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immunocytochemistry (biochemistry)
...component of a disease-causing bacterium, the antibody can protect an organism from infection by that bacterium. The chemical study of antigens and antibodies and their interrelationship is known as immunochemistry....
immunodeficiency (pathology)
Defect in immunity that impairs the body’s ability to resist infection. The immune system may fail to function for many reasons. Immune disorders caused by a genetic defect are usually evident early in life. Others can be acquired at any age through infections (e.g., AIDS) or immunosuppression. Aspects of the immune...
immunogen (biology)
...of various species, including humans. An antigen that induces an immune response—i.e., stimulates the lymphocytes to produce antibody or to attack the antigen directly—is called an immunogen....
immunogenetics (genetics)
Immunity is the ability of an individual to recognize the “self” molecules that make up one’s own body and to distinguish them from such “nonself” molecules as those found in infectious microorganisms and toxins. This process has a prominent genetic component. Knowledge of the genetic and molecular basis of the mammalian immune system has increased in parallel wi...
immunoglobulin (biochemistry)
a protective protein produced by the immune system in response to the presence of a foreign substance, called an antigen. Antibodies recognize and latch onto antigens in order to remove them from the body. A wide range of substances are regarded by the body as antigens, including disease-causing organisms ...
immunoglobulin A deficiency (pathology)
a protective protein produced by the immune system in response to the presence of a foreign substance, called an antigen. Antibodies recognize and latch onto antigens in order to remove them from the body. A wide range of substances are regarded by the body as antigens, including disease-causing organisms ...
immunoglobulin E (biochemistry)
...are grouped into five classes according to their constant region. Each class is designated by a letter attached to an abbreviation of the word immunoglobulin: IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, and IgE. The classes of antibody differ not only in their constant region but also in activity. For example, IgG, the most common antibody, is present mostly in the blood and tissue fluids, while IgA is...
immunohistochemistry (medicine)
...tissue) involvement; less common is the solely sarcomatoid subtype. The pathologic diagnosis of mesothelioma, using microscopic techniques, can be difficult and often requires that a battery of immunohistochemistry (IHC) tests be performed on each tumour to determine whether it is mesothelioma or perhaps another type of tumour that has spread to the thoracic or abdominal cavity. IHC uses......
immunologic blood test (medicine)
any of a group of diagnostic analyses of blood that are capable of detecting abnormalities of the immune system. Immunity to disease depends on the body’s ability to produce antibodies (immunoglobulins) when challenged by foreign substances (antigens). Antibodies bind to and help eliminate antigens from the body. Th...
immunologic competence (biology)
...that also acts on the hypothalamus in the brain to produce fever. The ability to develop an immune response (i.e., the T cell-mediated and humoral immune responses) to foreign substances is called immunologic competence (immunocompetence). Immunologic competence, which begins to develop during embryonic life, is incomplete at the time of birth but is fully established soon after birth. If an......
immunologic ignorance (biology)
...immune self-destruction is afforded in which self-reactive lymphocytes lose their ability to react to self-antigens when they are encountered in blood and tissues. This state is referred to as immunologic ignorance. Autoimmune diseases arise when this mechanism fails and self-reactive lymphocytes are activated by self-antigens in the host’s own tissues, often with devastating effects.......
immunological memory (biology)
...a second immune response that is led by these long-lasting memory cells, which then give rise to another population of identical effector and memory cells. This secondary mechanism is known as immunological memory, and it is responsible for the lifetime immunities to diseases such as measles that arise from childhood exposure to the causative pathogen....
immunological response (biology)
Allergic reactions with immediate effects are the result of antibody-antigen responses (i.e., they are the products of B-cell stimulation). These can be divided into three basic types....
immunological system (physiology)
the complex group of defense responses found in humans and other advanced vertebrates that helps repel disease-causing organisms (pathogens). Immunity from disease is actually conferred by two cooperative defense systems, called nonspecific, innate immunity and specific, acquired i...
