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fundamental particle (physics)
Electrons and quarks contain no discernible structure; they cannot be reduced or separated into smaller components. It is therefore reasonable to call them “elementary” particles, a name that in the past was mistakenly given to particles such as the proton, which is in fact a complex particle that contains quarks. The term subatomic particle refers both to the true elementary....
Fundamental Principles of Old and New World Civilizations, The (work by Nuttall)
...Nuttall lived in Europe, headquartered in Dresden, Germany, but traveling widely for study and to attend scholarly congresses. The results of her wide-ranging investigations were published in The Fundamental Principles of Old and New World Civilizations (1901), in which she traced cultural parallels between ancient Middle Eastern and American civilizations and hypothesized that......
Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysics of Morals (work by Kant)
...spelled “Critik” and “practischen”; Critique of Practical Reason), the result of this intention, is the standard source book for his ethical doctrines. The earlier Grundlegung zur Metaphysik der Sitten (1785) is a shorter and, despite its title, more readily comprehensible treatment of the same general topic. Both differ from Die Metaphysik der......
Fundamental Principles of the Sociology of Law (work by Ehrlich)
...the second component was more novel, readers of Ehrlich tended to overlook the first, and some believed mistakenly that he had dismissed formal law entirely. His major work was Fundamental Principles of the Sociology of Law (1913), which discusses the laws of different countries and concludes that legal development takes place less through legislation or judicial......
fundamental problem (linguistics)
A fundamental insight of philosophical rationalism is that human creativity crucially depends on an innate system of concept generation and combination. According to Chomsky, children display “ordinary” creativity—appropriate and innovative use of complexes of concepts—from virtually their first words. With language, they bring to bear thousands of rich and articulate.....
Fundamental Rights and Freedoms, Charter of (1991, Czechoslovakia)
...establishing the Czech Republic as a parliamentary democracy. This document reflects the Western liberal tradition of political thought and incorporates many of the principles codified in the Charter of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms, which was adopted by the former Czechoslovak Federal Assembly in January 1991. The constitution provides for a bicameral Parliament consisting of a Chamber......
Fundamental Rights, Charter of (European Constitution)
...or her own supporting diplomatic service, the European External Action Service, and would represent the EU’s interests in foreign affairs—for example, in official dealings with the UN.A formal Charter of Fundamental Rights was incorporated into the constitution and given legal force. It stated: “Any discrimination based on any ground such as sex, race, colour, ethnic or soc...
Fundamental Rights, Declaration of (German history)
At the Frankfurt convention during the Revolution of 1848, his ideas were incorporated into the Declaration of Fundamental Rights, a draft constitution envisaging a constitutional monarchy under Prussian leadership, freedom of speech and religion, and equality before the law. When the Frankfurt assembly elected Frederick William IV emperor of Germany, Dahlmann was appointed a member of the......
Fundamental Rules of International Humanitarian Law Applicable in Armed Conflicts (1978)
One of the Fundamental Rules of International Humanitarian Law Applicable in Armed Conflicts, which were prepared by the International Committee of the Red Cross in 1978, requires parties to a conflict to distinguish at all times “between the civilian population and combatants in order to spare civilian population and property. Neither the civilian population as such nor civilian persons......
fundamental shock (economics)
...to distinguish shocks that come about as a result of other shocks (e.g., a change in the prime rate resulting from a rise in inflation) and those that occur independently. Independent shocks, called fundamental shocks, can then be interpreted using a technique called impulse-response analysis to identify their effects over time on various macroeconomic indicators. Part of the significance of......
fundamental symmetry (physics)
Newtonian mechanics is characterized by a number of “fundamental symmetries.” A fundamental symmetry is a category of fact about the world that in principle makes no dynamical difference. Both absolute position and velocity, for example, play no dynamical role in Newtonian mechanics. