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Schneider, Leonard Alfred (American comedian)
American stand-up comedian. He studied acting and began performing stand-up routines in nightclubs in the 1950s, soon developing a style marked by black humour and punctuated with obscenity. As he gained notoriety, he focused his material on criticisms of the social and legal establishments, organized religion, and other cont...
Schneider, Maria (French actress)
March 27, 1952Paris, FranceFeb. 3, 2011ParisFrench actress who gained instant international stardom at age 20 with her performance as an enigmatic young Parisian woman who enters into a passionless sexual affair with a middle-aged American (Marlon Brando) in Bernardo Bertolucci’s not...
Schneider, Max (music scholar)
...was reduced to that of a prolific but superficial scribbler. In the 20th century, however, a historically and aesthetically more correct opinion has been formed, largely through studies by Max Schneider and Romain Rolland. New editions of his work have appeared, especially since the 1930s, and the interest of players, conductors, and publishers has increased....
Schneider, Peter (German writer)
This period was also marked by a preoccupation with generational differences, brilliantly developed by Peter Schneider in Vati (1987; “Daddy”), in which a young German lawyer travels to South America to meet his father, who has fled there to escape trial for Nazi crimes (the figure of the father is modeled on the Nazi doctor Josef Mengele). ......
Schneider, Romy (German actress)
German motion-picture actress....
Schneider SA (French firm)
...by wood. To increase resistance against ever more powerful rifled guns, compound armour of steel backed with iron was devised to combine steel’s surface hardness with iron’s resiliency. The firm Schneider & Cie in France invented an oil-tempering process to produce a homogeneous steel plate that had good resiliency and greater resistance than compound armour. The later addi...
Schneider, Stephen Henry (American climatologist)
Feb. 11, 1945New York, N.Y.July 19, 2010London, Eng.American climatologist who warned the world about how man-made emissions threaten the Earth’s climate by causing global warming. As an initial member (1988) o...
Schneider Trophy (air race award)
...Bendix Trophy (1931) in the United States and the Kings Cup (1922) in England attracted some of the best pilots from around the world. The most famous event, though, was the series of races for the Schneider Trophy, a truly international speed contest for seaplanes, which was held at various locations around the world, starting with Monaco (1913). The racing series ended in 1931, following......
Schneider, Vreni (Swiss athlete)
Swiss Alpine skier who was the dominant female skier of her generation and one of the greatest skiers in the history of the slalom and giant slalom events. During her career in the Winter Olympics, she accumulated more gold medals (three) in women’s ...
Schneider, Walter (American psychologist)
...have led to the formulation of a number of “two-process” theories of attention. One of the most influential was that advanced by the American psychologists Richard M. Shiffrin and Walter Schneider in 1977 on the basis of experiments involving visual search. Their theory of detection, search, and attention distinguishes between two modes of processing information: controlled......
Schneider-Siemssen, Gunther (German opera director)
...were added to give variety of texture and depth to the flow of light and pattern. Still later, at the Festspielhaus in Salzburg, Austria, the productions of Wagner’s music dramas designed by Gunther Schneider-Siemssen elaborated this concept to achieve even more dramatic and sumptuous effects; Schneider-Siemssen filled the vast, extra-wide stage with patterns of light in depth, softened....
Schneiderman v. United States (law case)
...vote in several important cases, including West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette, which involved the right of Jehovah’s Witnesses to refuse to salute the flag, and Schneiderman v. United States, the case of a California resident whose naturalization had been revoked because of his communist beliefs. In both cases he voted with the court’s l...
Schneifel (region, Germany)
...Mosel (French: Moselle), and the Luxembourg and Belgian frontiers. Continuous with the Ardennes and the Hohes Venn (French: Haute Fagnes) of Belgium, the German plateau falls into three sections: Schneifel or Schnee-Eifel, Hocheifel, and Voreifel. In the Schneifel (German: “Snow Eifel”), near the Belgian frontier, scrub and forest are common, with cultivation only on the richer......
Schneirla, Theodore Christian (American animal psychologist)
American animal psychologist who performed some of the first studies on the behaviour patterns of army ants....