immunology (medicine)
the scientific study of the body’s resistance to invasion by other organisms (i.e., immunity). In a medical sense, immunology deals with the body’s system of defense against disease-causing microorganisms and with disorders in that system’s functioning. The artificial induction of immunity against disease has been known in the West at least since ...
immunophilin (protein)
Rapamycin exerts its immunosuppressive effects by inhibiting the activation and proliferation of T cells. It acts specifically on FK-binding protein 12 (FKBP12), a substance commonly referred to as an immunophilin because it binds to immunosuppressive drugs. In turn, the rapamycin-FKBP12 complex binds to the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), a kinase (an enzyme that adds phosphate groups to......
immunosorbent electron microscope (instrument)
...for the identification of plant pathogens, particularly bacteria, viruses, and viroids. The techniques of traditional scanning microscopy and transmission electron microscopy have been applied to immunosorbent electron microscopy, in which the specimen is subject to an antigen-antibody reaction before observation and scanning tunneling microscopy, which provides information about the surface......
immunosuppressant (medicine)
The dramatic progress made in the transplantation of tissue and organs has been in part due to the use of drugs that modify the immune response in recipients of these tissue and organs. The immunosuppressants are a class of drugs capable of inhibiting the immune system. The action of most cytotoxic drugs or hormonal agents is nonspecific; they may also act upon components of the immune system......
immunosuppression (medical treatment)
Suppression of immunity with drugs, usually to prevent rejection of an organ transplant. Its aim is to allow the recipient to accept the organ permanently with no unpleasant side effects. In some cases the dosage can be reduced or even stopped without causing rejection. Other uses are in the treatment of c...
immunosuppressive drug (medicine)
The dramatic progress made in the transplantation of tissue and organs has been in part due to the use of drugs that modify the immune response in recipients of these tissue and organs. The immunosuppressants are a class of drugs capable of inhibiting the immune system. The action of most cytotoxic drugs or hormonal agents is nonspecific; they may also act upon components of the immune system......
immunotherapy (medicine)
Bladder cancer may be treated through biological therapy, or immunotherapy, in which the body’s own cells, chemicals, or other natural agents are used to help boost the natural immune response against the cancer. In some cases a special type of bacteria is injected directly into the bladder. The body’s immune response is then targeted at the bacteria but also attacks the cancer....
Imo (state, Nigeria)
state, southern Nigeria. Imo is bordered by the states of Anambra to the north, Abia (until 1991 part of Imo state) to the east, and Rivers to the south and west. The British first entered the territory in 1901, when they established a military post in the region. Imo consists of coastal lowlands to the east of the Niger River...
IMO
...meteorological observation system, the application of meteorology to other fields, and the development of national meteorological services in less-developed countries. The WMO was preceded by the International Meteorological Organization (IMO), a nongovernmental organization of the heads of various national weather services founded in 1873. The WMO was created by the World Meteorological......
IMO
United Nations (UN) specialized agency created to develop international treaties and other mechanisms on maritime safety; to discourage discriminatory and restrictive practices in international trade and unfair practices by shipping concerns; and to reduce maritime pollution...
Imogen (fictional character)
In the play Cymbeline, the king of Britain, decides that his daughter, Imogen, must marry his horrid stepson Cloten. When Cymbeline learns that Imogen is secretly married to Posthumus, he banishes Posthumus, who heads for Rome. In a conversation with a villainous Italian, Iachimo, Posthumus finds himself drawn unwisely into betting Iachimo that Imogen’s fidelity to her marriage is unassaila...
imogolite (mineral)
Imogolite is an aluminosilicate with an approximate composition of SiO2 · Al2O3 · 2.5H2O. This mineral was discovered in 1962 in a soil derived from glassy volcanic ash known as “imogo.” Electron-optical observations indicate that imogolite has a unique morphological feature of smooth and curved threadlike tubes varying in......
