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Shakur, Tupac (American rapper and actor)
American rapper and actor who was one of the leading names in 1990s gangsta rap....
Shakur, Tupac Amaru (American rapper and actor)
American rapper and actor who was one of the leading names in 1990s gangsta rap....
Shakya (people)
...to oligarchy, as in the case of Vaishali, the nucleus of the Vrijji state. Apart from the major states, there also were many smaller oligarchies, such as those of the Koliyas, Moriyas, Jnatrikas, Shakyas, and Licchavis. The Jnatrikas and Shakyas are especially remembered as the tribes to which Mahavira (the founder of Jainism) and Gautama Buddha, respectively, belonged. The Licchavis......
Shakyamuni (founder of Buddhism)
the founder of Buddhism, one of the major religions and philosophical systems of southern and eastern Asia. Buddha is one of the many epithets of a teacher who lived in northern India sometime between the 6th and 4th centuries before the Common Era....
Shakyas, Sage of the (founder of Buddhism)
the founder of Buddhism, one of the major religions and philosophical systems of southern and eastern Asia. Buddha is one of the many epithets of a teacher who lived in northern India sometime between the 6th and 4th centuries before the Common Era....
Shala (Mesopotamian deity)
...in the form of a great bull. He was the son of Nanna (Akkadia: Sin), the moon god. When portrayed in human shape, he often holds his symbol, the lightning fork. Ishkur’s wife was the goddess Shala. In his role as god of rain and thunder, Ishkur corresponded to the Sumerian deities Asalluhe and Ninurta. He was identified by the Akkadians with their god of thunderstorms, Adad....
Shala, Lake (lake, Ethiopia)
lake in south-central Ethiopia, lying in the Great Rift Valley. It is some 16 miles (26 km) long and 12 miles (19 km) wide, and in parts it exceeds a depth of 850 feet (260 metres). The lake has no outlet and its water is saline. A hot spring situated in the lake’s northeastern corner is a popular a...
Shalala, Donna (American official)
American educator, administrator, and public official best known as the secretary of health and human services under U.S. Pres. Bill Clinton....
Shalala, Donna Edna (American official)
American educator, administrator, and public official best known as the secretary of health and human services under U.S. Pres. Bill Clinton....
Shalamanov, Naum (Turkish athlete)
Bulgarian-born Turkish weightlifter who dominated the sport in the mid-1980s and ’90s....
Shalamov, Varlam (Russian author)
Russian writer best known for a series of short stories about imprisonment in Soviet labour camps....
Shalamov, Varlam Tikhonovich (Russian author)
Russian writer best known for a series of short stories about imprisonment in Soviet labour camps....
Shalash (Mesopotamian deity)
...against his foes, brought darkness, want, and death. Adad’s father was the heaven god Anu, but he is also designated as the son of Bel, Lord of All Lands and god of the atmosphere. His consort was Shalash, which may be a Hurrian name. The symbol of Adad was the cypress, and six was his sacred number. The bull and the lion were sacred to him. In Babylonia, Assyria, and Aleppo in Syria, he...
shale (rock)
any of a group of fine-grained, laminated sedimentary rocks consisting of silt- and clay-sized particles. Shale is the most abundant of the sedimentary rocks, accounting for roughly 70 percent of this rock type in the crust of the Earth....
shale gas
natural gas obtained from sheetlike formations of shale, frequently at depths exceeding 1,500 metres (5,000 feet). Shales are fine-grained sedimentary rocks consisting of silt- and clay-sized particles that were laid down hundreds of millions of years ago as organic-rich mud at the bottom of ancient seas...
shale naphtha (industrial product)
In modern usage the word naphtha is usually accompanied by a distinctive prefix. Coal-tar naphtha is a volatile commercial product obtained by the distillation of coal tar. Shale naphtha is obtained by the distillation of oil produced from bituminous shale by destructive distillation. Petroleum naphtha is a name used primarily in the United States for petroleum distillate containing principally......
shale oil (petroleum)
synthetic crude oil that is extracted from oil shale by means of pyrolysis, or destructive distillation. In this process, intense heat breaks down a waxy organic matter called kerogen that is contained in the shale and thereby releases oil, gas, water, and residual solids. The oil obtai...
