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Café Filho, João (president of Brazil)
Vice President João Café Filho served out most of the remainder of Vargas’s term and carried out preparations for the presidential election of October 1955. The major political parties did not unite behind a single candidate; rather, three strong contenders emerged: former Minas Gerais state governor Juscelino Kubitschek de Oliveira, popularly regarded as Vargas’s polit...
Café Foy (restaurant, Paris, France)
...This restaurant was still in business in the mid-1990s and was regarded as one of the finest eating places in France. Another outstanding Paris establishment of the 19th century was the Café Foy, later called Chez Bignon, a favourite dining place of the English novelist William Makepeace Thackeray and of the Italian composer Gioacchino Rossini, who lived in the same building.......
Café La MaMa (theatre, New York City, New York, United States)
nonprofit institution founded in New York City in 1961 that is a leader in avant-garde and Off-Off-Broadway theatre and the presentation of work by international theatre groups. It provides residence, rehearsal space, theatres, office space, and an archive of Off-Off-Broadway theatre....
cafeteria
self-service restaurant in which customers select various dishes from an open-counter display. The food is usually placed on a tray, paid for at a cashier’s station, and carried to a dining table by the customer. The modern cafeteria, designed to facilitate a smooth flow of patrons, is particularly well-adapted to the needs of institut...
Caffa (Ukraine)
city, southern Ukraine. It lies on the southern coast of the Crimean Peninsula on the western shores of Feodosiya Bay....
Caffaggiolo maiolica (pottery)
Italian tin-glazed earthenware produced during the early 16th century under Medici patronage in the castle of Cafaggiolo, in Tuscany. The decoration of Cafaggiolo ware is mostly derived from other leading Italian factories, particularly Faenza; but its execution reveals individual, unique artistry. Characteristics of the ware are a rich and even white glaze, a...
Caffagiolo (castle, Italy)
Italian tin-glazed earthenware produced during the early 16th century under Medici patronage in the castle of Cafaggiolo, in Tuscany. The decoration of Cafaggiolo ware is mostly derived from other leading Italian factories, particularly Faenza; but its execution reveals individual, unique artistry. Characteristics of the ware are a rich and even white glaze, a deep red, and an intense lapis......
Caffagiolo majolica (pottery)
Italian tin-glazed earthenware produced during the early 16th century under Medici patronage in the castle of Cafaggiolo, in Tuscany. The decoration of Cafaggiolo ware is mostly derived from other leading Italian factories, particularly Faenza; but its execution reveals individual, unique artistry. Characteristics of the ware are a rich and even white glaze, a...
Caffarelli, Scipione (Italian cardinal)
...the father of Camillo Borghese, the future Pope Paul V. (See Paul V under Paul [Papacy].) Paul V bestowed privileges upon family members, first naming as cardinal his nephew Scipione Caffarelli (1576–1633), whom he adopted into the Borghese family....
Caffaro di Caschifellone (Genoese historian and soldier)
Genoese soldier, statesman, diplomat, and crusader who wrote chronicles that are important sources for the history of the First Crusade and of 12th-century Genoa....
Caffè, Il (Italian reform organization)
...movement. In 1761–62, however, an important group of young reformist noblemen formed around Pietro Verri (1728–97) and took the name of his militant journal, Il caffè (published 1764–66; “The Coffeehouse”). The circle’s best-known work, Cesare Beccaria’s Dei delitti e delle pene (1764...
caffè, Il (Italian periodical)
...economic and social laws. The ideas and aspirations of the Enlightenment as a whole were effectively voiced in such organs of the new journalism as Pietro Verri’s periodical Il Caffè (1764–66; “The Coffeehouse”). A notable contributor to Il Caffè was the philosopher and economist Cesare Becca...
Caffè Pedrocchi, Il (Italian journal)
...I tre fiumi (1857; “The Three Rivers”), and I sette soldati (1861; “The Seven Soldiers”). He also edited, with the poet Giovanni Prati, an outspoken journal, Il Caffè Pedrocchi. The Austrians imprisoned him twice (1852 and 1859) and finally sent him into exile....
caffeine (chemical compound)
nitrogenous organic compound of the alkaloid group, substances that have marked physiological effects. Caffeine occurs in tea, coffee, guarana, maté, kola nuts, and cacao....