Imola (Italy)
town and episcopal see, Emilia-Romagna regione, northern Italy. Imola lies along the Santerno River, southeast of Bologna. Its Forum Cornelii was a station on the Roman road Via Aemilia. The town was devastated in the 6th century by the Byzantine emperor Justinian I but was rebuilt and fortified by ...
imou pine (tree)
(Dacrydium cupressinum), coniferous timber tree of the family Podocarpaceae, native to New Zealand. The rimu tree may attain a height of 45 metres (150 feet) or more. The wood is reddish brown to yellowish brown, with a distinctive figuring, or...
Imouthes (Egyptian architect, physician, and statesman)
vizier, sage, architect, astrologer, and chief minister to Djoser (reigned 2630–2611 bce), the second king of Egypt’s third dynasty, who was later worshipped as the god of medicine in Egypt and in Greece, where he was identified with the Greek god of medicine, Asclepius. He is considered to have been the architect of the st...
IMPAC Dublin Literary Award (international literary award)
international literary award for fiction established by civic charter in Dublin in 1994 and first awarded in 1996....
impact (mechanics)
in physics, the sudden, forceful coming together in direct contact of two bodies, such as, for example, two billiard balls, a golf club and a ball, a hammer and a nail head, two railroad cars when being coupled together, or a falling object and a floor. Apart from the properties of the mate...
impact crater (landform)
depression that results from the impact of a natural object from interplanetary space with Earth or with other comparatively large solid bodies such as the Moon, other planets and their satellites, or larger asteroids and comets. For this discussion, the term meteorite crater is considered to be synonymous with impact crater...
impact forging (technology)
Several other forging processes are also used. In roll forging, the metal blank is run through matched rotating rolls with impressions sunk in their surfaces. Impact forging is essentially hammer forging in which both dies are moved horizontally, converging on the workpiece. Counterblow forging is similar, except that the dies converge vertically. A principal advantage of these last two methods......
impact fuse (ignition device)
Several types of fuzes are used in bombs. Impact fuzes, historically the most common type, are set in the bomb’s nose and detonate upon impact, setting off the main charge. A time fuze, by contrast, acts after a controlled delay. Another type, the proximity fuze, senses when a target is close enough to be destroyed by the bomb’s explosion. The sensor is typically a small radar set th...
impact fuze (ignition device)
Several types of fuzes are used in bombs. Impact fuzes, historically the most common type, are set in the bomb’s nose and detonate upon impact, setting off the main charge. A time fuze, by contrast, acts after a controlled delay. Another type, the proximity fuze, senses when a target is close enough to be destroyed by the bomb’s explosion. The sensor is typically a small radar set th...
impact injury (trauma)
the damage caused by the collision of a body with a moving or stationary object. Impact injuries can occur in any accident involving moving vehicles, such as automobiles, motorcycles, and trains, parachute landings, seat ejections, aircraft crashes, rocket accelerations and decelerations, and supersonic windblasts. The extent of injury depends upon the velocity, distance travell...
impact ionization (physics)
...1). A satisfactory electrode arrangement enables the production of a beam of ions much more nearly homogeneous in energy than with the arc, greatly simplifying the ensuing analyzing method. Electron impact has remained the most widely used method of ionization in mass spectrometry. It is subject to problems common to the arc: an almost total lack of selectivity as to the chemical element ionize...
impact period (psychology)
In disasters such as floods and some hurricanes there is a distinctly long period of impact, which can be separated from a subsequent period of stocktaking or immobility. In earthquakes and explosions, on the other hand, the impact is so brief that the periods can hardly be separated. The combined period of impact and stocktaking is marked initially by a fragmentation of human relations, as......
impact printer (computer hardware)
Computer printers are commonly divided into two general classes according to the way they produce images on paper: impact and nonimpact. In the first type, images are formed by the print mechanism making contact with the paper through an ink-coated ribbon. The mechanism consists either of print hammers shaped like characters or of a print head containing a row of pins that produce a pattern of......
