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Nottingham, Charles Howard, 1st earl of (English admiral)
English lord high admiral who commanded England’s fleet against the Spanish Armada. Although he was not as talented a seaman as his subordinates Sir Francis Drake and John Hawkins, Howard’s able leadership contributed greatly to this impo...
Nottingham, Earl of (English noble)
...by Henry during his reign, ended when the king’s forces killed the rebel in battle near Shrewsbury, Shropshire, in July 1403. In 1405 Henry had Thomas Mowbray, the eldest son of the 1st duke of Norfolk, and Richard Scrope, archbishop of York, executed for conspiring with Northumberland to raise another rebellion. Although the worst of Henry’s political troubles were over, he then ...
Nottingham, Earl of (English noble [1366-1399])
English lord whose quarrel with Henry of Bolingbroke, Duke of Hereford (later King Henry IV, reigned 1399–1413), was a critical episode in the events leading to the overthrow of King Richard II (reigned 1377–99) by Bolingbroke. The quarrel dominates the first act of William Shakespeare’s play Richard II....
Nottingham, Heneage Finch, 1st Earl of, Baron Finch of Daventry (English lord chancellor)
lord chancellor of England (1675–82), called “the father of equity.”...
Nottingham lace
...overshadowed the iron industry and brought in waves of immigrant miners, whose wives were skilled in the silk-weaving, clothing, and other industries. Scranton is noted for its production of Nottingham lace....
Nottingham reel (device)
...exists that the Chinese developed a rudimentary fishing reel in the 3rd century ce, modern reel design dates back to 18th-century England. The predominant British reel of the day was called the Nottingham reel, based on the wooden lace bobbin devised in the lace-making town of that name. It was a wide-drum, free-spooling reel, ideal for allowing line and bait or lure to float down...
Nottingham Trent University (university, England, United Kingdom)
...was given by Lord Trent, otherwise Jesse Boot, founder of Boots Company, Ltd., who subsequently financed much of its development. It was incorporated as the University of Nottingham in 1948. The Nottingham Trent University was established as a polytechnic in 1970 and gained university status in 1992. The city has two important theatres—Theatre Royal (1865) and the Playhouse (opened......
Nottingham, University of (university, England, United Kingdom)
...site west of the city in 1928. The land was given by Lord Trent, otherwise Jesse Boot, founder of Boots Company, Ltd., who subsequently financed much of its development. It was incorporated as the University of Nottingham in 1948. The Nottingham Trent University was established as a polytechnic in 1970 and gained university status in 1992. The city has two important theatres—Theatre......
Nottingham’s Men (English theatrical company)
a theatrical company in Elizabethan and Jacobean England. About 1576–79 they were known as Lord Howard’s Men, so called after their patron Charles Howard, 1st earl of Nottingham, 2nd Baron Howard of Effingham. In 1585, when Lord Howard became England’s ...
Nottinghamshire (county, England, United Kingdom)
administrative, geographic, and historic county of the East Midlands of England, bordered by the geographic counties of Leicestershire, Derbyshire, and Lincolnshire, and by the metropolitan county of South Yorkshire. The administrative, geographic, and historic counties ...
notturno (music)
(French: “Nocturnal”), in music, a composition inspired by, or evocative of, the night, and cultivated in the 19th century primarily as a character piece for piano. The form originated with the Irish composer John Field, who published the first set of nocturnes in 1814, and reached its zenit...
Notturno (work by Maderna)
...composer as well as an experimenter. His Serenata (1954) is a colourful orchestral work noteworthy for its subtle sonorities and polyrhythms. The Notturno for tape (1956) and Sintaxis for four different, unspecified electronic timbres (tone colours) display his interest in new sonorities. His oboe concerto...
Noturus (catfish)
any of several North American catfishes of the genus Noturus, of the family Ictaluridae. They are sometimes classified in two genera, Noturus and Schilbeodes. Generally about 5–7.5 cm (2–3 inches) long, madtoms are the smallest ictalurids and are characterized by a long adipose fin that in some species joins the rounded tail fin....