Schnellbahn (railway, Berlin, Germany)
Modern rapid transit systems have existed since the 19th century. Construction of the Stadt- or Schnellbahn (S-Bahn), a largely elevated and partly underground railway system, began in 1871, and building of the subway, or Untergrundbahn (U-Bahn), was initiated in 1897. By World War II the city had one of the finest rapid transit systems in Europe. After the erection of the wall, the bus became......
Schnellen (German tankard)
...applied relief and stamped decoration was, at times, most elaborate, and the thin glaze lent it additional sharpness and clarity. Reliefs of biblical subjects appear on tall, tapering tankards (Schnellen), which were provided with pewter or silver mounts. The Doppelfrieskrüge were jugs with two molded friezes (usually portraying classical subjects) around the middle. They.....
Schnitger, Arp (German organ maker)
one of the most skilled organ builders of the Baroque era, whose fine instruments inspired composers such as Johann Sebastian Bach....
Schnitter, Johann (German theologian)
Lutheran Reformer, friend of Martin Luther, and advocate of antinomianism, a view asserting that Christians are freed by grace from the need to obey the Ten Commandments. At Wittenberg, Agricola was persuaded by Luther to change his course of s...
Schnittke, Alfred (Russian composer)
postmodernist Russian composer who created serious, dark-toned musical works characterized by abrupt juxtapositions of radically different, often contradictory, styles, an approach that came to be known as “polystylism.”...
schnitzel (food)
...is often served rare in European countries but is usually thoroughly cooked in the U.S. Cuts such as the leg, loin, shoulder, and breast are usually roasted, often boned and stuffed, or braised. Schnitzel, pan-fried cutlets coated with bread crumbs, are a specialty of Germany and Austria. Scallops, small thin slices—called scallopine in Italy and escalopes or......
Schnitzer, Eduard (German explorer)
physician, explorer, and governor of the Equatorial province of Egyptian Sudan who contributed vastly to the knowledge of African geography, natural history, ethnology, and languages....
Schnitzler, Arthur (Austrian author)
Austrian playwright and novelist known for his psychological dramas that dissect turn-of-the-century Viennese bourgeois life....
Schnitzler, Karl-Eduard von (German broadcaster)
East German broadcaster and propagandist (b. April 28, 1918, Berlin, Ger.—d. Sept. 20, 2001, Berlin), produced Der schwarze Kanal (“The Black Channel”), a 20-minute weekly television program in which he denounced “Western imperialism” in general and ...
Schnoorviertel (district, Bremen, Germany)
Numerous theatres, libraries and archives, and museums and galleries contribute to the rich cultural life of Bremen. Most of these facilities are concentrated in the Old Town, especially in the Schnoorviertel, a district that was restored to its original 16th- and 17th-century appearance during the post-World War II reconstruction. Parks, located all over the city, offer a relaxing contrast to......
Schnorr von Carolsfeld, Julius (German painter)
painter and designer who figured importantly in the German Nazarene movement....
Schnorr von Carolsfeld, Ludwig (German opera singer)
German tenor, known for his Wagnerian roles....
Schnoz, The (American comedian)
American comedian whose career in every major entertainment performance medium spanned more than six decades....
Schnozzola (American comedian)
American comedian whose career in every major entertainment performance medium spanned more than six decades....
Schober, Franz von (friend of Schubert)
...life was uneventful. Friends of his college days were faithful, particularly Josef von Spanun, who in 1814 introduced him to the poet Johann Mayrhofer. He also induced the young and brilliant Franz von Schober to visit Schubert. Late in 1815 Schober went to the schoolhouse in the Säulengasse, found Schubert in front of a class with his manuscripts piled about him, and inflamed the......
Schober, Johann (prime minister of Austria)
police official who was twice prime minister of Austria (1921–22 and 1929–30). He established friendly relations with the Czechoslovak republic but was unable to negotiate a union between Austria and Germany....
Schoeck, Othmar (Swiss composer)
Swiss musician, one of the principal composers of lieder of his time....
