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Binondo (district, Manila, Philippines)
...comprised of 14 districts. The districts developed from the original fortress city of Intramuros (Within Walls) and the 13 villages located outside its walls. The districts of Tondo, Santa Mesa, Binondo, Santa Cruz, Quiapo, San Miguel, and Sampaloc lie to the north of the river and Singalong, Intramuros, Ermita, Malate, Paco, Pandacan, and Santa Ana to the south. The two sections of the city......
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Binswanger, Ludwig (Swiss psychiatrist and writer)
Swiss psychiatrist and writer who applied the principles of existential phenomenology, especially as expressed by Martin Heidegger, to psychotherapy. Diagnosing certain psychic abnormalities (e.g., elation fixation, eccentricity, and mannerism) to be the effect of the patient’s distorted self-image and his inad...
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Bint al-Nīl (Egyptian women’s organization)
Egyptian educator, journalist, and reformer who campaigned for women’s rights in Egypt and founded (1948) the Egyptian women’s organization Bint al-Nīl (“Daughter of the Nile”)....
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Bintang Bolon (creek, The Gambia)
...islands along the river’s middle course, of which the two largest are Elephant Island and MacCarthy Island. The river is joined by numerous creeks called bolons, the largest of these being Bintang Bolon, which flows into it from the south. The width of the river’s valley varies considerably along its course. The river valley is cut into a plateau of sandstone dating from th...
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Bintimani Peak (mountain, Sierra Leone)
...with variegated rainforest and humid savanna. Several mountain ranges rise above its surface, including the Nimba Range (Mount Nimba, 5,748 feet [1,752 metres]) and Sierra Leone’s Loma Mountains (Mount Loma Mansa, 6,391 feet [1,948 metres]) and Tingi Mountains (Sankanbiriwa, 6,080 feet [1,853 metres]), where its highest peaks are to be found....
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bintree (computing)
...These data structures have components, each containing data and references to further components (in machine terms, their addresses). Such self-referential structures have recursive definitions. A bintree (binary tree) for example, either is empty or contains a root component with data and left and right bintree “children.”.....
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binturong (mammal)
(Arctictis binturong), catlike carnivore of the civet family (Viverridae), found in dense forests of southern Asia, Indonesia, and Malaysia. It has long, shaggy hair, tufted ears, and a long, bushy, prehensile tail. The colour generally is black with a sprinkling ...
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Binxian (China)
county town, southern Heilongjiang sheng (province), northeastern China. It is situated on the eastern outskirts of Harbin, about 12 miles (20 km) south of the Sungari (Songhua) River. It is a collecting centre of a prosperous and productive agricultural district that supplies a large part of the foodstuffs, particularly grains and ve...
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Binyon, Laurence (English scholar and poet)
English poet, dramatist, and art historian, a pioneer in the European study of Far Eastern painting....
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Binyon, Robert Laurence (English scholar and poet)
English poet, dramatist, and art historian, a pioneer in the European study of Far Eastern painting....
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Binzhou (China)
county town, southern Heilongjiang sheng (province), northeastern China. It is situated on the eastern outskirts of Harbin, about 12 miles (20 km) south of the Sungari (Songhua) River. It is a collecting centre of a prosperous and productive agricultural district that supplies a large part of the foodstuffs, particularly grains and ve...
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Bio-bibliographie (work by Chevalier)
...he began work on his massive Répertoire des sources historiques du moyen âge (“Collection of Historical Sources for the Middle Ages”) published in two parts: the Bio-bibliographie, 1877–88, and the Topo-bibliographie, 1894–1903. The former contains information on all historical personages alive between the years 1 and 1500 who are.....
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Bío-Bío (region, Chile)
región, central Chile, bordering Argentina to the east and fronting the Pacific Ocean to the west. It was given its present boundaries in 1974. Its area of 14,262 square miles (36,939 square km) includes the provincias of Ñuble, Concepción, Arauco, and Bío-Bío. The islands of...