impact test
Test of the ability of a material to withstand impact, used by engineers to predict its behaviour under actual conditions. Many materials fail suddenly under impact, at flaws, cracks, or notches. The most common impact tests use a swinging pendulum to strike a notched bar; heights before and after impact are used to compute ...
impact wrench (tool)
Power or impact wrenches are used for tightening or loosening nuts quickly. They are essentially small handheld electric or pneumatic motors that can rotate socket wrenches at high speed. They are equipped with a torque-limiting device that will stop the rotation of the socket wrench when a preset torque is reached. Pneumatic wrenches are commonly used in automobile service stations, where......
impacted fracture (pathology)
...or greenstick, fracture occurs when the bone cracks and bends but does not completely break; when the bone does break into separate pieces, the condition is called a complete fracture. An impacted fracture occurs when the broken ends of the bone are jammed together by the force of the injury. A comminuted fracture is one in which the broken ends of the bone are shattered into many......
impaired hearing
partial or total inability to hear. The two principal types of deafness are conduction deafness and nerve deafness. In conduction deafness, there is interruption of the sound vibrations in their passage from the outer world to the nerve cells in the inn...
impairment (physiology)
...Indeed, often enough one may be “fatigued” without knowing it, indicating the predominance of relatively subpersonalistic factors at work. Such factors can be lumped under the term impairment, mentioned originally as one of the major forms of human inadequacy. While transient impairment and personalistic fatigue generally have not been distinguished from each other by many......
impala (mammal)
swift-running antelope, the most abundant ruminant in the savannas of eastern and southern Africa. It is often seen in large breeding herds closely shepherded by a territorial male. The impala can be described as perfection in an antelope; it is both beautiful and athletic—a world...
impala lily (plant)
...and Amsonia sometimes are grown as ornamentals. The genera Adenium and Pachypodium are African succulents with alternate leaves and strangely shaped trunks. The impala lily (Adenium multiflorum) is an ornamental shrub with star-shaped flowers and large underground tubers. Arrow poisons are obtained from many plants in the dogbane family, and the......
impalement (heraldry)
...or semé when strewn with minor charges; when charged with drops of liquid, it is gutté. Partition lines divide the shield. The most common ones are straight. Impalement means the division of the shield into two equal parts by a straight line from the top to bottom. This method is used to show either the arms of husband and wife, the arms of the......
Impassioned Clay (book by Powys)
...his experiences in Kenya from 1914 to 1919; Skin for Skin (1925), a philosophical narrative of his confrontation with tuberculosis (from which he suffered until his death); Impassioned Clay (1931), an exploration of spirituality; and Love and Death (1939), a partly fictionalized account of and reflection on a love affair....
impasto (art)
paint that is applied to a canvas or panel in quantities that make it stand out from the surface. Impasto was used frequently to mimic the broken-textured quality of highlights—i.e., the surfaces of objects that are struck by an intense light. Impasto came into its own in the 17th century, when such Baroque painters as Rembrandt, ...
Impatiens (plant genus)
large genus of herbaceous plants, belonging to the balsam family (Balsaminaceae), that are widely distributed in Asia, Africa, and North America. Some are regarded as weeds but others are popular garden plants. The name, meaning “impatient,” refers to the readiness with which the plants’ seeds are dispersed. The ripe seedpod bursts upon slight pressure, thus scattering the see...
Impatiens balsamina (plant)
Impatiens balsamina, the garden balsam, is native to the tropics of Asia but has long been cultivated in temperate regions of the world. In its many horticultural forms it is one of the showiest of garden flowers and is relatively easy to cultivate. I. capensis, also known as I. biflora, and I. pallida,, both known variously as touch-me-not,......
Impatiens capensis (plant)
...of Asia but has long been cultivated in temperate regions of the world. In its many horticultural forms it is one of the showiest of garden flowers and is relatively easy to cultivate. I. capensis, also known as I. biflora, and I. pallida,, both known variously as touch-me-not, snapweed, and jewelweed, are common weeds native to extensive regions of......