Shaler, Nathaniel Southgate (American geologist)
geologist known for his studies of crustal tectonics (structure) and Earth history. He was a professor of paleontology at Harvard University (1868–87) and director of the Kentucky Geological Survey (1873–80). Beginning in 1884, he was also geologist in charge of the Atlantic division of the U.S. Geological Surv...
shaley facies (geology)
Shaley facies generally represent deeper-water environments, such as those under which the Road River Group in the Yukon, the Aberystwyth Grit Formation in Wales, and the Longmaqi Formation of southern China accumulated. Fossils of graptolites—small, colonial, planktonic animals—are abundant in these dark Silurian shales. Graptolites were colonial hemichordates that secreted a......
Shalhoub, Anthony Marcus (American actor)
American actor who was perhaps best known for his comedic roles, most notably the “defective detective” Adrian Monk in the USA network television series Monk (2002–09)....
Shalhoub, Michael Demitri (Egyptian actor)
Egyptian actor of international acclaim, known for his dashing good looks and for iconic roles in such films as Lawrence of Arabia (1962) and Doctor Zhivago (1965)....
Shalhoub, Tony (American actor)
American actor who was perhaps best known for his comedic roles, most notably the “defective detective” Adrian Monk in the USA network television series Monk (2002–09)....
Shalikanatha (Indian philosopher)
...was thriving in Kashmir and Vaishnavism in the southern part of India. The great philosophers Mimamshakas Kumarila (7th century), Prabhakara (7th–8th centuries), Mandana Mishra (8th century), Shalikanatha (9th century), and Parthasarathi Mishra (10th century) belong to this age. The greatest Indian philosopher of the period, however, was Shankara. All these men defended Brahmanism agains...
Shalikashvili, John (United States Army officer)
U.S. Army officer who served as supreme allied commander of North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) forces in Europe (1992–93) and as chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (1993–97)....
Shalikashvili, John Malchase David (United States Army officer)
U.S. Army officer who served as supreme allied commander of North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) forces in Europe (1992–93) and as chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (1993–97)....
Shālīmār (garden, Lahore, Pakistan)
...in Rudyard Kipling’s novel Kim (1901); Ranjit Singh’s buildings and mausoleum; the Shāhdara gardens, containing the tomb of the Mughal emperor Jahāngīr; and the magnificent Shālīmār Garden, laid out east of the city in 1642 by Shāh Jahān as a refuge for the royal family. Jahān’s refuge consists of about 8...
Shālīmār Garden (garden, Lahore, Pakistan)
...in Rudyard Kipling’s novel Kim (1901); Ranjit Singh’s buildings and mausoleum; the Shāhdara gardens, containing the tomb of the Mughal emperor Jahāngīr; and the magnificent Shālīmār Garden, laid out east of the city in 1642 by Shāh Jahān as a refuge for the royal family. Jahān’s refuge consists of about 8...
Shalimar the Clown (novel by Rushdie)
...Step Across This Line (2002) is a collection of essays he wrote between 1992 and 2002 on subjects from the September 11 attacks to The Wizard of Oz. Shalimar the Clown (2005), a novel set primarily in the disputed Kashmir region of the Indian subcontinent, examines the nature of terrorism. The Enchantress of......
Shalit, Gilad (Israeli soldier)
Israeli soldier captured by Palestinian militants in June 2006. Shalit’s years-long captivity became a significant focal point in Israeli politics and society....
“Shall We Dance?” (film by Suo [1996])
Suo’s next major success, the 1996 comedy Shall We Dansu? (Shall We Dance?), is about a disillusioned middle-aged businessman who finds escape from his tedious routine by surreptitiously taking ballroom dance classes at night. The film was a box-office hit in Japan and helped to revive the long-stagnant Japanese motion picture industry. It a...
Shall We Dansu? (film by Suo [1996])
Suo’s next major success, the 1996 comedy Shall We Dansu? (Shall We Dance?), is about a disillusioned middle-aged businessman who finds escape from his tedious routine by surreptitiously taking ballroom dance classes at night. The film was a box-office hit in Japan and helped to revive the long-stagnant Japanese motion picture industry. It a...