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Bío-Bío River (river, Chile)
river in south-central Chile. It rises in the Icalma and Galletué lakes in the Andes on Chile’s eastern border and flows generally northwestward to enter the Pacific Ocean near Concepción after a course of 240 miles (380 km). After crossing the fertile Central Valley, it forms the only...
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bio-charcoal (charcoal)
river in south-central Chile. It rises in the Icalma and Galletué lakes in the Andes on Chile’s eastern border and flows generally northwestward to enter the Pacific Ocean near Concepción after a course of 240 miles (380 km). After crossing the fertile Central Valley, it forms the only...
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Bio-ecology (work by Shelford and Clements)
...of the correlations between population changes of animals and environmental changes. He made many reports on cyclic changes in animal populations. With Frederic E. Clements in 1939 he published Bio-ecology, in which he developed the concept of the biome for the predominant vegetation, with its animal inhabitants, that characterizes a large geographic area. His well-known book The......
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bioarchaeology
Bioarchaeologists test hypotheses about relative mortality, population movements, wars, social status, political organization, and other demographic, epidemiological, and social phenomena in past societies by combining detailed knowledge of cultural features and artifacts, such as those related to mortuary practice, with an understanding of......
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bioassay (biochemistry)
A second area of intense study in nanomedicine is that of developing new diagnostic tools. Motivation for this work ranges from fundamental biomedical research at the level of single genes or cells to point-of-care applications for health delivery services. With advances in molecular......
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bioavailability
...form of the drug to be used in trials must be described. The stability of the drug in the dosage form and the ability of the dosage form to release the drug appropriately have to be evaluated. Bioavailability (how completely the drug is absorbed from its dosage form) and pharmacokinetic studies in animals and humans also have become important to include in a drug development plan.......
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biocenology
study of the organization and functioning of communities, which are assemblages of interacting populations of the species living within a particular area or habitat....
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biocentrism
...of nature as merely a resource to be managed or exploited for human purposes—a view that they claim is responsible for centuries of environmental destruction. In contrast to anthropocentrism, biocentrism claims that nature has an intrinsic moral worth that does not depend on its usefulness to human beings, and it is this intrinsic worth that gives rise directly to obligations to the......
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bioceramics
ceramic products or components employed in medical and dental applications, mainly as implants and replacements. This article briefly describes the principal ceramic materials and surveys the uses to which they are put in medical and dental applications. For an explanation of important issues in biomedical uses of all materials (including ceramics), see the article materials science: Mat...
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biochar (charcoal)
ceramic products or components employed in medical and dental applications, mainly as implants and replacements. This article briefly describes the principal ceramic materials and surveys the uses to which they are put in medical and dental applications. For an explanation of important issues in biomedical uses of all materials (including ceramics), see the article materials science: Mat...
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biochemical engineering
...operations and environment that influence this production.Bionics. Bionics is the study of living systems so that the knowledge gained can be applied to the design of physical systems.Biochemical engineering. Biochemical engineering includes fermentation engineering, application of engineering principles to microscopic biological systems that are used to create new products by......
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biochemical genetics (genetics)
American geneticist who helped found biochemical genetics when he showed that genes affect heredity by determining enzyme structure. He shared the 1958 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine with Edward Tatum and Joshua Lederberg....
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biochemical lesion (pathology)
Lesions may be classified as anatomic (evident to the unaided senses), histologic (evident only under a microscope), or biochemical (evident only by chemical analysis). A typical gross anatomic lesion might be the solid tumour of a carcinoma of the colon, while the corresponding......
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biochemical oxygen demand (biology)
the amount of oxygen used by microorganisms in the process of breaking down organic matter in water. The more organic matter there is (e.g., in sewage), the greater the number of microbes. The more microbes there are, the greater the need of oxygen to support them; consequently, less oxygen is available for higher animals such as fishes. The BOD is therefore a reliable gauge of the organic ...
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biochemical taxonomy (biology)
method of biological classification based on similarities in the structures of certain compounds among the organisms being classified. Proponents of this taxonomic method argue that proteins, being more closely controlled by the genes and less directly subject to natural s...