Schoelcher, Victor (French journalist)
French journalist and politician who was France’s greatest advocate of ending slavery in the empire....
Schoenbein, Christian (German chemist)
German chemist who discovered and named ozone (1840) and was the first to describe guncotton (nitrocellulose). His teaching posts included one at Epsom, Eng., before he joined the faculty at the University of Basel, Switz. (1828), where he was appointed professor of chemistry and physics in 1835....
Schoenberg, Albert (American actor)
Both men began separate careers as comedy and variety troupers in small-time burlesque and vaudeville before joining in 1910 to form the act of “Gallagher and Shean.” They went separate ways from 1914 to 1920, but in the latter year (at the urging of Shean’s sister Minnie Marx, mother of the Marx Brothers) they rejoined to star in the Shubert Brothers’ Cinderella on ...
Schoenberg, Arnold Franz Walter (American composer)
Austrian-American composer who created a new method of composition based on a row, or series, of 12 tones—a method called atonality. He was also one of the most influential teachers of the 20th century, among his most significant pupils were Alban Berg and Anton Webern....
Schoendienst, Red (American baseball player, coach and manager)
Austrian-American composer who created a new method of composition based on a row, or series, of 12 tones—a method called atonality. He was also one of the most influential teachers of the 20th century, among his most significant pupils were Alban Berg and Anton Webern.......
Schoenefeldia (plant genus)
...human populations have put many demands on the region, so that its present condition is quite unlike its natural condition. The most common grasses include Aristida, Cenchrus, and Schoenefeldia. Other species, which are highly palatable to grazing animals, are now restricted to rocky sites that offer some protection; these species may have once been far more widespread and....
Schoenfeld, Gerald (American producer and theatre owner)
Sept. 22, 1924New York, N.Y.Nov. 25, 2008New York CityAmerican producer and theatre owner who led a revitalization of commercial theatre in New York City, bringing to Broadway such hits as Equus, A Chorus Line, and The Phantom of the Opera and transforming a run-down an...
Schoenheimer, Rudolf (German biochemist)
German-born American biochemist whose technique of “tagging” molecules with radioactive isotopes made it possible to trace the paths of organic substances through animals and plants and revolutionized metabolic studies....
Schoening, Peter K. (American mountaineer)
American mountaineer (b. July 30, 1927, Seattle, Wash.—d. Sept. 22, 2004, Kenmore, Wash.), single-handedly averted the loss in 1953 of an entire expedition on K2, the world’s second highest peak. After his climbing team experienced a chain-reaction series of falls, Schoening displayed almost superhuman strength by anchoring the entire group and pulling four of the five to safety. His...
Schoenus (plant genus)
...and Fimbristylis, Eleocharis (spike rushes), and Scleria (nut rushes), each with about 200 species. Other large genera are Bulbostylis, with approximately 100 species; Schoenus, also with about 100 species; and Mapania, with up to 80 species....
Schoff, Hannah Kent (American social worker and reformer)
American welfare worker and reformer who was influential in state and national child welfare and juvenile criminal legislation in the late 19th and early 20th centuries....
Schöffe (German law)
in Germany, a lay jurist or assessor assigned primarily to a lower criminal court to make decisions both on points of law and on fact jointly with professional jurists. A Schöffe may also sit on a higher court....
Schöffer, Johann (German printer)
Apart from chronicles, all published after his death, that attributed the invention of printing to him, probably the most convincing argument in favour of Gutenberg comes from his chief detractor, Johann Schöffer, the son of Peter Schöffer and grandson of Johann Fust. Though Schöffer claimed from 1509 on that the invention was solely his father’s and grandfather’...
Schöffer, Nicolas (French sculptor)
Hungarian-born French artist best known for his sculptures employing mechanical movement, light, and sound....
Schöffer, Peter (German printer)
German printer who assisted Johannes Gutenberg and later opened his own printing shop....