Shalla, Lake (lake, Ethiopia)
lake in south-central Ethiopia, lying in the Great Rift Valley. It is some 16 miles (26 km) long and 12 miles (19 km) wide, and in parts it exceeds a depth of 850 feet (260 metres). The lake has no outlet and its water is saline. A hot spring situated in the lake’s northeastern corner is a popular a...
shallot (organ pipe)
The shallot of a beating reed pipe is roughly cylindrical in shape, with its lower end closed and the upper end open. A section of the wall of the cylinder is cut away and finished off to a flat surface. The slit, or shallot opening, thus formed is covered by a thin brass tongue that is fixed to the upper end of the shallot. The tongue is curved and normally only partially covers the shallot......
shallot (plant)
(species Allium cepa L., var. aggregatum, and A. oschaninii), mildly aromatic herb of the family Alliaceae or its bulbs, which are used like onions to flavour foods, particularly meats and sauces. The shallot is a hardy bulbous perennial that is closely related to onion and garlic and i...
shallow earthquake (geology)
Most parts of the world experience at least occasional shallow earthquakes—those that originate within 60 km (40 miles) of the Earth’s outer surface. In fact, the great majority of earthquake foci are shallow. It should be noted, however, that the geographic distribution of smaller earthquakes is less completely determined than more severe quakes, partly because the availability of.....
Shallow Grave (film by Boyle [1994])
...1987 he made his directorial debut with the television movie Scout. He directed various other television projects before helming his first feature film, Shallow Grave (1994). The crime thriller—written by John Hodge, who became a frequent collaborator—was noted for its energetic visual style, which became a trademark of Boyle...
shallow hibernation (biology)
...inactive and lethargic in behaviour, with a slightly depressed body temperature. The chipmunk (Eutamias) is an example of what has been termed a shallow hibernator, as are bears and raccoons. Superficial hibernation, apparently a compromise between the minimum energy requirements of a deep hibernator and the high energy expended by an animal that remains active during the winter, saves.....
shallow Mars crosser (astronomy)
...from Earth—those asteroids that can cross the orbit of Mars but that have perihelion distances greater than 1.3 AUえーゆー—are dubbed Mars crossers. This class is further subdivided into two: shallow Mars crossers (perihelion distances no less than 1.58 AUえーゆー but less than 1.67 AUえーゆー) and deep Mars crossers (perihelion distances greater than 1.3 AUえーゆー but less than 1.58 AUえーゆー)....
shallow-depth sedimentation (chemistry)
A technique called shallow-depth sedimentation is often applied in modern treatment plants. In this method, several prefabricated units or modules of “tube settlers” are installed near the tops of tanks in order to increase their effective surface area....
shallow-water wave (hydrology)
...the speed of wave propagation. Longer waves travel faster than shorter ones, a phenomenon known as dispersion. If the water depth is less than one-twentieth of the wavelength, the waves are known as long gravity waves, and their wavelength is directly proportional to their period. The deeper the water, the faster they travel. For capillary waves, shorter wavelengths travel faster than longer......
Shalmaneser I (king of Assyria)
king of Assyria (reigned c. 1263–c. 1234 bc) who significantly extended Assyrian hegemony....
Shalmaneser III (king of Assyria)
king of Assyria (reigned 858–824 bc) who pursued a vigorous policy of military expansion....
Shalmaneser IV (king of Assyria)
Shalmaneser IV (c. 783–773) fought against Urartu, then at the height of its power under King Argishti (c. 780–755). He successfully defended eastern Mesopotamia against attacks from Armenia. On the other hand, he lost most of Syria after a campaign against Damascus in 773. The reign of Ashur-dan III (772–755) was shadowed by rebellions and by epidemics of......
Shalmaneser V (king of Assyria and Babylon)
king of Assyria (reigned 726–721 bc) who subjugated ancient Israel and undertook a punitive campaign to quell the rebellion of Israel’s king Hoshea (2 Kings 17)....
shalmeye (musical instrument)
(from Latin calamus, “reed”; Old French: chalemie), double-reed wind instrument of Middle Eastern origin, a precursor of the oboe. Like the oboe, it is conically bored; but its bore, bell, and finger holes are wider, and it has a wooden disk (called a pirouette, on European shawms) that supports ...