Caffey syndrome (pathology)
a hereditary disease of infants, characterized by swellings of the periosteum (the bone layer where new bone is produced) and the bone cortex of the upper arms, shoulder girdle, and lower jaw. The ...
Caffiéri family (French family)
family of French sculptors and metalworkers known for their vigorous and original works in the Rococo style....
Caffiéri, Jacques (French sculptor)
...prominent member of the family in France was Filippo Caffiéri (b. 1634, Rome [Italy]—d. Sept. 7, 1716, Paris, Fr.), an Italian-born sculptor in the service of Louis XIV. Filippo’s son Jacques (b. Aug. 25, 1678, Paris—d. 1755, Paris) became a notable metalworker. He completed many works for the palace at Versailles and other royal residences from 1736 up to the time o...
Caffiéri, Jean-Jacques (French sculptor)
Philippe’s younger brother, Jean-Jacques Caffiéri (b. April 29, 1725, Paris—d. June 21, 1792, Paris), became the most famous sculptor of the family. Jean-Jacques trained under his father and won the Prix de Rome in 1748. He executed many portrait busts of famous men of the past for the Comédie-Française, the Bibliothèque Ste.-Genevieve in Paris, and other....
Caffiéri, Philippe (French sculptor)
...Paris—d. 1755, Paris) became a notable metalworker. He completed many works for the palace at Versailles and other royal residences from 1736 up to the time of his death. Both he and his son Philippe (b. 1714, Paris—d. 1774) were famous for their designs of chandeliers, chests, andirons, and ornamental mounts for various pieces of furniture. Jacques was a master of the Rococo......
Caffre cat (mammal)
small, tabbylike cat (family Felidae) found in open and forested regions of Africa, Asia, and southern Europe. Possibly the first cat to be domesticated, the Egyptian wildcat is somewhat larger and stockier than the modern house cat, with which it interbreeds readily. Its coat, paler in the female, is ligh...
CAFTA-DR
trade agreement signed in 2004 to gradually eliminate most tariffs, customs duties, and other trade barriers on products and services passing between the countries of Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, El...
caftan (clothing)
man’s full-length garment of ancient Mesopotamian origin, worn throughout the Middle East. It is usually made of cotton or silk or a combination of the two....
CAG trinucleotide repeat (genetics)
...in certain regions of the brain, as well as other tissues of the body. Mutated forms of the HD gene contain abnormally repeated segments of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) called CAG trinucleotide repeats. These repeated segments result in the synthesis of huntingtin proteins that contain long stretches of molecules of the amino acid glutamine. When these abnormal huntingtin......
Cágaba (people)
South American Indian group living on the northern and southern slopes of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta of Colombia. Speakers of an Arhuacan language, the Cágaba have lived in this region of steep ravines and narrow valleys...
Cagayan (province, Philippines)
South American Indian group living on the northern and southern slopes of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta of Colombia. Speakers of an Arhuacan language, the Cágaba have lived in this region of steep ravines and narrow valleys...
Cagayan de Oro (Philippines)
city, northern Mindanao, southern Philippines. It lies along the Cagayan River near the head of Macajalar Bay. After its establishment as a mission station in the 17th century, it was fortified by the Spaniards. Cagayan de Oro was chartered as a city in 1950 and has become the transportation and commercial hub of northern Mindanao. Its international airport is...
Cagayan River (river, Philippines)
longest stream in Luzon, Philippines. It begins its 220-mile (350-kilometre) course in a twisting pattern in the Sierra Madre in northeastern Luzon. It then flows north into a 50-mile- (80-kilometre-) wide fertile valley that is important for the cultivation of rice and tobacco. Ilagan, Isabela, Tuguegarao, and Cagayan are m...
Cagayan Sulu (island, Philippines)
island, southwestern Sulu Sea, Philippines. Low-lying and surrounded by 13 small islets and coral reefs, Cagayan Sulu was a centre of pirate activity by Muslims (Moros) in the 19th century. The island (together with Sibutu island) was inadvertently omitted when the ...