Impatiens pallida (plant species)
...world. In its many horticultural forms it is one of the showiest of garden flowers and is relatively easy to cultivate. I. capensis, also known as I. biflora, and I. pallida,, both known variously as touch-me-not, snapweed, and jewelweed, are common weeds native to extensive regions of eastern North America. I. noli-tangere, also known as......
Impatients, Les (work by Djebar)
Djebar’s career as a novelist began in 1957 with the publication of her first novel, La Soif (The Mischief). It was followed by Les Impatients (1958; “The Impatient Ones”), which similarly dealt with the colonial Algerian bourgeois milieu....
impeachment (law)
in common law, a criminal proceeding instituted against a public official by a legislative body. In Great Britain the House of Commons serves as prosecutor and the House of Lords as judge in an impeachment proceeding. In the federal government of the United States the House of Representatives...
impedance (physics)
measure of the total opposition that a circuit or a part of a circuit presents to electric current. Impedance includes both resistance and reactance. The resistance component arises from collisions of the current-carrying charged particles with the internal structure of the conductor. T...
impedance audiometry (audiology)
A simple and objective means of testing hearing at the level of the cochlea and brain stem is supplied by impedance audiometry. Two small tubes are sealed into the external canal. Through one tube sound from a small loudspeaker is injected into the canal. The portion that is reflected from the tympanic membrane is picked up by the other tube and led to a microphone, amplifier, and recorder.......
impedance mismatch (physics)
Mediums in which the speed of sound is different generally have differing acoustic impedances, so that, when a sound wave strikes an interface between the two, it encounters an impedance mismatch. As a result, some of the wave reflects while some is transmitted into the second medium. In the case of the well-known bell-in-vacuum experiment, the impedance mismatches between the bell and the air......
impedance-matching transformer (electronics)
Impedance-matching transformers are used to match the impedance of a source and that of its load, for most efficient transfer of energy. Isolation transformers are usually employed for reasons of safety to isolate a piece of equipment from the source of power....
Impediments to Theological Study (work by Spener)
...to be the court chaplain in Dresden, where he was soon disillusioned by the unresponsiveness and vulgarity of the court and the hostility of the pastors. While in Dresden he wrote Impediments to Theological Study (1690), which was hardly calculated to win friends at the famous University of Leipzig, and made the acquaintance of a young instructor, August Hermann Francke...
impeller (engineering)
device for moving liquids and gases. The two major parts of the device are the impeller (a wheel with vanes) and the circular pump casing around it. In the most common type, called the volute centrifugal pump, fluid enters the pump at high speed near the centre of the rotating impeller and is thrown against the casing by the vanes. The centrifugal pressure forces the fluid through an opening......
Impending Crisis of the South, The: How to Meet It (work by Helper)
Despite his limited education, Helper was suddenly catapulted into the national limelight in 1857 with the publication of The Impending Crisis of the South: How to Meet It, in which he attacked slavery not because it exploited the black bondsman but because it victimized nonslaveholding whites and inhibited Southern economic progress. As almost the only Southern protest against slavery......
Impending Disruption of the Union, The (speech by Buchanan)
...
Imperata brevifolia (plant)
...constituting the genus Imperata (family Poaceae), native to temperate and tropical regions of the Old World. Cogon grass is a serious weed in cultivated areas of South Africa and Australia. Satintail (I. brevifolia), a tall grass native to western North America, has a thin, silvery flower cluster. Each spikelet bears many long, silky hairs....