Shalom Aleichem (Yiddish author)
popular Yiddish classical author....
Shalosh Regelim (Judaism)
in Judaism, the three occasions on which male Israelites were required to go to Jerusalem to offer sacrifice at the Temple and bring offerings of the produce from their fields. In the synagogue liturgy, special Psalms (called collectively Hallel) are read and prayers are recited that vary with the nature of the festival. Thus, the Song of Solomo...
Shaluli Mountains (mountains, China)
...ranges. Usually the range on the Sichuan border between the Dadu and Yalong rivers is called the Daxue Mountains, while the range beyond, between the Yalong and Jinsha rivers, is known as the Shaluli Mountains. The southern part of this range, however, which reaches elevations well above 20,000 feet and is permanently snow-covered, is also known as the Mula Mountains....
shalwar (clothing)
...kamiz combination—a long knee-length shirt (kamiz, camise) over loose-fitting pants (shalwar)—is the most common traditional form of attire. As a more formal overgarment, men wear a knee-length coat known as a sherwani; women......
shalwar kamiz (clothing)
...are still seen at weddings, where they are worn along with the turban. The sari is common among women, but girls and younger women, especially students, prefer the shalwar kamiz, a combination of calf-length shirt and baggy silk or cotton trousers gathered at the ankles....
Shalyapin, Fyodor Ivanovich (Russian musician)
Russian operatic basso profundo whose vivid declamation, great resonance, and dynamic acting made him the best-known singer-actor of his time....
Sham (racehorse)
...have officially finished the race in under two minutes. The course record was set in 1973 by Secretariat, who finished in 1:59 25. (The runner-up in that race, Sham, finished two and a half lengths behind Secretariat, which some observers believe meant that he also broke two minutes, but only winners’ times were recorded at the time.) The second horse t...
Shām, al- (Syria)
city, capital of Syria. Located in the southwestern corner of the country, it has been called the “pearl of the East,” praised for its beauty and lushness; the 10th-century traveler and geographer al-Maqdisī lauded the city as ranking among the four earthly paradises. Upon visiting the city in 1867, Mark Twain wrote...
Shām, Bādiyat ash- (desert, Middle East)
arid wasteland of southwestern Asia, extending northward from the Arabian Peninsula over much of northern Saudi Arabia, eastern Jordan, southern Syria, and western Iraq. Receiving on the average less than 5 inches (125 mm) of rainfall annually and large...
Sham Chun River (river, China)
Hong Kong lacks a river system of any scope, the only exception being in the north where the Sham Chun (Shenzhen) River, which forms the boundary between Guangdong and Hong Kong, flows into Deep Bay after collecting a number of small tributaries. Most of the streams are small, and they generally run perpendicular to the northeast-southwest trend of the terrain. The construction of reservoirs......
shama (bird)
any of certain magpie-robin species. See magpie-robin....
shamāl (wind current)
hot and dry, dusty wind from the north or northwest in Iraq, Iran, and the Arabian Peninsula. In June and July it blows almost continuously, but usually under 50 km (about 30 miles) per hour. The wind causes great dust storms, especially in July, when Baghdad may experie...
shamal (wind current)
hot and dry, dusty wind from the north or northwest in Iraq, Iran, and the Arabian Peninsula. In June and July it blows almost continuously, but usually under 50 km (about 30 miles) per hour. The wind causes great dust storms, especially in July, when Baghdad may experie...