Cage aux folles, La (work by Poiret)
French actor and playwright who wrote and starred in the original 1973 Paris production of La Cage aux folles, a farcical play about a gay couple that ran for more than 2,000 performances, inspired several films, and was adapted into a Tony Award-winning Broadway musical....
cage compound (chemical compound)
From bromine water a hydrate (a clathrate) can be isolated that contains 172 water molecules and 20 cavities capable of accommodating the bromine molecules. Bromine dissolves in aqueous alkali hydroxide solutions, giving bromides, hypobromites, or bromates, depending on the temperature. Bromine is readily extracted from water by organic solvents such as carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, or......
cage crinoline (clothing)
...was, like its predecessors the farthingale and the hoop, a heavy underskirt reinforced by circular hoops, in this case of whalebone. By 1856 the weight of the petticoats became intolerable, and the cage crinoline was invented. This was a flexible steel framework joined by tapes and having no covering fabric. Sold at two shillings and sixpence, it was immensely popular and worn by most classes.....
cage cup (glass)
...is the Portland vase, in the British Museum, London. The capacity of the Italian glass craftsman to surpass all earlier masters in work of the most complex character is seen in the so-called cage cups (diatreta), on which the design—usually a mesh of circles that touch one another, with or without a convivial inscription—is so undercut that it stands completely free of......
Cage, John (American composer)
American avant-garde composer whose inventive compositions and unorthodox ideas profoundly influenced mid-20th-century music....
Cage, John Milton, Jr. (American composer)
American avant-garde composer whose inventive compositions and unorthodox ideas profoundly influenced mid-20th-century music....
Cage, Nicolas (American actor)
American actor, perhaps best known for his performances in action films and large-budget summer blockbusters. He received an Academy Award for his work in Leaving Las Vegas (1995)....
Caged Virgin, The (book by Hirsi Ali)
...she had made on her asylum and citizenship applications. While debate over her situation raged in the Netherlands, she traveled to the United States to promote her first book, The Caged Virgin (2006; originally published in Dutch, 2004), which criticizes Western countries’ failure to acknowledge and act upon oppression of women in Muslim societies....
Çağlayan, Hüseyin (Cypriot-British fashion designer)
Cypriot-British fashion designer best known for infusing intellectual concepts and artistic elements into his designs and shows....
Cagliari (Italy)
city, capital of the island regione of Sardinia, Italy. It lies at the northern extremity of the Gulf of Cagliari, on the south coast of the island. Although it was probably occupied in prehistoric times, its foundation is attributed to the Phoenicians. It was known to the Greeks as Cardlis and to the Romans as Caralis. The principal Carthaginian stronghold in Sardinia, i...
Cagliari (province, Italy)
city, capital of the island regione of Sardinia, Italy. It lies at the northern extremity of the Gulf of Cagliari, on the south coast of the island. Although it was probably occupied in prehistoric times, its foundation is attributed to the Phoenicians. It was known to the Greeks as Cardlis and to the Romans as Caralis. The principal Carthaginian stronghold in Sardinia, i...
Cagliostro, Alessandro, count di (Italian charlatan)
charlatan, magician, and adventurer who enjoyed enormous success in Parisian high society in the years preceding the French Revolution....
Cagney, James (American actor)
American actor noted for his versatility in musicals, comedies, and crime dramas....
Cagney, James Francis, Jr. (American actor)
American actor noted for his versatility in musicals, comedies, and crime dramas....
Cagniard de La Tour, Charles (French engineer)
...a piercing sound of definite pitch. Used as a warning signal, it was invented in the late 18th century by the Scottish natural philosopher John Robison. The name was given it by the French engineer Charles Cagniard de La Tour, who devised an acoustical instrument of the type in 1819. A disk with evenly spaced holes around its edge is rotated at high speed, interrupting at regular intervals a......
Cagnola, Luigi (Italian architect)
Neoclassical buildings after 1800 were more numerous, and a few examples illustrate the character and range of the movement. Peter von Nobile’s Sant’Antonio, Trieste (1826–49); Luigi Cagnola’s Rotunda, Ghisalba (1834); and Giovanni Antonio Selva’s Canova Temple, Possagno (1819–33) all took the Pantheon as their starting point. Cagnola also built the Ionic ...
Cagoule (French organization)
...Barrès, a former member of the Faisceau, crossed the channel in 1940 to serve under Charles de Gaulle, leader of the Free French movement. Eugène Deloncle, one of the leaders of the Cagoule, France’s major right-wing terrorist organization of the 1930s, was killed in 1944 while shooting at Gestapo agents who had come to arrest him. Another Cagoulard, François Duclos,...