Schofield Barracks (mountain ridge, Hawaii, United States)
...warriors up the valley and over the cliff to be killed on the jagged rocks below. The Koolau’s more gradual western slopes form a picturesque background for Honolulu. Western lava flows created the Schofield Barracks, a saddle (ridge) 14 miles (22 km) long and 5 miles (8 km) wide between the Koolau Range and the Waianae Range (which parallels the island’s west coast)....
Schoharie (county, New York, United States)
county, east-central New York state, U.S., comprising a mountainous region. The principal streams are Schoharie, Cobleskill, and Catskill creeks and West and Manor kills. The main (west) and east branches of the Delaware River originate in the southwestern corner of the county. Water is supplied by Schoharie, Blenheim Gilboa, and Upper Blenheim Gilboa reservoi...
Schoinobates volans (marsupial)
...shelter. Terrestrial forms, such as the kangaroos and wallabies, possess well-developed hind limbs that serve both as formidable weapons and as catapults by which they can bound over the plains. The gliders have a membrane along either flank, attached to the forelegs and hind legs, that enables these arboreal animals to glide down from a high perch. A few marsupials, such as tree kangaroos,......
Schola Cantorum (French music school)
...a centre of the study and practice of 15th-, 16th-, and 17th-century vocal music. In 1894 Bordes, along with the organist Alexandre Guilmant and the composer Vincent d’Indy, founded in Paris the Schola Cantorum, a society that in 1896 became a school for church music with Bordes as professor. Its publication, La Tribune de St. Gervais (1895), became the main organ of French......
schola cantorum (medieval music school)
medieval papal singing school and associated choir, the ancestor of the modern Sistine Choir. According to tradition, the schola cantorum was established by Pope Sylvester I (d. 335) and was reorganized by Pope Gregory I (d. 604), but the first written mention of it dates from the 8th century. The purpose...
Scholar Gipsy, The (lyric poem by Arnold)
lyric poem by Matthew Arnold, published in Poems (1853). It is a masterful handling of the 10-line stanza that John Keats used in many of his odes. The poem’s subject is a legendary Oxford scholar who gives up his academic life to roam the world with a band of Gypsies, absorbing their customs and seeking the source of their wis...
Scholarios, Georgios (patriarch of Constantinople)
first patriarch of Constantinople (1454–64) under Turkish rule and the foremost Greek Orthodox Aristotelian theologian and polemicist of his time. Scholarios became expert in European philosophy and theology and was called “the Latinist” derisively by his colleagues. He also taught and commented on Aristotelian and Neoplatonic texts, the chief expressions of classical Greek re...
scholarly journal
...many libraries were forced by shrinking budgets to cancel print subscriptions and discard bulky bound volumes. Services such as the nonprofit JSTOR offered full-text search and access to hundreds of scholarly journal backfiles; the subscribing institutions offered their communities digital access to these. Libraries usually paid an annual access fee for such services. Another service, Project.....
scholarly library
Before the invention of printing, it was common for students to travel long distances to hear famous teachers. Printing made it possible for copies of a teacher’s lectures to be widely disseminated, and from that point universities began to create great libraries. The Bodleian Library (originally established in the 14th century) at Oxford University and Harvard University Library (1638) at....
scholarly tradition (Chinese philosophy)
...may have initiated a cultural process known in the West as Confucianism, but he and those who followed him considered themselves part of a tradition, later identified by Chinese historians as the rujia, “scholarly tradition,” that had its origins two millennia previously, when the legendary sages Yao and Shun created a civilized world through moral persuasion....
Scholars, The (work by Wu Jingzi)
author of the first Chinese satirical novel, Rulinwaishi (c. 1750; The Scholars)....
scholarship (study grant)
College football’s other post-World War II crisis, regarding professionalism, reached a flash point in the late 1940s and early 1950s over athletic scholarships. Subsidizing athletes had been common since the 1920s but was not officially sanctioned and was entirely unregulated, controlled more often by alumni than by athletic departments. When the NCAA took on the issue after World War II, ...
scholarship, classical
the study, in all its aspects, of ancient Greece and Rome. In continental Europe the field is known as “classical philology,” but the use, in some circles, of “philology” to denote the study of language and literature—the result of abbreviating the 19th-century “comparative philology”—has lent an unfortun...