Shamāl Sīnāʾ (governorate, Egypt)
(Arabic: “Northern Sinai”), muḥāfaẓah (governorate), northern part of the Sinai Peninsula, Egypt. The governorate was created out of Sīnāʾ muḥāfaẓah in 1978 after the initial stages of Israel’s withdrawal from the peninsula. The...
shaman (religion)
religious phenomenon centred on the shaman, a person believed to achieve various powers through trance or ecstatic religious experience. Although shamans’ repertoires vary from one culture to the next, they are typically thought to have the ability to heal the sick, to communicate with the otherworld, and often to escort the ...
shamanism (religion)
religious phenomenon centred on the shaman, a person believed to achieve various powers through trance or ecstatic religious experience. Although shamans’ repertoires vary from one culture to the next, they are typically thought to have the ability to heal the sick, to communicate with the otherworld, and often to escort the ...
shamash (Judaism)
salaried sexton in a Jewish synagogue whose duties now generally include secretarial work and assistance to the cantor, or hazan, who directs the public service....
Shamash (Mesopotamian god)
in Mesopotamian religion, the god of the sun, who, with the moon god, Sin (Sumerian: Nanna), and Ishtar (Sumerian: Inanna), the goddess of Venus, was part of an astral triad of divinities. Shamash was the son of Sin....
Shamash Gate (structure, Nineveh, Iraq)
Most impressive was the Shamash Gate, which has been thoroughly excavated by Tariq Madhloum on behalf of the Iraqi Department of Antiquities. It was found to have been approached across two moats and a watercourse by a series of bridges in which the arches were cut out of the natural conglomerate. The wall was faced with limestone and surmounted by a crenellated parapet, behind which ran a......
Shamash-eriba (Babylonian rebel)
...had Darius: in 484 bc he ravaged the Delta and chastised the Egyptians. Xerxes then learned of the revolt of Babylon, where two nationalist pretenders had appeared in swift succession. The second, Shamash-eriba, was conquered by Xerxes’ son-in-law, and violent repression ensued: Babylon’s fortresses were torn down, its temples pillaged, and the statue of Marduk destr...
Shamash-mudammiq (king of Assyria)
...left detailed accounts of his wars and his efforts to improve agriculture. He led six campaigns against Aramaean intruders from northern Arabia. In two campaigns against Babylonia he forced Shamash-mudammiq (c. 930–904) to surrender extensive territories. Shamash-mudammiq was murdered, and a treaty with his successor, Nabu-shum-ukin (c. 904–888), secured peace......
Shamash-shum-ukin (crown prince of Babylonia)
crown prince of Babylon, son of Esarhaddon and brother of Ashurbanipal, the last of the great kings of Assyria. He led a coalition of Arabic tribes against Ashurbanipal, but, after being starved out by his brother’s siege of Babylon (684 bc), he capitulated. According to tradition, Shamash-shum-ukin committed suicide by making a pyre of hi...
shamba (food garden, Kenya)
...every day or is eaten only in small quantities, grilled meat and all-you-can-eat buffets specializing in game, or “bush meat,” are popular. Many people utilize shambas (vegetable gardens) to supplement purchased foods. In areas inhabited by the Kikuyu, irio, a stew of peas, corn, and potatoes, is common. T...
Shamba Bolongongo (Kuba king)
...and significant cultural accomplishments are part of their heritage. Mucu Mushanga, their 27th king, was credited with the invention of fire, and he was the first to make clothing out of bark cloth. Shamba Bolongongo (c. 1600), the 93rd king, who introduced weaving and textile manufacture to his people, was also the first Kuba ruler to have his portrait carved in wood. Shamba Bolongongo...
Shambhala International (religious organization)
abbot of the Surmang Monastery in Tibet and founder of the Tibetan Buddhist organization Shambhala International, which was established in the United States in the late 20th century to disseminate Buddhist teachings, especially the practice of meditation....
Shame (film by Bergman)
...the island provided a characteristic stage for the dramas of a whole series of films that included Persona (1966), Vargtimmen (1968; Hour of the Wolf), Skammen (1968; Shame), and En passion (1969; The Passion, or The Passion of Anna), all dramas of inner conflicts involving a small, closely knit group of characters. With......
Shame (novel by Rushdie)
...inventively mixes fact and fantasy, reportage, art criticism, autobiography, parable, and pastiche in its working of fictional variations on the Noah’s Ark myth.) For Rushdie, as Shame (1983), The Satanic Verses (1988), The Moor’s Last Sigh (1995), and The Ground Beneath Her Feet (1...