Noturus flavus (catfish)
...spines in their pectoral fins. These spines have venom glands at the base and can produce jagged, painful wounds. Madtoms inhabit the bottoms of streams, rivers, and lake shores. Species include the stonecat (N. flavus), a common, yellow-brown fish usually found under stones by day, and the tadpole madtom (N., or Schilbeodes, gyrinus), a tadpolelike catfish common in the......
Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park (national park, Congo (Brazzaville))
...but lions are scarce. Birdlife includes predatory eagles, hawks, and owls, scavenging vultures, and wading herons. Some one-sixth of Congolese territory is protected; national parks include Nouabalé-Ndoki, in which dwell more than 300 species of bird and more than 1,000 plant and tree species, and Odzala-Kokoua, which is an important elephant and gorilla sanctuary....
Nouâdhibou (Mauritania)
town located in northwestern Mauritania, on Cape Nouâdhibou (Cape Blanco) peninsula facing a protective bay on the Atlantic coast. It has developed as a fishing centre, and fishing continues to be important; but, since 1964, with the completion of a special pier and a 419-mile (674-km) railway to the Iron Mountains near Zouérat and Fdérik, the port’s ...
Nouakchott (Mauritania)
city, capital of Mauritania, on a plateau near the West African Atlantic coast, about 270 miles (435 km) north-northeast of Dakar, Senegal. Originally a coastal village on the desert trail north from Dakar, it was developed after independence (1960) as the capital of the new nation. Nouakchott was a major refugee centre during the Saharan droughts of the 1970s, and its rapid gro...
Nouakchott, University of (university, Nouakchott, Mauritania)
The University of Nouakchott (1981) has faculties of letters and human sciences and of law and economics. Other advanced education is provided by a research institute for mining and industry, a centre for Islamic studies, and a training facility for administrative personnel in Nouakchott....
Nouayme, Mikhāʾīl (Lebanese author)
Lebanese literary critic, playwright, essayist, and short-story writer who helped introduce modern realism into Arabic prose fiction....
Nouba des femmes du mont Chenoua (film by Djebar)
...of the war years outside Algeria, but afterward she taught history at the University of Algiers, was made department head of the French Section at the university, and became a filmmaker. Her film Nouba des femmes du mont Chenoua, the story of an Algerian woman engineer returning to Algeria after a long Western exile, was released in 1978. Femmes d’Alger dans leur appartement...
noucentisme (art)
...he continued to write El nuevo glosario (“The New Glossary”) in Castilian. He excelled in a short-essay genre, the glosa. In a column in 1906, he coined the term noucentisme (“1900-ism”) to characterize Catalan culture of the 20th century. He believed that art should be “arbitrary,” or subjectivist, breaking with traditional ...
Noue, François de La (Huguenot leader)
Huguenot captain in the French Wars of Religion (1562–98), known for his exploits as a soldier and for his military and historical writings....
Nouel, Adolfo (president of Dominican Republic)
...took over and were in turn forced out, including Juan Isidro Jiménez and Horacio Vásquez—two bitter rivals—and Cáceres himself. Even the accession of the archbishop Adolfo Nouel to the presidency in 1912 failed to stem the disorder, and within four months he too was forced to resign....
Nouelou ancient ha devot, An (collection of carols)
...Mirouer a Confession (“The Mirror of Confession”) and Doctrin an Christenien (“Christian’s Doctrine”) are translated from the French. A collection of carols, An Nouelou ancient ha devot (“Ancient and Devout Songs”), appeared in 1650, and a book of metrical meditations in 1651. In general, Middle Breton literature lacked origi...
Nougaro, Claude (French musician)
French chanson singer and songwriter (b. Sept. 9, 1929, Toulouse, France—d. March 4, 2004, Paris, France), combined an interest in the traditional French chanson with an affection for American jazz and Brazilian and African music over the course of some 50 years and 20 albums. These non-European influences, together with Nougaro’s Toulousian accent, made him a favourite with Parisian...
nougat (confection)
aerated confection made by mixing nuts and sometimes fruit pieces in a sugar paste whose composition is varied to give either a chewy or a brittle consistency. Nougat originated in Mediterranean countries, where honey, together with almonds or other nuts, was beaten into egg whites and then sun-dried....