Caguas (Puerto Rico)
town, east-central Puerto Rico. Caguas lies in the fertile Caguas valley, the largest interior valley of the island. It is linked to San Juan, the capital, by a divided highway. Founded in 1775, Caguas derives its name from a local Indian chief who was an early Christian convert. The town’s economic activities includ...
Caguas Basin (geographical feature, Puerto Rico)
...There is a continuous but narrow lowland along the north coast, where most people live, and smaller bands along the south and west coasts that also include densely populated areas. The Caguas Basin, in the Grande de Loíza River valley south of San Juan, is the largest of several basins in the mountains that provide level land for settlements and agriculture. The islands of......
Cahaba (historical village, Alabama, United States)
historic village, Dallas county, southwest-central Alabama, U.S. It lies at the confluence of the Cahaba and Alabama rivers, 8 miles (13 km) southwest of Selma. Founded in 1819 as the first capital of Alabama, Cahaba thrived until floods forced the state government to move to Tuscaloosa in 1826. The site of a Confederate p...
Cahaba River (river, United States)
...winds westward to Selma, and then flows southward. Its navigable length is 305 miles (491 km), and the river drains 22,800 square miles (59,050 square km). It receives its chief tributary, the Cahaba, about 10 miles (16 km) southwest of Selma. The Alabama is joined 45 miles (72 km) north of Mobile by the Tombigbee to form the Mobile and Tensaw rivers, which flow into Mobile Bay, an arm of......
Cāhamāna (Indian dynasty)
Inscriptional records associate the Cauhans with Lake Shakambhari and its environs (Sambhar Salt Lake, Rajasthan). Cauhan politics were largely campaigns against the Caulukyas and the Turks. In the 11th century the Cauhans founded the city of Ajayameru (Ajmer) in the southern part of their kingdom, and in the 12th century they captured Dhillika (Delhi) from the Tomaras and annexed some Tomara......
Cahan, Abraham (American writer)
journalist, reformer, and novelist who for more than 40 years served as editor of the New York Yiddish-language daily newspaper the Jewish Daily Forward (Yiddish title Forverts), which helped newly arrived Jewish immigrants adapt to American culture....
“Cahier d’un retour de troie” (novel by Brautigan)
...in the United States, and, although he gained a following overseas, Brautigan sank into depression and alcoholism. He died from an apparent self-inflicted gunshot wound. His final novel, An Unfortunate Woman: A Journey, was posthumously published first in French as Cahier d’un retour de troie (1994) and then in English (2000). Several of Brautigan...
“Cahiers d’André Walter, Les” (work by Gide)
...it in 1889, he decided to spend his life in writing, music, and travel. His first work was an autobiographical study of youthful unrest entitled Les Cahiers d’André Walter (1891; The Notebooks of André Walter). Written, like most of his later works, in the first person, it uses the confessional form in which Gide was to achieve his greatest successes....
Cahiers de la Quinzaine (French journal)
Besides running a bookstore that was a centre of pro-Dreyfus agitation, Péguy in 1900 began publishing the influential journal Cahiers de la Quinzaine (“Fortnightly Notebooks”), which, though never reaching a wide public, exercised a profound influence on French intellectual life for the next 15 years. Many leading French writers, including Anatole France, Henri......
Cahiers de Sainte-Hélène (work by Bertrand)
...Helena (1815–21). His diary is considered invaluable for its frank account of Napoleon’s character and life in exile. It was decoded, annotated, and published by P. Fleuriot de Langle as Cahiers de Sainte-Hélène, 1816–21, 3 vol. (1949–59, “Notebooks from St. Helena”)....
Cahiers du Cinéma (French magazine)
...and Eric Rohmer founded the film magazine La Gazette du Cinéma, which published five issues. After it folded, the four went on to work for the highly influential film magazine Cahiers du Cinéma, with Rivette eventually becoming its editor in chief. Along with another Cahiers du Cinéma writer, Claude Chabrol, the critics became the core directors of......