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biochemistry (science)
study of the chemical substances and processes that occur in plants, animals, and microorganisms and of the changes they undergo during development and life. It deals with the chemistry of life, and as such it draws on the techniques of analytical, organic, and physical chemistry, as well as those of physiologists concerned ...
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biochip (technology)
Small-scale device, analogous to an integrated circuit, constructed of or used to analyze organic molecules associated with living organisms. One type of theoretical biochip is a small device constructed of large organic molecules, such as proteins, and capable of performing the functions (data storage, processing) of an electronic computer. The other type of biochip is a small ...
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biochrome (biological pigment)
Plants and animals commonly possess characteristic pigments. They range in plants from those that impart the brilliant hues of many fungi, through those that give rise to the various browns, reds, and greens of species that can synthesize their food from inorganic substances (autotrophs), to the colourful pigments found in the flowers of seed......
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biochron (geology)
...the unit in a particular place, on the local stratigraphic range of the fossil plant or animal involved, is called a teilzone. The geological time units corresponding to biozones and teilzones are biochrons and teilchrons, respectively. Biozone is also used synonymously with the terms zone and range zone in stratigraphy. ...
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biochronology
...reliable radiometric data, which are used to establish absolute age. Therefore, the relative ages of Triassic sedimentary rocks—derived from the techniques of superposition, lithology, and biochronology—must be used for correlation. Of these three tools, biochronology, the dating of rock strata according to the known succession of fossilized life-forms found within them, has......
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bioclast (geology)
...with calcium carbonate. The concentric layers of aragonite (in modern oöids) is produced by blue-green algae that affix themselves to the grain nucleus. Skeletal fragments, also known as bioclasts, can be whole fossils or broken fragments of organisms, depending on current and wave strength as well as depositional depth. The content and texture of the bioclast component in any......
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bioclimatology (science)
branch of climatology that deals with the effects of the physical environment on living organisms over an extended period of time. Although Hippocrates touched on these matters 2,000 years ago in his treatise on Air, Waters, and Places, the science of bioclimatology is relatively new. It developed into a significant field of study during the 1960s owin...
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biocompatibility (medicine)
Nevertheless, applications of biomaterials are limited by biocompatibility, the problem of adverse interactions arising at the junction between the biomaterial and the host tissue. Optimizing the interactions that occur at the surface of implanted biomaterials represents the most significant key to further advances, and an excellent basis for these advances can be found in the growing......
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biocomponent fibre
A similar effect can be produced from bicomponent fibres. These are fibres spun from two different types of polymer, which are extruded through holes set side-by-side in such a way that the two filaments join as they coagulate. When the filament is drawn, the two polymers extend to different degrees, producing a helical crimp when the strain is relaxed....
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Biocon India Group (Indian company)
A similar effect can be produced from bicomponent fibres. These are fibres spun from two different types of polymer, which are extruded through holes set side-by-side in such a way that the two filaments join as they coagulate. When the filament is drawn, the two polymers extend to different degrees, producing a helical crimp when the strain is relaxed.......
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biocontrol
The advancement of technology (artificial biology) and the deeper understanding of the processes of biology (natural technology) has given reason to hope that the two can be combined; man-made devices should be substituted for some natural functions. Examples are the artificial heart or kidney, nerve-controlled prosthetics, and control of......
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biocycle
the complex of living organisms, their physical environment, and all their interrelationships in a particular unit of space....
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biodegradability (biology)
Several degradable polyesters are commercially available. These include polyglycolic acid (PGA), polylactic acid (PLA), poly-2-hydroxy butyrate (PHB), and polycaprolactone (PCL), as well as their copolymers:...
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biodegradation (biology)
Several degradable polyesters are commercially available. These include polyglycolic acid (PGA), polylactic acid (PLA), poly-2-hydroxy butyrate (PHB), and polycaprolactone (PCL), as well as their copolymers:...