Nougé, Paul (Belgian author)
Belgian poet and intellectual theorist. He and René Magritte were the most important figures in the Brussels group of Belgian Surrealists....
Noughts and Crosses (game)
Well known, but by no means as trivial, are games for two players, such as ticktacktoe and its more sophisticated variations, one of which calls for each player to begin with three counters (3 black, 3 white); the first player places a counter in any cell, except the center cell, of a 3 × 3 diagram; the players then alternate until all the counters are down. If neither has won by getting......
Nouhak Phoumsavan (president of Laos)
April 9, 1914Mukdahan, French IndochinaSept. 9, 2008Vientiane, LaosLaotian resistance leader and politician who was (with Kaysone Phomvihan and Prince Souphanouvong) a member of the triumvirate of men at the centre of Laotian resistance to French rule in Indochina and, after independence fr...
Nouhak Phoumsavanh (president of Laos)
April 9, 1914Mukdahan, French IndochinaSept. 9, 2008Vientiane, LaosLaotian resistance leader and politician who was (with Kaysone Phomvihan and Prince Souphanouvong) a member of the triumvirate of men at the centre of Laotian resistance to French rule in Indochina and, after independence fr...
Nouira, Hedi Amira (prime minister of Tunisia)
Tunisian politician (b. April 6, 1911, Monastir, Tunisia--d. Jan. 25, 1993, La Marsa, Tunisia), was the hard-line prime minister of Tunisia for a decade (1970-80) and the designated successor of the president-for-life, Habib Bourguiba, until a stroke en...
Nouméa (New Caledonia)
city, port, and capital of the French overseas country of New Caledonia, southwestern Pacific Ocean, in the southwestern corner of the main island of New Caledonia. It was founded in 1854 as Port-de-France. It is situated on an excellent deepwater harbour protected by Nou Island and a reef. The Grand Quay has a 1,450-foot- (442-metre-) long ...
noumenon (philosophy)
in the philosophy of Immanuel Kant, the thing-in-itself (das Ding an sich) as opposed to what Kant called the phenomenon—the thing as it appears to an observer. Though the noumenal holds the contents of the intelligible world, Kant claimed that man’s speculative reason can only know p...
noun (grammar)
The grammatical characteristics of the Abkhazo-Adyghian languages include an extremely simple noun system and a relatively complicated system of verb conjugation. There are no grammatical cases in Abkhaz and Abaza, and in the other languages only two principal cases occur: a direct case (nominative) and an oblique case, combining the functions of several cases—ergative, genitive, dative,......
noun class system (language)
The system of noun classes is probably the characteristic most widely found in Niger-Congo languages and best known to those interested in language phenomena. Though the extent to which the system operates varies greatly, it is nonetheless found in some form in languages from each of the branches of Niger-Congo....
noun phrase (grammar)
...“output.” The notion of phrase structure may be dealt with independently of its incorporation in the larger system. In the following system of rules, S stands for Sentence, NP for Noun Phrase, VP for Verb Phrase, Det for Determiner, Aux for Auxiliary (verb), N for Noun, and V for Verb stem....
nourishment
material consisting essentially of protein, carbohydrate, and fat used in the body of an organism to sustain growth, repair, and vital processes and to furnish energy....
Nourrit, Adolphe (French musician)
French dramatic tenor who created many new roles in French opera....
Nourrit, Louis (French musician)
His father, Louis Nourrit, was both a leading tenor at the Paris Opéra and a diamond merchant. Adolphe studied voice with Manuel García, a famous tenor of the time, and at 19 years of age he made his successful debut at the Paris Opéra as Pylades in Christoph Willibald Gluck’s Iphigénie en Tauride. Within five years he succeeded his father as the leading t...
“Nourritures terrestres, Les” (novel by Grove)
...nature. Martha Ostenso’s Wild Geese (1925), a tale of a strong young girl in thrall to her cruel father, and Frederick Philip Grove’s Settlers of the Marsh (1925) and Fruits of the Earth (1933), depicting man’s struggle for mastery of himself and his land, are moving testaments to the courage of farmers. Painter Emily Carr wrote storie...