Cahiers, Les (notebooks of Valéry)
...meditate for several hours on scientific method, consciousness, and the nature of language, and record his thoughts and aphorisms in his notebooks, which were later to be published as the famous Cahiers. Valéry’s new-found ideals were Leonardo da Vinci (“Introduction à la méthode de Léonard de Vinci” [1895]), his paradigm of the Universal ...
Cahill, Holger (American art director)
...sponsored a more varied and experimental body of art, and had a far greater influence on subsequent American movements. This was chiefly the result of the leadership of its national director, Holger Cahill, a former museum curator and expert on American folk art, who saw the potential for cultural development in what was essentially a work-relief program for artists. Cahill and his staff......
Cahill, Joe (Irish paramilitary leader)
Irish paramilitary organization leader (b. May 19, 1920, Belfast, Ire.—d. July 23, 2004, Belfast, N.Ire.), dedicated his life to the cause of ending British rule in Northern Ireland and reuniting Ireland; in 1969 he helped to establish the Provisional Irish Republican Army, the paramilitary wing of the IRA. Cahill became active with the IRA in his late teens. In 1942 he and five other IRA m...
Cahill, Joseph (Irish paramilitary leader)
Irish paramilitary organization leader (b. May 19, 1920, Belfast, Ire.—d. July 23, 2004, Belfast, N.Ire.), dedicated his life to the cause of ending British rule in Northern Ireland and reuniting Ireland; in 1969 he helped to establish the Provisional Irish Republican Army, the paramilitary wing of the IRA. Cahill became active with the IRA in his late teens. In 1942 he and five other IRA m...
Cahill, Thaddeus (American inventor)
The first major effort to generate musical sounds electrically was carried out over many years by an American, Thaddeus Cahill, who built a formidable assembly of rotary generators and telephone receivers to convert electrical signals into sound. Cahill called his remarkable invention the telharmonium, which he started to build about 1895 and continued to improve for years thereafter. The......
Cáhita (people)
group of North American Indian tribes that inhabited the northwest coast of Mexico along the lower courses of the Sinaloa, Fuerte, Mayo, and Yaqui rivers. They spoke about 18 closely related dialects of the Cahita language or language grouping, which belongs to the Uto-Aztecan family. When first encountered by the Spaniards...
Cáhita language
...North American Indian tribes that inhabited the northwest coast of Mexico along the lower courses of the Sinaloa, Fuerte, Mayo, and Yaqui rivers. They spoke about 18 closely related dialects of the Cahita language or language grouping, which belongs to the Uto-Aztecan family. When first encountered by the Spaniards in 1533, the Cáhita peoples numbered about 115,000 and were the most......
Cahn, Sammy (American songwriter)
American lyricist who, in collaboration with such composers as Saul Chaplin, Jule Styne, and Jimmy Van Heusen, wrote songs that won four Academy Awards and became number one hits f...
Cahn-Ingold-Prelog (molecule nomenclature)
...configurations (like a person’s right and left hands). With Robert Cahn and Sir Christopher Ingold, he developed a nomenclature for describing complex organic compounds. This system, known as CIP, provided a standard and international language for precisely specifying a compound’s structure....
Cahokia (Illinois, United States)
village, St. Clair county, southwestern Illinois, U.S. It lies along the Mississippi River, opposite St. Louis, Missouri. Founded in 1699 by Quebec missionaries and named for a tribe of Illinois Indians (Cahokia, meaning “Wild Geese”), it was the first permanent European settlement in Illinois and became a ce...
Cahokia Mounds (archaeological site, Illinois, United States)
archaeological site occupying some 5 square miles (13 square km) on the Mississippi River floodplain opposite St. Louis, Missouri, near Cahokia and Collinsville, southwestern Illinois, U.S. The site originally consisted of about 120 mounds spread over 6 square miles (16 square km), but some of the mounds and other ancient ...
Cahokia Mounds State Historic Site (park, Illinois, United States)
...The site originally consisted of about 120 mounds spread over 6 square miles (16 square km), but some of the mounds and other ancient features have been destroyed. Some 70 mounds are preserved in Cahokia Mounds State Historic Site. Established in 1979 and encompassing 3.4 square miles (8.9 square km), it was designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1982....
Cahora Bassa (dam and hydroelectric facility, Mozambique)
arch dam and hydroelectric facility on the Zambezi River in western Mozambique. The dam, located about 80 miles (125 km) northwest of Tete, is 560 feet (171 m) high and 994 feet (303 m) wide at the crest. It has a volume of 667,000,000 cubic yards (510,000,000 cubic m)....