Shame of the Cities, The (work by Steffens)
...of politicians by businessmen seeking special privileges. In 1901 after he became managing editor of McClure’s Magazine, he began to publish the influential articles later collected as The Shame of the Cities (1906), a work closer to documented sociological case study than to mere sensational exposure....
Shame of the States, The (work by Deutsch)
...public interest in mental health. The mental-health movement and the mass media discovered each other, and a flood of exposés swept Canada and the United States, notably Albert Deutsch’s The Shame of the States in 1948. Published in 1946, Mary Jane Ward’s book The Snake Pit became a Hollywood film success and was followed by many more honestly realistic portra...
Shamela (novel by Fielding)
novel by Henry Fielding, published under the pseudonym Conny Keyber in 1741. In this parody of Samuel Richardson’s epistolary novel Pamela, Fielding transforms Richardson’s virtuous servant girl into a predatory fortune hunter who cold-bloodedly lures her lustful wealthy master into matrimony. It was t...
Shamerim (Judaism)
member of a community of Jews, now nearly extinct, that claims to be related by blood to those Jews of ancient Samaria who were not deported by the Assyrian conquerors of the kingdom of Israel in 722 bc. The Samaritans call themselves Bene-Yisrael (“Children of Israel”), or Shamerim (“Observant Ones”), for their sole norm of religious ob...
Shamforoff, Irwin Gilbert (American author)
prolific American playwright, screenwriter, and author of critically acclaimed short stories and best-selling novels....
Shāmil (Muslim leader)
leader of Muslim Dagestan and Chechen mountaineers, whose fierce resistance delayed Russia’s conquest of the Caucasus for 25 years....
shamir (mineral)
The use of abrasives goes back to earliest man’s rubbing of one hard stone against another to shape a weapon or a tool. The Bible mentions a stone called shamir that was very probably emery, a natural abrasive still in use today. Ancient Egyptian drawings show abrasives being used to polish jewelry and vases. A statue of a Scythian slave, called “The Grinder,” in the Uf...
Shamir, Adi (Israeli cryptographer)
Israeli cryptographer and computer scientist and cowinner, with American computer scientists Leonard M. Adleman and Ronald L. Rivest, of the 2002 A.M. Turing Award, the highest honour in computer science, for their “ingenious contribution for making public-key cryptography useful in practice....
Shamir, Moshe (Israeli writer)
Israeli novelist and politician (b. Sept. 15, 1921, Zefat, British Palestine—d. Aug. 20, 2004, Rishon LeZiyyon, Israel), championed the socialist ideals of kibbutz life in his novels; in the 1960s he launched a political career as a member of the conservative Likud Party, but after the 1979 peace treaty with Egypt was negotiated, he quit to form a more right-wing party. An active member of ...
Shamir, Yitzḥak (prime minister of Israel)
Polish-born Zionist leader and prime minister of Israel in 1983–84 and 1986–90 (in alliance with Shimon Peres of the Labour Party) and in 1990–92....
Shamir Yuharʿish (king of Sabaʾ)
Toward the end of the 3rd century ad, a powerful king named Shamir Yuharʿish (who seems incidentally to be the first really historical personage whose fame has survived in the Islamic traditions) assumed the title “king of Sabaʾ and the Dhū Raydān and of Ḥaḍramawt and Yamanāt.” By this time, therefore, the political indep...
shamisen (Japanese musical instrument)
long-necked, fretless Japanese lute. The instrument has a small, square body with a catskin front and back, three twisted-silk strings, and a curved-back pegbox with side pegs. It is played with a large plectrum; different types of plectrums produce distinct tone colours for specific types of music....
Shamlu, Ahmad (Iranian poet)
Iranian poet (b. Dec. 12, 1925, Tehran, Iran—d. July 24, 2000, Tehran), defied the conventional restrictions of formal Persian poetry in favour of heartfelt free-flowing verse that displayed his secular nationalism and his passion for political freedom and social justice. A fierce opponent of both the shah and the repressive Islamic Rev...
Shammai ha-Zaken (Jewish sage)
one of the leading Jewish sages of Palestine in his time. With the sage Hillel, he was the last of the zugot (“pairs”), the scholars that headed the Great Sanhedrin, the Jewish high court and executive body....