Nourse, Edith (American public official)
American public official, longtime U.S. congressional representative from Massachusetts, perhaps most remembered for her work with veterans affairs....
Nourse, Edward (English surgeon)
...died when he was a young boy, was raised under the care of his mother and a relative, Joseph Wilcocks, the bishop of Rochester. He was sent to a private school in Kent and later was an apprentice to Edward Nourse, a surgeon at St. Bartholomew’s Hospital in London. In preparing and dissecting cadavers for Nourse’s anatomy classes, Pott not only became educated in the basic principl...
nous (Greek philosophy)
in philosophy, the faculty of intellectual apprehension and of intuitive thought. Used in a narrower sense, it is distinguished from discursive thought and applies to the apprehension of eternal intelligible substances and first principles. It is sometimes identified with the highest or divine intellect....
Nouveau Christianisme (work by Saint-Simon)
Although the contrast between the labouring and the propertied classes in society is not emphasized by Saint-Simon, the cause of the poor is discussed, and in his best-known work, Nouveau Christianisme (1825; “The New Christianity”), it takes the form of a religion. It was this development of Saint-Simon’s teaching that occasioned his final rupture with Comte. Before th...
Nouveau, Germain (French poet)
...read as Rimbaud’s farewell to creative writing. It was certainly a farewell to the visionary, apocalyptic writing of the voyant. In February 1874 Rimbaud returned to London in the company of Germain Nouveau, a fellow poet. There they copied out some of the Illuminations. Rimbaud returned home for Christmas and spent his time there studying mathematics and languages. His las...
Nouveau Parti Démocratique (political party, Canada)
Canadian democratic socialist political party favouring a mixed public-private economy, broadened social benefits, and an internationalist foreign policy....
nouveau roman (literature)
avant-garde novel of the mid-20th century that marked a radical departure from the conventions of the traditional novel in that it ignores such elements as plot, dialogue, linear narrative, and human interest. Starting from the premise that the potential of the traditional novel had been exhausted, the writers of New Novels s...
Nouveau Testament en français avec des réflexions morales (work by Quesnel)
Unigenitus, which condemned 101 theological propositions of the Jansenist writer Pasquier Quesnel contained in the book Réflexions morales, was issued at the request of the French king, Louis XIV, who wished to suppress the Jansenist faction. Louis was able to secure initial acceptance of the bull, but some French bishops (led by Louis-Antoine de Noailles,......
Nouveau traité de diplomatique (work by Tassin and Toustain)
...Papenbroeck soon afterward acknowledged the correctness of his tenets. Nearly a century later, René-Prosper Tassin and Charles-François Toustain published their six-volume Nouveau traité de diplomatique (1750–65; “New Treatise on Diplomatic”), a work that surpassed Mabillon’s only in its greater wealth of material. Another important event....
Nouveau Traité de toute l’architecture (work by Cordemoy)
...a structural scaffold. It was this structural elegance that early 18th-century enthusiasts of Gothic, such as Abbé de Cordemoy, sought to infuse into contemporary architecture. In the Nouveau Traité de toute l’architecture (1714; “New Treatise on All Architecture”) Cordemoy proposed that a new, honest, and economical architecture might be arrived ...
Nouveau-Québec (administrative region, Quebec, Canada)
administrative region constituting the northern half of Quebec province, Canada. The name Nouveau-Québec (“New Quebec”) once was used synonymously with Ungava for that part of the Labrador-Ungava peninsula between Hudson Bay and the ...
Nouveau-Québec Crater (crater, Quebec, Canada)
geologically young crater of meteoritic origin located in the northwestern part of the Ungava Peninsula, northern Quebec province, Canada. First recognized as an impact structure in 1950, the crater is 3.4 km (2.1 miles) in diameter and has a rim standing as much as 160 metres (525 feet) above ground level. Filled by a lake 250 metres (820 fee...
Nouveaux Dialogues des morts (work by Fontenelle)
...literary activity during the years 1683–88 won him a great reputation. The Lettres galantes (1683, “Gallant Letters”; expanded edition, 1685) contributed to this, but the Nouveaux Dialogues des morts (1683, “New Dialogues of the Dead”; 2nd part, 1684) enjoyed a greater success and is more interesting to a modern reader. The Dialogues,......