Imperata cylindrica (plant)
one of about seven species of perennials constituting the genus Imperata (family Poaceae), native to temperate and tropical regions of the Old World. Cogon grass is a serious weed in cultivated areas of South Africa and Australia. Satintail (I. brevifolia), a tall gra...
imperative ending (linguistics)
To mark mood and tense, imperfective verbs that did not have a mood suffix distinguished three subtypes of active and mediopassive endings: imperative, primary, and secondary. Verbs with imperative endings belonged to the imperative mood (used for commands)—e.g., *H1s-dhí ‘be (singular),’ *H1és-tu ...
imperative language (computing)
COBOL, FORTRAN, and their descendants, such as Pascal and C, are known as imperative languages, since they specify as a sequence of explicit commands how the machine is to go about solving the problem at hand; this is not very different from what takes place at the machine level. Other languages are functional, in the sense that programming is done by calling (i.e., invoking) functions or......
imperative mood (grammar)
Languages frequently distinguish grammatically three moods: the indicative, the imperative, and the subjunctive. The indicative is generally used for factual or neutral situations, as in English “John did his work” and Spanish “Juan hizo su trabajo.” The imperative conveys commands or requests—for example, “Do your work.” It is distinguished by the....
imperator (title)
title designating the sovereigns of the ancient Roman Empire and, by derivation, various later European rulers; it is also applied loosely to certain non-European monarchs....
Imperceptible Mutabilities in the Third Kingdom (play by Parks)
...her to try playwriting. She wrote her first play, The Sinner’s Place (produced 1984), while still in school. She won Obie Awards for her third play, Imperceptible Mutabilities in the Third Kingdom (produced 1989), and for her eighth, Venus (produced 1996), about a South African Khoisan woman taken to Engl...
imperfect competition (economics)
...of affairs, known as “perfect competition,” is quite contrary to the general run of business experience, particularly in bad times when under-capacity working is prevalent. A theory of imperfect competition was invented to reconcile the traditional theory with under-capacity working but was attacked as unrealistic. The upshot was a general recognition that strict profit maximizing...
imperfect flower (plant anatomy)
A complete flower contains all four organs, while an incomplete flower is missing at least one. A bisexual (or “perfect”) flower has both stamens and carpels, and a unisexual (or “imperfect”) flower either lacks stamens (and is called carpellate) or lacks carpels (and is called staminate). Species with both staminate flowers and carpellate flowers on the same plant......
imperfect information (mathematics)
A “saddlepoint” in a two-person constant-sum game is the outcome that rational players would choose. (Its name derives from its being the minimum of a row that is also the maximum of a column in a payoff matrix—to be illustrated shortly—which corresponds to the shape of a saddle.) A saddlepoint always exists in games of perfect information but may or may not exist in......
imperfective aspect (linguistics)
The imperfective aspect, traditionally called “present,” was used for repeated actions and for ongoing processes or states—e.g., *stí-stH2-(e)- ‘stand up more than once, be in the process of standing up,’ *mn̥-yé- ‘ponder, think,’ *H1es- ‘be.’ The ...
Imperia (Italy)
town, Liguria regione, northwestern Italy. It lies on that part of the Riviera di Ponente known as the Riviera dei Fiori, northeast of San Remo. Formed in 1923 by the union of Porto Maurizio, Oneglia, and several villages, the town took its name from the Torrente Impero (“Impero Stream...
Imperial (river, Chile)
Two partially navigable rivers, the Imperial and the Toltén, traverse southern Araucanía region from east to west. The cordilleran ridges and volcanoes at Tolguaca, Lonquimay, and Llaima and the forests, lakes, and hot springs at Tolguaca, Río Blanco, and Manzanares are prime scenic attractions. Tourism, however, ranks below farming (especially in wheat), cattle raising,......
Imperial Academy of Fine Arts (academy, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil)
Western styles of painting began developing in Brazil in the 18th century. In the 19th century, particularly during the reign of Emperor Pedro II, the Imperial Academy of Fine Arts in Rio de Janeiro drove the development of Brazilian painting, which was largely influenced by Neoclassical and Romantic styles. The academy organized art collections, held exhibitions and competitions, and trained a......