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biodiesel (fuel)
a fuel made primarily from oily plants (such as the soybean or oil palm) and to a lesser extent from other oily sources (such as waste cooking fat from restaurant deep-frying). Biodiesel, which has found greatest acceptance in Europe, is used in diesel engines and usually blended with petroleum ...
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biodiversity (biology)
the variety of life found in a place on Earth or, often, the total variety of life on Earth. A common measure of this variety, called species richness, is the count of species in an area. Colombia and Kenya, for example, each have more than 1,000 breeding species of birds, whereas the forests of Great Britain and of eastern ...
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Biodiversity Treaty (international treaty)
international treaty designed to promote the conservation of biodiversity and to ensure the sustainable use and equitable sharing of genetic resources. Work on the treaty concluded in Nairobi in May 1992 with the adoption of the Nairobi Final Act by the Nairobi Conference for the Adoption of the Agreed Text of the Convention on Biological Diversity. The convention was opened for signatures at the ...
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bioecology
study of the relationships between organisms and their environment. Some of the most pressing problems in human affairs—expanding populations, food scarcities, environmental pollution including global warming, extinctions of plant and animal spe...
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bioelectric current (biology)
Bioelectric potentials are identical with the potentials produced by devices such as batteries or generators. In nearly all cases, however, a bioelectric current consists of a flow of ions (i.e., electrically charged atoms or molecules), whereas the electric current used for lighting, communication, or power is a movement of......
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bioelectric organ (anatomy)
system of tissues specialized for the production and use of electrical power in a living organism. Well developed in a wide variety of fishes, both marine and freshwater, indicating an early evolutionary development, bioelectric organs probably represent a specialization of a common bioelectrical capacity of all living cells....
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bioelectric potential (bioelectricity)
electric potentials and currents produced by or occurring within living organisms. Bioelectric potentials are generated by a variety of biological processes and generally range in strength from one to a few hundred millivolts. In the electric eel, however, currents of one ampere at 600 to 1,000 volts are generated. A brief treatment of......
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bioelectrical impedance (biology)
...absorptiometry (DXA). However, more practical, albeit less accurate, methods are often used, such as anthropometry, in which subcutaneous fat at various sites is measured using skinfold calipers; bioelectrical impedance, in which resistance to a low-intensity electrical current is used to estimate body fat; and near infrared interactance,.....
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bioelectricity (biology)
electric potentials and currents produced by or occurring within living organisms. Bioelectric potentials are generated by a variety of biological processes and generally range in strength from one to a few hundred millivolts. In the electric eel, however, currents of one ampere at 600 to 1,000 volts are g...
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bioenergy
electric potentials and currents produced by or occurring within living organisms. Bioelectric potentials are generated by a variety of biological processes and generally range in strength from one to a few hundred millivolts. In the electric eel, however, currents of one ampere at 600 to 1,000 volts are g...
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bioengineering
the application of engineering knowledge to the fields of medicine and biology. The bioengineer must be well grounded in biology and have engineering knowledge that is broad, drawing upon electrical, chemical, mechanical, and other engineering disciplines. The bioengineer may work in any of a large range of areas. One of these is the provision of artificial me...
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bioenvironmental engineering
the development of processes and infrastructure for the supply of water, the disposal of waste, and the control of pollution of all kinds. These endeavours protect public health by preventing disease transmission, and they preserve the quality of the environment by averting the contamination and degradation of air, water, a...
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bioethics
branch of applied ethics that studies the philosophical, social, and legal issues arising in medicine and the life sciences. It is chiefly concerned with human life and well-being, though it sometimes also treats ethical questions relating to the nonhuman biological environment. (Such questions are studied primarily in the independent fields of ...
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biofacies (geology)
...By noting the prime physical (or lithological) characteristics, one is able to recognize lithofacies. The biological (or more correctly, paleontological) attributes—the fossils—define biofacies. Both are the direct result of the depositional history of the basin. By ascribing modes of origin to different facies (i.e., interpreting the lithofacies or biofacies) one can......