Nouveaux essais de critique et d’histoire (work by Taine)
...favoured his more-protracted scientific studies and helped make the later 1860s a happy and fertile period in his life. He published, in addition to the works named, his second volume of essays, Nouveaux essais de critique et d’histoire (1865; “New Essays of Criticism and History”), including his perceptive articles on Racine, Balzac, and Stendhal (whose psychologica...
“Nouveaux essais sur l’entendement humain” (work by Leibniz)
...empiricist views of Locke were similarly controverted by Leibniz, who examined Locke’s views in minute detail in Nouveaux essais sur l’entendement humain (1704, published 1765; New Essays Concerning Human Understanding), arguing that ideas can be virtually innate in a less trivial sense than Locke allowed. Interpreting Locke’s notion of reflection ...
Nouveaux Messieurs, Les (film by Feyder)
After filming Thérèse Raquin (1928), based on Émile Zola’s novel, in Germany, Feyder returned to France to do Les Nouveaux Messieurs (1928; “The New Gentlemen”), a picture banned by the French government for its lightly satiric treatment of the French Parliament. Feyder spent the next five years in Hollywood, where his pictures included Th...
nouveaux romancier (French literature)
In the mid-1950s, however, critical attention was focused on the group dubbed the nouveaux romanciers, or new novelists: Alain Robbe-Grillet, Claude Simon, Nathalie Sarraute, Michel Butor, and Robert Pinget. Marguerite Duras (Marguerite Donnadieu) is sometimes added to the list, though not with her approval. The label covered a variety of approaches, but,......
“Nouveaux voyages de Mr. le Baron de Lahontan dans l’Amérique septentrionale” (work by La Hontan)
In 1703 Lahontan published Nouveaux voyages de Mr. le Baron de Lahontan dans l’Amérique septentrionale, 2 vol. (New Voyages to North-America), considered the best 17th-century work on New France. The New Voyages also contained a series of dialogues describing the philosophy of the primitive way of life that influenced a subsequent growth of primitivism in....
Nouvel Atlas de la Chine, de la Tartarie chinoise et du Tibet (atlas by Anville)
...laborious trigonometric surveys that covered every corner of the empire, starting in 1708, the atlas Huangyu quanlantu was completed in 1717. The famous Nouvel Atlas de la Chine, de la Tartarie chinoise et du Thibet (“New Atlas of China, of Chinese Tartary, and of Tibet”) of Jean-Baptiste Bourguignon d’Anville is a French ve...
Nouvel, Jean (French architect)
French architect who designed his buildings to “create a visual landscape” that fit their context—sometimes by making them contrast with the surrounding area. For his boldly experimental designs, which defied a general characterization, he was awarded the 2008 Pritzker Architecture Prize, and by the earl...
nouvelle AI (computer science)
an approach to artificial intelligence (AI) pioneered at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) AI Laboratory by the Australian American scientist Rodney Brooks during the latter half of the 1980s. Nouvelle AI distances itself from strong AI, with its emphasis on human-level performance, in favour of the relatively modest aim of ins...
Nouvelle Amsterdam (island, Indian Ocean)
island in the southern Indian Ocean, administratively a part of the French Southern and Antarctic Territories. An extinct volcano rises to 2,989 feet (911 m) above sea level on the island, which has an area of 18 square miles (47 sq...
nouvelle artificial intelligence (computer science)
an approach to artificial intelligence (AI) pioneered at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) AI Laboratory by the Australian American scientist Rodney Brooks during the latter half of the 1980s. Nouvelle AI distances itself from strong AI, with its emphasis on human-level performance, in favour of the relatively modest aim of ins...
Nouvelle Bibliothèque des auteurs ecclésiastiques (work by Dupin)
French church historian whose history of Christian literature, Nouvelle Bibliothèque des auteurs ecclésiastiques, 58 vol. (1686–1704; “New Library of Ecclesiastical Writers”), broke with scholastic tradition by treating biography, literary and doctrinal criticism, and bibliography in one work and by writing in a modern language. The opinions he expressed.....