Shammai the Elder (Jewish sage)
one of the leading Jewish sages of Palestine in his time. With the sage Hillel, he was the last of the zugot (“pairs”), the scholars that headed the Great Sanhedrin, the Jewish high court and executive body....
Shammar Yuharʿish (Ḥimyarite ruler)
In the last decades of the 3rd century ad a Ḥimyarite ruler named Shammar Yuharʿish ended the independent existence of both Sabaʾ and Hadhramaut; and inasmuch as Qatabān had already disappeared from the political map, the whole of Yemen was united under his rule. Thereafter, the royal style was “king of Sabaʾ and the Raydān and Hadhram...
shammas (Judaism)
salaried sexton in a Jewish synagogue whose duties now generally include secretarial work and assistance to the cantor, or hazan, who directs the public service....
shammash (Judaism)
salaried sexton in a Jewish synagogue whose duties now generally include secretarial work and assistance to the cantor, or hazan, who directs the public service....
Shamokin (Pennsylvania, United States)
city, Northumberland county, east-central Pennsylvania, U.S. It lies along Shamokin Creek. Founded in 1835 by the coal speculators John C. Boyd and Ziba Bird, it was early known as Boyd’s Stone-coal Quarry, Boydtown, and New Town. The present name, selected by Boyd, is a derivation of one of two ...
Shamokin Dam (dam, Pennsylvania, United States)
The city is now an industrial and agricultural marketing centre, manufacturing textiles, metal products, and construction materials. Fabridam, an inflated fabric-tube dam barrage impounding the Susquehanna River, has created the 3,000-acre (1,214-hectare) Augusta Lake for recreation. Inc. borough, 1797; city, 1922. Pop. (2000) 10,610; (2010) 9,905....
shampoo
Hair preparations include soapless shampoos (soap leaves a film on the hair) that are actually scented detergents; products that are intended to give gloss and body to the hair, such as resin-based sprays, brilliantines, and pomades, as well as alcohol-based lotions; and hair conditioners that are designed to treat damaged hair. Permanent-wave and hair-straightening preparations use a chemical,......
Shampoo (film by Ashby [1975])
...
shamrock (plant)
any of several similar-appearing trifoliate plants—i.e., plants each of whose leaves is divided into three leaflets. Plants called shamrock include the wood sorrel (Oxalis acetosella) of the family Oxalidaceae, or any of various plants of the ...
shamrock pea (plant)
The shamrock pea (Parochetus communis), a creeping legume with bicoloured blue and pink flowers, is grown in pots and in hanging baskets....
Shams (Arabian goddess)
...and the symbolic animal of Syn, shown on coins, was the eagle, a solar animal. In Qatabān the national god ʿAmm, “paternal uncle,” may have been a moon god. The sun goddess Shams was the national deity of the kingdom of Ḥimyar. She appears also, in a minor role, in Sabaʾ. Other aspects of Shams are certainly concealed in some of the many and still obscu...
Shams ad-Dīn Abū al-ʿAbbās Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad ibn Khallikān (Muslim jurist)
Muslim judge and author of a classic Arabic biographical dictionary. Ibn Khallikān studied in Irbīl, Aleppo, and Damascus....
Shams ad-Dīn Eldegüz (Turkish ruler)
The founder of the dynasty was Shams ad-Dīn Eldegüz (reigned c. 1137–75), originally a Turkish slave of the Seljuq minister Kamāl al-Mulk Simīrumī. In 1137 the Seljuq sultan Masʿūd I appointed Eldegüz ruler of the Seljuq provinces of Arrān and Azerbaijan. In 1161, shortly after he had married the widow of the Seljuq ruler...
Shams al-Dīn (Persian mystic)
The decisive moment in Rūmī’s life occurred on Nov. 30, 1244, when in the streets of Konya he met the wandering dervish—holy man—Shams al-Dīn (Sun of Religion) of Tabrīz, whom he may have first encountered in Syria. Shams al-Dīn cannot be connected with any of the traditional mystical fraternities; his overwhelming personality, however, revea...