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biofeedback (behaviour therapy)
information supplied instantaneously about an individual’s own physiological processes. Data concerning a person’s cardiovascular activity (blood pressure and heart rate), temperature, brain waves, or muscle tension is monitored electronically and returned,...
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biofeedback (biology)
in biology, a response within a system (molecule, cell, organism, or population) that influences the continued activity or productivity of that system. In essence, it is the control of a biological reaction by the end products of that reaction....
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biofeedback training (behaviour therapy)
information supplied instantaneously about an individual’s own physiological processes. Data concerning a person’s cardiovascular activity (blood pressure and heart rate), temperature, brain waves, or muscle tension is monitored electronically and returned,...
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biofilm (biology)
aggregate of bacteria held together by a mucuslike matrix of carbohydrate that adheres to a surface. Biofilms can form on the surfaces of liquids, solids, and living tissues, such as those of animals and plants. Organisms in biofilms often display substantially different properties from the same organism in the individual,...
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bioflavinoid (chemical compound)
The bioflavinoids once were thought to prevent scurvy and were designated as vitamin Pc, but additional evidence refuted this claim....
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biofuel
any fuel that is derived from biomass—that is, plant material or animal waste. Since such feedstock material can be replenished readily, biofuel is considered to be a source of renewable energy, unlike fossil fuels such as petroleum, coal, and natural gas. Bio...
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Biofuels—The Next Great Source of Energy? (2007 special report by Lehman)
A boom in the production of biofuel was under way in 2007, especially in the United States, where in January about 75 refineries for producing the biofuel ethanol from corn (maize) were being built or expanded. This construction, not including additional facilities on the drawing board, was expected to double existing capacity, and the deman...
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biogenesis (biology)
...microscopy, they could be grown easily and rapidly. Thus it was that French chemist and microbiologist Louis Pasteur’s studies of microbes published in 1861 helped to establish the principle of biogenesis—namely, that organisms arise only by the reproduction of other organisms. Fundamental ideas regarding the metabolic attributes of cells—that is, their ability to transform...
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biogenetic law (biology)
postulation, by Ernst Haeckel in 1866, that ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny—i.e., the development of the animal embryo and young traces the evolutionary development of the species. The theory was influential and much-popularized earlier but has been of little significance in elucidating either evolution or embryonic growth. ...
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biogenic facies (geology)
Sedimentary facies are either terrigenous, resulting from the accumulation of particles eroded from older rocks and transported to the depositional site; biogenic, representing accumulations of whole or fragmented shells and other hard parts of organisms; or chemical, representing inorganic precipitation of material from solution. As conditions change with time, so different depositional sites......
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biogenic gas
Biogenic gases are gases critical for, and produced by, living organisms. In the contemporary atmosphere, they include oxygen, nitrogen, water vapour, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, methane, ozone, nitrogen dioxide, nitric acid, ammonia and ammonium ions, nitrous oxide,......
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biogenic ice nucleus (meteorology)
As water vapour condenses onto condensation nuclei, the droplets grow in size. Growth proceeds at relative humidity as low as 70 percent, but the rate of growth is very slow. Growth by condensation is most rapid where the air is slightly supersaturated with water vapour. At this point, cloud droplets typical of the size of fog droplets arise. Should temperatures fall to the level where freezing......
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biogenic landform (geology)
any topographic feature that can be attributed to the activity of organisms. Such features are diverse in both kind and scale. Organisms contribute to the genesis of most topography involving rock weathering, although the role they play is usually auxiliary, as demonstrated by bacterial and lichen activity, the effects of root wedging, and solutional erosion made possible by ...
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biogenic ooze (sediment)
...incorporated into the orogenic belts that develop as continental margins are compressed during ocean basin closure. Second, pelagic calcareous oozes are the obvious modern analogues of ancient abyssal plain calcilutites. These oozes are produced by aragonite-secreting plankton that float near the surface (such as foraminiferans and......