Nouvelle Biographie générale (compilation by Hoefer)
...Adelung and others and is still of value today. The field of international biography is not a simple one to tackle, and there were only two further efforts of note: J.C.F. Hoefer compiled the Nouvelle Biographie générale (1852–66; “New General Biography”), and J.F. Michaud was responsible for the Biographie universelle (1811–62...
“nouvelle Carthage, La” (work by Eekhoud)
...satisfactory stories, and his characters rarely came alive. His strength lay in his descriptive realism and idiosyncratic language. Even his best novel, La nouvelle Carthage (1888; The New Carthage), set in Antwerp, is saved only by the brilliance of its various episodes....
nouvelle critique (French literature)
The new and subversive critical tendencies of the 1960s demanded more of the reader, who was to become an active participant in decoding the text, not a passive recipient. The term New Criticism (not to be confused with the Anglo-American New Criticism, developed after World War I, whose proponents were associated with the maintenance of conservative perspectives and structures) covers a wide......
nouvelle cuisine (gastronomy)
eclectic style in international haute cuisine developed during the 1960s and ’70s that stressed freshness, lightness, and clarity of flavour. In reaction to some of the richer and more calorie-laden extravagances of classic French haute cuisine, nouvelle cuisine sought to emphasize the natural flavours, textures, and colours of foodstuffs. Acknowledging the unhealthiness of a diet heavy in...
“Nouvelle découverte d’un très grand pays situé dans l’Amérique” (work by Hennepin)
...(site of Minneapolis, Minn.). Hennepin was rescued by the French voyageur Daniel Greysolon, Sieur Dulhut, in July 1680. Returning to France in 1682, he wrote a full account of his exploits, Description de la Louisiane (1683), later revised as Nouvelle découverte d’un très grand pays situé dans l’Amérique (1697; “New Discovery of a V...
“Nouvelle Géographie universelle, la terre et les hommes, La” (work by Reclus)
His great work, La Nouvelle Géographie universelle, la terre et les hommes, 19 vol. (1875–94; The Earth and Its Inhabitants, 1878–94), is profusely illustrated with maps, plans, and engravings and characterized by a brillance of exposition that gives his work permanent scientific value....
“nouvelle Héloïse, La” (work by Rousseau)
The years at Montmorency had been the most productive of his literary career; besides The Social Contract and Émile, Julie: ou, la nouvelle Héloïse (1761; Julie: or, The New Eloise) came out within 12 months, all three works of seminal importance. The New Eloise, being a novel, escaped the censorship to which the other two works were subject;......
Nouvelle Lambèse (Algeria)
city, northeastern Algeria. It lies along the Wadi Tilatou and is situated on a well-watered plain that is bounded on the south by the Aurès Massif and on the north by the Batna Mountains. To the west, the cedar-forested Mount Tougour (Pic des Cèdres) rises to 6,870 feet (2,094 m)....
Nouvelle Mission de Judex, La (film by Feuillade)
...which centres on a group of criminals. Despite allegations that it glorifies crime, the film was a huge hit, and it became one of Feuillade’s most influential works. Judex (1916) and La Nouvelle Mission de Judex (1917–18; “The New Mission of Judex”) feature Judex, the daring detective with the sweeping black cape, a righter of wrongs who was the prototy...
“Nouvelle Nouvelle Revue française, La” (French review)
leading French review of literature and the other arts. It was founded in February 1909 (after a false start in November 1908) by a group that included André Gide, Jacques Copeau, and Jean Schlumberger. The NRF’s founders wished to emphasize aesthetic issues and to remain independent of any ...
“Nouvelle Relève, La” (French-Canadian magazine)
...organization, and by 1933–34, on its behalf, was broadcasting pleas for Quebec independence, the French language, and Roman Catholicism. In 1934, with friend Paul Beaulieu, he founded La Relève (later called La Nouvelle Relève, “The New Relief”), a nationalist review of art, literature, and philosophy (it ceased publication in 1948). In 1940 he.....
“Nouvelle Revue de Paris” (French magazine)
Madame Bovary cost the author five years of hard work. Du Camp, who had founded the periodical Revue de Paris, urged him to make haste, but he would not. The novel, with the subtitle Moeurs de province (“Provincial Customs”), eventually appeared in installments in the Revue from....