Scholastic Aptitude Test (educational test)
...similar to intelligence tests in that they measure a broad spectrum of abilities (e.g., verbal comprehension, general reasoning, numerical operations, perceptual speed, or mechanical knowledge). The Scholastic Assessment Test (SAT) and the American College Testing Exam (ACT) are examples of group tests commonly used in the United States to gauge general academic ability; in France the......
Scholastica (Italian nun)
...he settled on the summit of a hill rising steeply above Cassino, halfway between Rome and Naples. The district was still largely pagan, but the people were converted by his preaching. His sister Scholastica, who came to live nearby as the head of a nunnery, died shortly before her brother. The only certain date in Benedict’s life is given by a visit from the Gothic king Totila about 542....
Scholasticism (philosophy)
the philosophical systems and speculative tendencies of various medieval Christian thinkers, who, working against a background of fixed religious dogma, sought to solve anew general philosophical problems (as of faith and reason, will and intellect, realism and nominalism, and the prov...
scholasticism, Buddhist (Buddhism)
...Vinaya), to the discourses of the Buddha (Pali: Sutta), and subsequently to the interest in scholasticism (Pali: Abhidhamma)....
Scholem, Gershom Gerhard (Israeli scholar)
These influences, although cunningly disguised, were discerned by Gershom Scholem, one of the great 20th-century scholars of Jewish mysticism, and he became convinced that the Zohar was a medieval work. He was able to demonstrate, further, that the Aramaic in which the Zohar is written is, in both vocabulary and idiom, the work of an author whose native language was Hebrew.......
“Scholemaster, The” (work by Ascham)
The Scholemaster, written in simple, lucid English prose and published posthumously in 1570, is Ascham’s best-known book. It presents an effective method of teaching Latin prose composition, but its larger concerns are with the psychology of learning, the education of the whole person, and the ideal moral and intellectual personality that education should mold. His success in tutorin...
Scholes, Myron S. (Canadian-American economist)
Canadian-born American economist best known for his work with colleague Fischer Black on the Black-Scholes option valuation formula, which made options trading more accessible by giving investors a benchmark for valuing. Scholes shared the 1997 Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences with Robert C. Merton, who generalized the Bla...
Scholia (work by Maximus the Confessor)
...His Opuscula theologica et polemica (“Short Theological and Polemical Treatises”), Ambigua (“Ambiguities” in the works of Gregory of Nazianzus), and Scholia (on Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite), mostly authentic, express Maximus’ teaching on the transcendental, nonpredicable nature of the divinity, his intrinsic Trinitarian existence, and ...
Scholia enchiriadis (work by Hucbald)
...who lived somewhat later. Some scholars speculate that his works may in fact have several authors. These theoretical works are of great importance. The Musica enchiriadis and Scholia enchiriadis give the earliest written description of music in several voices: parallel organum, in which a plainchant melody is sung in parallel fourths or parallel fifths. De alia......
Scholl, Hans (German activist)
Three of the group’s founding members—Hans Scholl, Willi Graf, and Alexander Schmorell—were medical students at the University of Munich. While on the Eastern Front, the trio observed the murder of Jewish civilians by SS troops. When they returned to Munich, the three joined with other students—including Hans’s sister Sophie—to discuss their opposition to ...
Scholl, Sophie (German activist)
...of Munich. While on the Eastern Front, the trio observed the murder of Jewish civilians by SS troops. When they returned to Munich, the three joined with other students—including Hans’s sister Sophie—to discuss their opposition to the Nazi regime. Coupling youthful idealism with an impressive knowledge of German literature and Christian religious teachings, the students pub...
Scholl, William Howard (British businessman)
British businessman and shoe designer (b. Sept. 24, 1920, London, Eng.—d. March 15, 2002, Douglas, Isle of Man), developed an orthopedic wooden sandal in the late 1950s, but young women, charmed by the shoe’s deceptively simple looks and the distinctive clip-clip sound it made when they walked, turned the Dr. S...