Imperial Airways Ltd. (British airline)
...when, with the award of government subsidies, four small postwar companies (Handley Page Transport Ltd., Instone Air Line Ltd., Daimler Airway, and British Marine Air Navigation Co.) merged to form Imperial Airways Ltd., one of the pioneers of intercontinental air routes. Inheriting 1,760 miles (2,830 km) of British and cross-Channel routes, Imperial Airways spanned Europe and Asia as far as......
Imperial Ancestors, Temple of the (building, Beijing, China)
To the east of Tiananmen Square within the People’s Cultural Park is the Working People’s Cultural Palace (formerly the Temple of the Imperial Ancestors), where the tablets of the emperors were displayed. The temple, like the Imperial Palaces in style, was built in three stonework tiers, each with double eaves. On either side are two rows of verandas surrounding a vast courtyard larg...
Imperial and Court Officials, Laws for the (Japanese history)
...captured Ōsaka Castle, destroying Hideyori and the Toyotomi family. Immediately afterward, the Laws for the Military Houses (Buke Shohatto) and the Laws for the Imperial and Court Officials (Kinchū Narabi ni Kuge Shohatto) were promulgated as the legal basis for bakufu control of the daimyo and the imperial court. In 1616 Ieyasu died, the succession already having been......
Imperial Ballet School (Russian ballet school)
Georgy Balanchivadze, a Georgian, was one of a generation of dancers who spent the World War I years at the Imperial School of Ballet at the Mariinsky Theatre. The theatre closed for some months in 1917, and, until the Imperial School reopened in 1918 as the Soviet State School of Ballet, he had to support himself with unskilled jobs or by playing piano in a cinema. After three more years of......
Imperial Birthday Music, The (work by Wu Hou)
...A similarly grandiose piece is Music of Grand Victory credited to the next Tang emperor, Gaozong (649–683). Wu Hou (d. 705) is said to have written The Imperial Birthday Music, in which the dancers form out the characters meaning “Long Live the Emperor” in the best modern marching-band tradition. Music inside the palace......
Imperial British East Africa Company (British colonial organization)
His next enterprise was under the imperial British East Africa Company, one of the chartered companies that preceded imperial annexation in Africa. Leaving Mombasa in August 1890, he led a caravan for five months along an almost untrodden route of 800 miles (1,300 km) to the advanced kingdom of Buganda. Here he found a complex struggle going on among animists, Muslims, Protestants, and Roman......
Imperial Chemical Industries PLC (British corporation)
major British corporation that was founded in 1926 as Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd. to amalgamate four major British chemical companies: Brunner, Mond & Co. Ltd., Nobel Industries Ltd., United Alkali Company Ltd., and British Dyestuffs Corporation Ltd. Between World Wars I and II, ICI was a major competitor of Germany’s IG Farb...
imperial city (Holy Roman Empire)
any of the cities and towns of the Holy Roman Empire that were subject only to the authority of the emperor, or German king, on whose demesne (personal estate) the earliest of them originated. The term freie Reichsstadt, or Free Imperial City, w...
Imperial City (Beijing, China)
...was in the form of an oblong adjoining the inner city, with walls that were 14 miles (23 km) in length, including 4 miles (6 km) of the southern wall of the inner city. Within the inner city was the Imperial City, also in the form of a square, which had red plastered walls 6.5 miles (10.5 km) in length. The only remaining portions of that wall are on either side of the Tiananmen (Tian’an...
Imperial College (college, London, United Kingdom)
institution of higher learning in London. It is one of the leading research colleges or universities in England. Its main campus is located in South Kensington (in Westminster), and its medical school is linked with several London teaching hospitals. Its three- to five-year courses of study lead to bachelor’s, master’s, and doctorate degrees. The...
Imperial Conference (1941, Japan)
On July 2, 1941, the Imperial Conference decided to press the Japanese advance southward even at the risk of war with Great Britain and the United States; and this policy was pursued even when Matsuoka was relieved of office a fortnight later. On July 26, in pursuance of a new agreement with Vichy France, Japanese forces began to occupy bases in southern Indochina....
