradition of clerical state service....
Juxon-Smith, Andrew (head of state, Sierra Leone)
...won the 1967 general election. But the army intervened and set up a military government, the National Reformation Council, under Lieut. Col. Andrew Juxon-Smith. After a year the privates and noncommissioned officers mutinied, imprisoned their officers, and restored parliamentary rule under Stevens and the APC....
juxtaglomerular apparatus (anatomy)
A specific renovascular cause of high blood pressure that, although uncommon, is important from the point of view of the control of blood pressure in healthy individuals involves the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) and the secretion of renin. Occasionally, following trauma or arising spontaneously as a result of vascular disease, one or the other of the main ......
juxtaglomerular cell (anatomy)
A specific renovascular cause of high blood pressure that, although uncommon, is important from the point of view of the control of blood pressure in healthy individuals involves the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) and the secretion of renin. Occasionally, following trauma or arising spontaneously as a result of vascular disease, one or the other of the main ......
Juyong (mountain pass, China)
...Plateau to the north, and the Liao River Plain in the southern region of the Northeast (historically Manchuria). A few passes, however, cut through the ranges—the most important being Juyong (northwest of Beijing), Gubei (northeast), and Shanhai (east in Hebei, on the Bo Hai)—and are so situated that all roads leading from Mongolia and the Northeast to the North China Plain......
Juyūshī Mosque (mosque, Cairo, Egypt)
...have survived in Cairo and Aswān. Only a few, such as the mashhad at Aswān, are somewhat more elaborate, with side rooms. The most original of these commemorative buildings is the Juyūshī Mosque (1085) overlooking the city of Cairo. Properly speaking, it is not a mausoleum but a monument celebrating the reestablishment of Fāṭimid order after a se...
juzʾ (section of Qurʾān)
In pious circles the Qurʾān is often divided into 30 equal sections known as juzʾ (Persian and Urdu sipāra, or pāra). These break up the surahs arbitrarily, without regard to content, into 30 parts in order to facilitate the systematic reading of the entire Qurʾān in 30 days, or one lunar month. ...
Južna Morava River (river, Europe)
The West Morava originates in southern Serbia and Macedonia on the west-facing slope of Golija Mountain. Three hydroelectric stations are located along its 185-mile (298-kilometre) course. The South Morava is 198 miles (319 km) long from its source at the union of the Binačka Morava and Moravica rivers. Lake Vlasina on the Vlasina, a tributary, provides water for four hydroelectric......
Južno-Sachalinsk (Russia)
city and administrative centre of Sakhalin oblast (region), far eastern Russia. It lies in the south of Sakhalin Island on the Susuya River, 26 miles (42 km) north of the port of Korsakov. Originally the Japanese settlement of Toyohara, Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk passed to the ...
JVC (Japanese company)
The first home VCRs were introduced in the mid-1970s, first by Sony and then by the Victor Company of Japan (JVC), both using 12-mm (one-half-inch) tape packaged in a cassette. Two incompatible standards could not coexist for home use, and today the Sony Betamax system is obsolete and only the JVC Video Home System (VHS) has survived. Narrower 8-mm tape is used in small cassettes for handheld......
JVM (computer program)
...for each computer operating system. If it ran on a UNIX computer, it should also run on a Windows machine or a Macintosh through the use of a Java Virtual Machine (JVM). JVMs were shipped with UNIX, Windows, Macintosh, and other systems as well as with Internet browsers such as Netscape’s Navigator and Microsoft’s Internet Exp...
JVP (revolutionary organization, Sri Lanka)
...shared power in Sri Lanka’s complex political system until April, continued to dominate national politics. In January, Kumaratunga’s People’s Alliance (PA) struck an accord with the left-wing People’s Liberation Front (JVP), and on February 7 Kumaratunga dissolved Parliament and called for an election on April 2. The LTTE expressed dismay, and the Colombo stock excha...
Jwen-jwen (people)
Central Asian people of historical importance. Because of the titles of their rulers, khan and khagan, scholars believe that the Juan-juan were Mongols or Mongol-speaking peoples. The empire of the Juan-juan lasted from the beginning of the 5th century ad to the middle of the 6th century, embracing a wide belt north of China from Manchuria to Turkistan. They were allies...
JWST (satellite observatory)
U.S.–European Space Agency–Canadian satellite observatory proposed as the successor to the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) and scheduled for launch by an Ariane 5 rocket in 2014. The JWST will have a mirror 6.5 metres (21.3 feet) in diameter, seven times larger than that of the HST, and will orbit...
Jylland (region, Denmark)
projection of northern Europe forming the continental portion of Denmark. The peninsula is bounded to the west and north by the North Sea and the Skagerrak and to the east by the Kattegat and the Little Belt. The Chersonesus Cimbrica, or Cimbric Chersonese, of ancient geography, it was subsequently named f...
Jynginae (bird)
either of two species of birds that constitute the subfamily Jynginae of the woodpecker family (Picidae) but may be separated as the family Jyngidae. Wrynecks are gray-brown birds of open woods and brushlands, named for their habit of twisting their necks snakily when alarmed. They flick up ants from the ground or insects from trees with their long tongues, and they nest in old woodpecker holes. T...
Jynx ruficollis (bird)
...holes. The Eurasian wryneck (Jynx torquilla), 16 cm (6.25 inches) long, breeds from England to Japan and winters in the tropics. The red-breasted wryneck (J. ruficollis) is African....
Jynx torquilla (bird)
...named for their habit of twisting their necks snakily when alarmed. They flick up ants from the ground or insects from trees with their long tongues, and they nest in old woodpecker holes. The Eurasian wryneck (Jynx torquilla), 16 cm (6.25 inches) long, breeds from England to Japan and winters in the tropics. The red-breasted......
Jyoetsu (Japan)
city, Niigata ken (prefecture), Honshu, Japan. It lies on the lower reaches and mouth of the Ara River. The city was formed for reasons of industrial planning by the amalgamation of Naoetsu and Takada....

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