Nouvelle Revue française, La (French review)
leading French review of literature and the other arts. It was founded in February 1909 (after a false start in November 1908) by a group that included André Gide, Jacques Copeau, and Jean Schlumberger. The NRF’s founders wished to emphasize aesthetic issues and to remain independent of any ...
Nouvelle Vague (French film style)
the style of a number of highly individualistic French film directors of the late 1950s. Preeminent among New Wave directors were Louis Malle, Claude Chabrol, François Truffaut, Alain Resnais, and Jean-Luc Godard, most of whom were associated with the fi...
Nouvelle-Calédonie (French unique collectivity, Pacific Ocean)
French unique collectivity in the southwestern Pacific Ocean, about 900 miles (1,500 km) east of Australia. It includes the island of New Caledonia (the Grande Terre [Mainland]), where the capital, Nouméa, is located; the Loyalty Islands; the ...
Nouvelle-Calédonie (island, New Caledonia)
largest island of the French overseas country of New Caledonia, in the southwestern Pacific Ocean 750 miles (1,200 km) east of Australia. Also known as Grande Terre (Mainland), it is approximately 250 miles (400 km) long and 25 miles (40 km) wide. From its coast, encircled by one of the ...
Nouvelle-France (French colonies, North America)
(1534–1763), the French colonies of continental North America, initially embracing the shores of the St. Lawrence River, Newfoundland, and Acadia (Nova Scotia) but gradually expanding to include much of the Great Lakes region and parts of the tr...
Nouvelle-France, Compagnie de la (Canadian company)
The French government supplied more active support after the remarkable revival of royal power carried out in the 1620s by Armand-Jean du Plessis, cardinal et duc de Richelieu. Richelieu sought to make French colonial policy comparable to that of England and the Netherlands, joint victors with France in the long struggle in Europe against Spain. These countries had found a means of both raising......
Nouvelle-Orléans (Louisiana, United States)
city, southeastern Louisiana, U.S. Unquestionably one of the most distinctive cities of the New World, New Orleans was established at great cost in an environment of conflict. Its strategic position, commanding the mouth of the great Mississippi-Missouri river system, which drains the rich interior of North America, made it a pawn in the struggles of Europeans...
Nouvelles Inventions pour bien bastir et à petits fraiz (work by Delorme)
Following Henry’s death (1559), Delorme fell from royal favour and turned to writing Nouvelles Inventions pour bien bastir et à petits fraiz (1561) and Le Premier Tome de l’architecture de Philibert de L’Orme (1567, revised 1568), two architectural treatises expounding the theories behind his practices. These works also attest to the way in which Delorme s...
Nouvelles Kermesses (work by Eekhoud)
Unlike many regionalists, Eekhoud was able to evoke both urban and rural scenes. His cycles of stories, Kermesses (1884; “Country Fair”) and Nouvelles Kermesses (1887; “New Country Fair”), graphically describe the seamy side of peasant life; his city novels explore the world of the working classes and social outcasts. In the novel Escal-Vigor (1899;...
Nouvelles Littéraires (French periodical)
...was revived in 1890 as an organ of the Symbolists; the influential Nouvelle Revue Française (1909) aimed at a fresh examination of literary and intellectual values; and the Nouvelles Littéraires (1922) was founded by André Gillon as a weekly of information, criticism, and bibliography. After World War II there appeared Jean-Paul Sartre’s left-wing......
Nouvelles méthodes pour la détermination des orbites des comètes (work by Legendre)
Legendre’s Nouvelles méthodes pour la détermination des orbites des comètes (1806; “New Methods for the Determination of Comet Orbits”) contains the first comprehensive treatment of the method of least squares, although priority for its discovery is shared with his German rival Carl Friedrich Gauss....
“Nouvelles récréations et joyeux devis” (work by Des Périers)
...Cardinal Virtues After Seneca”), and a translation of Plato’s Lysis. Nouvelles récréations et joyeux devis (The Mirrour of Mirth and Pleasant Conceits, or Novel Pastimes and Merry Tales), the collection of stories and fables on which his fame rests, appeared at Lyon in 1558. The stories are models of simple, direct narration in the vigorou...