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biogenic sediment (sediment)
...incorporated into the orogenic belts that develop as continental margins are compressed during ocean basin closure. Second, pelagic calcareous oozes are the obvious modern analogues of ancient abyssal plain calcilutites. These oozes are produced by aragonite-secreting plankton that float near the surface (such as foraminiferans and......
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biogeochemical cycle (science)
any of the natural circulation pathways of the essential elements of living matter. These elements in various forms flow from the nonliving (abiotic) to the living (biotic) components of the biosphere and back to the nonliving again. In order for the living components of a major ecosystem (e.g., a lake or forest) to survive, all the chemi...
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biogeochemistry
the study of the behaviour of inorganic chemical elements in biologic systems of geologic scope as opposed to organic geochemistry, which is the study of the organic compounds found in geologic mat...
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biogeographic region
area of animal and plant distribution having similar or shared characteristics throughout....
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biogeography
study of the geographic distribution of plants and animals. It is concerned not only with habitation patterns but also with the factors responsible for variations in distribution....
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“Biografía de un cimarrón” (work by Barnet)
Barnet is best known for his Biografía de un cimarrón (1966; Biography of a Runaway Slave, also published as The Autobiography of a Runaway Slave), a trend-setting book that inaugurated and then became the standard for what was to be known as testimonio, or......
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“Biografía del Caribe” (work by Arciniegas)
...of Latin American culture and history that reveal his original perceptions as well as his encyclopaedic knowledge. Such works as Biografía del Caribe (1945; Caribbean, Sea of the New World) and El continente de siete colores (1965; Latin America: A Cultural History) introduced an international audience to......
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“Biografie” (work by Frisch)
...confront them. Frisch’s later plays include Andorra (1961), with its theme of collective guilt, and Biografie (published 1967; Biography), which deals with social relationships and their limitations....
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Biograph Company (American movie studio)
one of the major American motion-picture studios in the early days of filmmaking. Its most significant contribution to cinema comes from the work of D.W. Griffith, the first great director, who developed the art of the cinema during his five years at Biograph. The American Mutoscope and Biograph Company, wh...
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Biographia Literaria (work by Coleridge)
...as the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings and its attack on Neoclassical diction, is regarded as the opening statement of English Romanticism. In England, however, only Coleridge in his Biographia Literaria (1817) embraced the whole complex of Romantic doctrines emanating from Germany; the British empiricist tradition was too firmly rooted to be totally washed aside by the new......
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biographical dictionary
The first real effort toward a specialized encyclopaedia was made in the mid-18th century, and the subject field that it treated was biography. The Allgemeines Gelehrten-Lexicon (1750–51; “General Scholarly Lexicon”) was compiled by Christian Gottlieb Jöcher, a German biographer, and issued by Gleditsch, the publisher of both Hübner and....
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biographical intelligence
This is information collected on the views, traits, habits, skills, importance, relationships, health, and professional history of the leaders and important individuals of a nation. Biographical intelligence is important to those who must decide whether to support a foreign leader. For example, when Fidel Castro first came to power in Cuba in 1959, he claimed to be a nationalist and was even......
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biographical literature (narrative genre)
Form of nonfictional literature whose subject is the life of an individual....
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Biographical Sketch, A (work by Lamartine)
...in 1825, revealed the charm that the English poet Lord Byron exerted over him. Lamartine was elected to the French Academy in 1829, and the following year he published the two volumes of Harmonies poétiques et religieuses, a sort of alleluia, filled with deist—and even occasionally Christian (“L’Hymne au Christ”)—enthusiasm....
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Biographie universelle (compilation by Michaud)
...of note: J.C.F. Hoefer compiled the Nouvelle Biographie générale (1852–66; “New General Biography”), and J.F. Michaud was responsible for the Biographie universelle (1811–62; “Universal Biography”). These two great works were to a certain extent competitive, which helped to improve their coverage and content; they...