Schollander, Don (American athlete)
American athlete who was the first swimmer to win four gold medals in a single Olympic Games....
Schöllenen Gorge (gorge, Switzerland)
...Gotthard route, the first and shortest north-south passage through the mountains and an important European linkage; it was opened in the early 13th century with the construction of a bridge in the Schöllenen Gorge, which traverses the northern chain, while the southern range is crossed by the Saint Gotthard Pass at an elevation of 6,916 feet (2,108 metres). The 9-mile (14-km) Saint......
Scholtz, Friedrich von (German officer)
...von Prittwitz und Gaffron, commander of the 8th Army, with his headquarters at Neidenburg (Nidzica), had seven divisions and one cavalry division on his eastern front but only the three divisions of Friedrich von Scholtz’s XX Corps on his southern. He was therefore dismayed to learn, on August 20, when the bulk of his forces had been repulsed at Gumbinnen (August 19–20) by Rennenk...
Scholz, Georg (German artist)
...In a 1925 exhibition assembled at the Kunsthalle, Hartlaub displayed the works of the members of this group: George Grosz, Otto Dix, Max Beckmann, Georg Schrimpf, Alexander Kanoldt, Carlo Mense, Georg Scholz, and Heinrich Davringhausen....
Scholz, Heinrich (German scholar)
...issues made him dissatisfied with what he had done, so that, when he moved to Bonn, he rethought the problem of theological method in critical discussion with the philosopher of science Heinrich Scholz. It was in this connection that he produced his celebrated study of St. Anselm, Fides quaerens intellectum (1931; Faith in Search of......
Scholz, Tom (American musician)
American rock group that was as well known for the lengthy periods between its albums as for its unique heavy metal–pop sound. The original members were Tom Scholz (b. March 10, 1947Toledo, Ohio, U.S.), Brad Delp (b.......
Schomberg, Frederick Herman, duke of (German soldier)
German soldier of fortune, a marshal of France, and an English peer, who fought in the service of various countries in the major European wars between 1634 and 1690....
Schomburgk, Sir Robert Hermann (British explorer)
German-born British explorer and surveyor whose “Schomburgk Line” marked the boundary of British Guiana from 1841 to 1895. He was knighted in 1844....
“Schön Ellen” (work by Bruch)
Bruch was an unusually ambitious and productive composer. His greatest successes in his own lifetime were his massive works for choir and orchestra—such as Schön Ellen (1867; Beautiful Ellen) and Odysseus (1872). These were favourites with German choral societies during the late 19th century. These works failed to remain in the concert repertoire, possibly......
Schön, Helmut (German athlete and coach)
German association football (soccer) player and coach who, during 14 years, 1964-78, as coach of the West German national team, guided West Germany to the World Cup final twice (losing in 1966 and coming back to win in 1974) and to the European champio...
Schön, Mila (Italian fashion designer)
1917?Trogir, Dalmatia, Austria-Hungary [now in Croatia]Sept. 4, 2008near Alessandria, ItalyItalian fashion designer who created understated, impeccably tailored haute couture worn by such fashion icons as Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis, but it was Schön’s high-end ready-to-wear co...
Schon, Neal (American musician)
...number one while spawning the hit singles “Black Magic Woman” and “Oye Como Va,” and Santana III (1971), featuring new guitarist Neal Schon (b. February 27, 1954San Mateo, California). With ......
Schönbein, Christian Friedrich (German chemist)
German chemist who discovered and named ozone (1840) and was the first to describe guncotton (nitrocellulose). His teaching posts included one at Epsom, Eng., before he joined the faculty at the University of Basel, Switz. (1828), where he was appointed professor of chemistry and physics in 1835....
Schonberg, Albert (American actor)
Both men began separate careers as comedy and variety troupers in small-time burlesque and vaudeville before joining in 1910 to form the act of “Gallagher and Shean.” They went separate ways from 1914 to 1920, but in the latter year (at the urging of Shean’s sister Minnie Marx, mother of the Marx Brothers) they rejoined to star in the Shubert Brothers’ Cinderella on ...