“Nov” (novel by Turgenev)
...and Baburin” (1874)—with stories of a quasi-fantastic character—“The Song of Triumphant Love” (1881) and “Klara Milich” (1883). Turgenev’s final novel, Virgin Soil (1877), was designed to recoup his literary reputation in the eyes of the younger generation. Its aim was to portray the dedication and self-sacrifice of young populists ...
Nova (work by Antonio)
first systematic historian of Spanish literature. His Bibliotheca Hispana appeared in two parts (Nova, 1672; Vetus, 1696). The first is a vast bibliography of Peninsular and Spanish colonial writers after 1500, with critical evaluations. The second, a history of Peninsular literature from the reign of Augustus to 1500,......
nova (surface feature, Venus)
...the surface in a radial pattern. This results in a distinctive starburst of faults and fractures, often lying atop a broad, gently sloping topographic rise. (Such features are sometimes called novae, a name given to them when their evolutionary relationship to coronae was less certain.) Once a diapir has neared the surface and cooled, it loses its buoyancy. The initially raised crust then......
nova (astronomy)
any of a class of exploding stars whose luminosity temporarily increases from several thousand to as much as 100,000 times its normal level. A nova reaches maximum luminosity within hours after its outburst and may shine intensely for several days or occasionally for a few weeks, after which it slowly returns to its former level of luminosity. Stars that become novas are nearly always too faint be...
Nova Arcádia (Portuguese literary society)
In 1790 a Nova Arcádia (“New Arcadia”) came into being, its two most distinguished members being the rival poets Manuel Maria Barbosa du Bocage, who is now remembered for a few outstanding sonnets, and José Agostinho de Macedo, known for his experiments with the epic form. Curvo Semedo was another New Arcadian of merit....
Nova Castella, João da (Spanish explorer)
Spanish navigator who in the service of Portugal discovered the islands of Ascension and St. Helena, both off the southwestern coast of Africa....
Nova Constellatio (American coin)
Congressional efforts to establish a national mint had resulted in the issue of the historic 1783 Nova Constellatio silver patterns of 1,000, 500, and 100 units, from dies by the Englishman Benjamin Dudley, exemplifying the extraordinary Morris Plan, drawn up by Robert Morris, superintendent of finance, which reconciled the diverse colonial moneys of account. In 1786, however, Congress adopted......
Nova Delphini (astronomy)
...probably include flare stars, possibly red supergiants such as Betelgeuse, the high-temperature dwarf companion to the red supergiant Antares, and the shells ejected from Nova Serpentis 1970 and Nova Delphini. The radio emission from the latter objects is consistent with that expected from an expanding shell of ionized gas that fades away as the gas becomes attenuated. The central star of......
Nová Dubnica (Slovakia)
...Slovakia’s population lives in urban areas. In addition to Bratislava, regional centres include Nitra, Banská Bystrica, Žilina, Košice, and Prešov. Partizánske and Nová Dubnica, both in the west, are examples of new towns founded, respectively, just before and after World War II....
Nova Friburgo (Brazil)
city, east-central Rio de Janeiro estado (state), eastern Brazil. It is situated on the Rio Grande in the Serra de Nova Friburgo, 2,776 feet (846 metres) above sea level. Nova Friburgo has textile mills but is best known as a summer mountain resort, built in Swiss Alpine style, and for several stunn...
Nova Goa (India)
town, capital of Goa state, western India, on the Mandavi River. It was a tiny village until the mid-18th century, when repeated plagues forced the Portuguese to abandon their capital of Velha Goa (Old Goa, or Ela). Panaji became the capital in 1843. The town contains colonial houses and plazas, and by law all the houses must be whitewashed annually. Chiefly a...
Nova Herculis (astronomy)
one of the brightest novas of the 20th century, discovered Dec. 13, 1934, by the British amateur astronomer J.P.M. Prentice, in the northern constellation Hercules. It reached an apparent visual magnitude of 1.4 and remained visible to the unaided eye for months. At its centre was found an eclipsing binary pair of small stars, revolving around...