Cahora Bassa (waterfall, Africa)
...movements, that caused ridges to be formed across the courses of the major rivers. Waterfalls are often found where the rivers are still engaged in cutting downward as they flow across these ridges; Cahora Bassa (falls) on the Zambezi and the Augrabies Falls on the Orange River are examples. Another factor that contributes to the creation of rapids or falls is the incidence of rock strata that....
Cahora Bassa Dam (dam and hydroelectric facility, Mozambique)
arch dam and hydroelectric facility on the Zambezi River in western Mozambique. The dam, located about 80 miles (125 km) northwest of Tete, is 560 feet (171 m) high and 994 feet (303 m) wide at the crest. It has a volume of 667,000,000 cubic yards (510,000,000 cubic m)....
Cahora Bassa, Lake (lake, Mozambique)
The dam impounds Lake Cahora Bassa, which is 150 miles (240 km) long and 19 miles (31 km) wide at its widest point. The lake has a capacity of 51,075,000 acre-feet (63,000,000,000 cubic m) and extends to the Zambia-Mozambique border. The dam was built by a consortium of Portuguese, German, British, and South African companies; construction of the dam began in 1969 and was completed in 1974. The......
Cahors (France)
town, capital of Lot département, Midi-Pyrénées région, formerly capital of Quercy province, southern France. It is situated on a rocky peninsula surrounded by the Lot River and overlooked (southeast) by...
Cahour, Claude Jacqueline (French art patron and first lady of France)
Nov. 13, 1912Château-Gontier, FranceJuly 3, 2007Paris, FranceFrench art patron and first lady of France who was the guiding force behind the creation of the Pompidou Centre, the sometimes controversial Paris co...
cahow (bird)
Some of the better known gadfly petrels are the endangered Bermuda petrel, or cahow (Pterodroma cahow, sometimes considered a race of P. hasitata); the dark-rumped petrel, also called the Hawaiian petrel (P. phaeopygia), another endangered species, now concentrated almost entirely on the island of Maui; the phoenix petrel (P. alba), which breeds on several tropical......
Cahuachi (archaeological site, Peru)
In the time of the Nazca style what has been described as a small city was located in each of the south-coast valleys of Pisco, Ica, Nazca, and Acarí. At Cahuachi, in Nazca, this included a ceremonial centre consisting of six pyramids, which were terraced and adobe-faced natural hills associated with courts. Tambo Viejo in Acarí was fortified, which supports inferences drawn with......
Cahuilla (people)
North American Indian tribe that spoke a Uto-Aztecan language. They originally lived in what is now southern California, in an inland basin of desert plains and rugged canyons south of the San Bernardino and San Jacinto mountains....
CAI
a program of instructional material presented by means of a computer or computer systems....
Cai Boxing Jun (Chinese deity)
in Chinese religion, the popular god (or gods) of wealth, widely believed to bestow on his devotees the riches carried about by his attendants. During the two-week New Year celebration, incense is burned in Cai Shen’s temple (especially on the fifth day of the first lunar month), and friends joyously exchange the traditional New Year gr...
Cai E (Chinese general)
...followers of Sun Yat-sen (who was actively scheming against Yuan from his exile in Japan), began a movement against the monarchy. More significant was a military revolt in Yunnan, led by Gen. Cai E (Ts’ai O; a disciple of Liang Qichao) and by the governor of Yunnan, Tang Jiyao (T’ang Chi-yao). Joined by Li Liejun (Li Lieh-chün) and other revolutionary generals, they establi...
Cai Guo-Qiang (Chinese artist)
Chinese pyrotechnical artist known for his dramatic installations and for using gunpowder as a medium....
Cai Lun (Chinese inventor)
Chinese court official who is traditionally credited with the invention of paper....
cai luong (Vietnamese theatre)
Vietnamese theatre style, the term meaning reformed or renewed theatre. It evolved during the French colonial period of Vietnam’s history (1862–1954) and clearly showed the influence of European drama. It transformed (though it did not supplant) the old established classical theatre (...