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Biographie universelle des musiciens (work by Fétis)
...chamber music, or orchestral and piano works is now performed; rather, he is remembered for his writings. Of lasting importance is his eight-volume Biographie universelle des musiciens . . . (1835–44; “Universal Biography of Musicians”), which, although marred by numerous inaccuracies, remains an invaluable research tool.......
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Biography (work by Frisch)
...confront them. Frisch’s later plays include Andorra (1961), with its theme of collective guilt, and Biografie (published 1967; Biography), which deals with social relationships and their limitations....
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biography (narrative genre)
Form of nonfictional literature whose subject is the life of an individual....
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Biography of a Runaway Slave (work by Barnet)
Barnet is best known for his Biografía de un cimarrón (1966; Biography of a Runaway Slave, also published as The Autobiography of a Runaway Slave), a trend-setting book that inaugurated and then became the standard for what was to be known as testimonio, or......
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bioherm (geology)
ancient organic reef of moundlike form built by a variety of marine invertebrates, including corals, echinoderms, gastropods, mollusks, and others; fossil calcareous algae are prominent in some bioherms. A structure built by similar organisms that is bedded but not moundlike is called a biostrome. Bioherms and biostromes oc...
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“Bioi parallēloi” (work by Plutarch)
Plutarch’s popularity rests primarily on his Parallel Lives. These, dedicated to Trajan’s friend Sosius Senecio, who is mentioned in the lives “Demosthenes,” “Theseus,” and “Dion,” were designed to encourage mutual respect between Greeks and Romans. By exhibiting noble deeds and characters, they were also to provide model patterns of b...
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“Bioi sophistōn” (work by Philostratus)
Gordian was an elderly senator with a taste for literature. The Greek writer Flavius Philostratus dedicated his Lives of the Sophists to him. Early in 238, when Gordian was proconsul in Africa, a group of wealthy young landowners resisted and killed the tax collectors who had been sent to Africa by the emperor Maximinus (reigned 235–238). The insurgents proclaimed.....
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bioinformatics (biology)
Bioinformatics uses computer-centred statistical techniques to handle and analyze the vast amounts of information accumulating from genome sequencing projects. The computer program scans the DNA looking for genes, determining their probable function based on other similar genes, and comparing different DNA molecules for evolutionary......
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Bioko (island and province, Equatorial Guinea)
island in the Bight of Biafra (Gulf of Guinea), lying about 60 miles (100 km) off the coast of southern Nigeria and 100 miles (160 km) northwest of continental Equatorial Guinea, ...
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Biola University (school, Los Angeles, California, United States)
...denominational seminaries, the fundamentalists regrouped around a set of independent Bible institutes and Bible colleges. Many of these schools, such as the Moody Bible Institute in Chicago and the Bible Institute of Los Angeles (now Biola University), not only provided instruction to their students but assumed many of the duties formerly performed by denominational institutions. They published...
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biolith (geology)
any sediment formed from the remains of living organisms or through the physiological activities of organisms. Bioliths are sometimes identifiable as fossil plants or animals....
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biologic (oral drug)
...to a multitude of infections and illnesses that can be life-threatening. Oral drugs that are used to reduce inflammation include methotrexate, cyclosporine, and azathioprine. Oral drugs called biologics (because they are made from human or animal proteins) modulate the immune system by attacking immune cells that are working improperly. Several biologics have been approved for psoriasis,......
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Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention (international agreement [1972])
...of the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on Their Destruction (1972). Commonly known as the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention, the agreement supplemented the Geneva Protocol of 1925 and required all signatories both to refrain from developing and producing biological or toxin weapons......
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biological anthropology
Physical anthropology is concerned with the origin, evolution, and diversity of people. Physical anthropologists work broadly on three major sets of problems: human and nonhuman primate evolution, human variation and its significance , and the biological bases of human behaviour. The course that human evolution has taken and the processes......
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biological assay (biochemistry)
A second area of intense study in nanomedicine is that of developing new diagnostic tools. Motivation for this work ranges from fundamental biomedical research at the level of single genes or cells to point-of-care applications for health delivery services. With advances in molecular......
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