Schönberg, August (American banker)
U.S. banker and diplomat, founder in 1837 of the banking house of August Belmont & Company, in New York City....
Schönberg, Friedrich Hermann von (German soldier)
German soldier of fortune, a marshal of France, and an English peer, who fought in the service of various countries in the major European wars between 1634 and 1690....
Schonberg, Harold Charles (American music critic)
American music critic (b. Nov. 29, 1915, New York, N.Y.—d. July 26, 2003, New York City), considered that he wrote for himself—not for any particular audience—and led readers to think for themselves. In doing so during his half-century-long career—two decades of them (1960–80) as chief crit...
Schönborn, Friedrich Karl, Graf von (vice chancellor of the Holy Roman Empire)
prince-prelate, bishop of Bamberg and Würzburg (1729–46) whose long reign as vice chancellor of the Holy Roman Empire (1705–34) raised the imperial chancery for the last time to a position of European importance....
Schönborn, Johann Philipp von (elector of Mainz)
...Freiherr von Boyneburg, one of the most distinguished German statesmen of the day. Boyneburg took him into his service and introduced him to the court of the prince elector, the archbishop of Mainz, Johann Philipp von Schönborn, where he was concerned with questions of law and politics....
Schonbrunn Imperial Palace (palace, Vienna, Austria)
Rococo-style 1,440-room summer palace of the Habsburgs in Vienna. Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach’s first design for the building, meant to rival France’s Palace of Versailles, was done in 1690. A second, somewhat less ornate, plan, however, dating from 1695–96 was adopted, and the palace was finished...
Schönbrunn, Schloss (palace, Vienna, Austria)
Rococo-style 1,440-room summer palace of the Habsburgs in Vienna. Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach’s first design for the building, meant to rival France’s Palace of Versailles, was done in 1690. A second, somewhat less ornate, plan, however, dating from 1695–96 was adopted, and the palace was finished...
Schönbrunn, Treaty of (Europe [1809])
(Oct. 14, 1809), agreement signed at the Schloss Schönbrunn in Vienna after Austria’s premature war of liberation against Napoleon collapsed with its defeat at Wagram and its failure to get the Prussian support it had expected. Austria lost about 32,000 square miles (83,000 square km) of territory with approx...
Schönbrunn Zoo (zoo, Vienna, Austria)
Modern zookeeping may be said to have started in 1752 with the founding of the Imperial Menagerie at the Schönbrunn Palace in Vienna. This menagerie, which still flourishes, was opened to the public in 1765. In 1775 a zoo was founded in a Royal Park in Madrid, and 18 years later the zoological collection of the Jardin des Plantes, Paris, was begun. The Zoological Society of London......
Schöne Brunnen (fountain, Nürnberg, Germany)
...of infinite variety. Fountains were a peculiar feature of the communal building activities of the late Middle Ages, often commissioned by guilds. Few of these survive. A noteworthy example is the Schöne Brunnen at Nürnberg (1398), distinguished by its high, rich Gothic spirelet with many statues and ironwork railing....
schöne Müllerin, Die (poetry by Müller)
German poet who was known both for his lyrics that helped to arouse sympathy for the Greeks in their struggle for independence from the Turks and for his verse cycles “Die schöne Müllerin” and “Die Winterreise,” which Franz Schubert set to music....
schöne Müllerin, Die (song cycle by Schubert)
...censorship) to Der häusliche Krieg (Domestic Warfare). The famous work of the year, however, was the song cycle Die schöne Müllerin (“The Fair Maid of the Mill”), representing the epitome of Schubert’s lyrical art. Schubert spent part of the summer in the hospital and prob...
Schönemann, Johann Friedrich (German actor and manager)
actor-manager who was influential in the development of Germany’s public theatre....
Schönerer, Georg, Ritter von (Austrian politician)
Austrian political extremist, founder of the Pan-German Party (1885). He was a virulent anti-Semite and was perhaps the best-known spokesman for popular antidemocratic sentiments in the late empire....
Schongauer, Martin (German engraver)
painter and printmaker who was the finest German engraver before Albrecht Dürer....