Cai Shen (Chinese deity)
in Chinese religion, the popular god (or gods) of wealth, widely believed to bestow on his devotees the riches carried about by his attendants. During the two-week New Year celebration, incense is burned in Cai Shen’s temple (especially on the fifth day of the first lunar month), and friends joyously exchange the traditional New Year gr...
Cai Yuanpei (Chinese educator)
educator and revolutionary who served as head of Peking University in Beijing from 1916 to 1926 during the critical period when that institution played a major role in the development of a new spirit of nationalism and social reform in China....
Caiaphas (Jewish high priest)
...prefect and the local populace, which was hostile toward pagans and wanted to be free of foreign interference. His political responsibility was to maintain order and to see that tribute was paid. Caiaphas, the high priest during Jesus’ adulthood, held the office from about ad 18 to 36, longer than anyone else during the Roman period, indicating that he was a successful and ...
Caibarién (Cuba)
port city, central Cuba. Caibarién is a major centre for the collection and distribution of goods from the agricultural hinterland, which produces mainly sugarcane, tobacco, and fruit. Sponge fishing is carried on offshore, and the city has sawmills, sugar refineries, and fish canneries. Caibarién is linked by highway and railroad to Placetas and to communities alo...
Caicos Islands (islands, West Indies)
overseas territory of the United Kingdom in the West Indies. It consists of two groups of islands lying on the southeastern periphery of The Bahamas, of which they form a physical part, and north of the island of Hispaniola. The islands include eight large cays (keys) and numerous smaller cays, islets, reefs, banks, and rocks. Cockburn Town,...
Caieta (Italy)
town, seaport, and archiepiscopal see, Latina province, Lazio region, south-central Italy, on the Gulf of Gaeta, northwest of Naples. Gaeta first came under the influence of the Romans in the 4th century bc; a road was built c. 184 bc connecting the town with the port, and it became a favoured Roman resort. After the fall of ...
caifu (Chinese robe)
...was adorned with the auspicious 12 symbols described in ancient ritual texts, while princes and high officials were allowed nine symbols or fewer according to rank. The caifu (“coloured dress”), or “dragon robe,” was a semiformal court dress in which the dominant element was the imperial five-clawed dragon (......
Caijing (Chinese magazine)
Chinese journalist and editor who cofounded Caijing (1998), the preeminent business magazine in China....
Çailendra dynasty (Indonesian dynasty)
a dynasty that flourished in Java from about 750 to 850 after the fall of the Funan kingdom of mainland Southeast Asia. The dynasty was marked by a great cultural renaissance associated with the introduction of Mahāyāna Buddhism, and it attained a high level of artistic expression in the many temples and monume...
Caillaux, Joseph (French statesman)
French statesman who was an early supporter of a national income tax and whose opposition to World War I led to his imprisonment for treason in 1920....
Caillaux, Joseph-Marie-Auguste (French statesman)
French statesman who was an early supporter of a national income tax and whose opposition to World War I led to his imprisonment for treason in 1920....
cailleac (sheaf of corn)
...antiquity and surviving to modern times in isolated regions. Participants celebrate the last day of harvest in late September by singing, shouting, and decorating the village with boughs. The cailleac, or last sheaf of corn (grain), which represents the spirit of the field, is made into a harvest doll and drenched with water as a rain charm. This sheaf is saved until spring planting....
Caillebotte, Gustave (French painter)
French painter, art collector, and impresario who combined aspects of the academic and Impressionist styles in a unique synthesis....
Cailletet, Louis-Paul (French physicist)
French physicist and ironmaster, noted for his work on the liquefaction of gases....
Caillié, René-Auguste (French explorer)
the first European to survive a journey to the West African city of Timbuktu (Tombouctou)....
Caillois, Roger (French socialist)
Not only is there an ambivalence in the individual’s reaction to the numinous quality of the sacred but the restrictions, the tabus, can be expressive of the creative power of the sacred. Caillois has described at length the social mechanism of nonliterate societies, in which the group is divided into two complementary subgroups (moieties), and has interpreted the tabus and the necessary......
caiman (reptile group)
any of several species of Central and South American reptiles that are related to alligators and are usually placed with them in the family Alligatoridae. Caimans, like all other members of order Crocodilia, are amphibious carnivores. They live along the edges of rivers and other bodies of water, and they reproduce by means of hard-shelled egg...