Imperial Conferences (British Empire and Commonwealth)
Periodic meetings held between 1907 and 1937 by the dominions within the British Empire and later the Commonwealth. Convened to discuss mutual defense and economic issues, they passed nonbinding resolutions. However, the Statute of Westminster implemented decisions made at the 1926 and 1930 conferences that described the self-governing domin...
Imperial Cricket Conference (sports organization)
...of Pakistan cricket, had rarely bowled no balls in the past.) The new Pakistan captain, Salman Butt, was also implicated in the scandal and, along with Amir and Asif, was later suspended by the International Cricket Council (ICC), pending internal and criminal investigations....
Imperial Crown (crown of Holy Roman emperor)
crown created in the 10th century for coronations of the Holy Roman emperors. Although made for Otto the Great (912–973), it was named for Charlemagne, the first Holy Roman emperor....
Imperial Defence College (military college, London, United Kingdom)
...Royal Naval College, Dartmouth; and air force cadets train at the Royal Air Force College, Cranwell (founded 1920). Selected commissioned officers are educated in higher strategy and policy at the Imperial Defence College....
Imperial Diet (Japanese government)
the national legislature of Japan....
Imperial Economic Conference (Canada [1932])
...policy of imperial preference. Such a policy—based on the principle of “home producers first, empire producers second, and foreign producers last”—was negotiated at the Imperial Economic Conference in Ottawa in 1932 and took the form of a series of bilateral agreements intended to extend for five years (lacking a formal renewal, they expired after 1937)....
Imperial Edict (Ottoman Empire [1856])
...to 1861 who issued two major social and political reform edicts known as the Hatt-ı Şerif of Gülhane (Noble Edict of the Rose Chamber) in 1839 and the Hatt-ı Hümayun (Imperial Edict) in 1856, heralding the new era of Tanzimat (“Reorganization”)....
Imperial Flanders (historical region, Europe)
...The count of Flanders thus became a feudatory of the empire as well as of the French crown. The French fiefs are known in Flemish history as Crown Flanders (Kroon-Vlaanderen), the German fiefs as Imperial Flanders (Rijks-Vlaanderen). Baldwin’s son—afterward Baldwin V—rebelled in 1028 against his father at the instigation of his wife, Adela, daughter of Robert II of France; ...
Imperial Force (Japanese military group)
...to Japan in 1870, he became secretary to the vice minister of military affairs. Intending to abolish the system of the feudal domains and to centralize political power, he proposed forming an Imperial Force (Goshimpei). In early 1871, when a force of about 10,000 men drawn from the feudal armies was organized, Yamagata was promoted to vice minister of military affairs. This Imperial Force......
Imperial, Francisco (Italian-Castilian writer)
...important Cancionero general (1511) of Hernando del Castillo; among the latter’s 128 named poets is Florencia Pinar, one of the first women poets in Castilian to be identified by name. Francisco Imperial, a Genoese who settled in Sevilla and a leader among new poets, drew on Dante, attempting to transplant the Italian hendecasyllable (11-syllable line) to Spanish poetry....
Imperial Garden (garden, Beijing, China)
...the Inner Court, which contains the three halls that composed the imperial living quarters. Adjacent to these palaces, at the northernmost limit of the Forbidden City, is the 3-acre (1.2-hectare) Imperial Garden, the organic design of which seems to depart from the rigid symmetry of the rest of the compound. The garden was designed as a place of relaxation for the emperor, with a fanciful......
Imperial Germany and the Industrial Revolution (work by Veblen)
...effort; too much of humankind’s energy was wasted through inefficient institutions. The outbreak of World War I deepened Veblen’s pessimism for the prospects of the human race. In Imperial Germany and the Industrial Revolution (1915), he suggested that Germany had an advantage over democratic states such as the United Kingdom and France because its autocra...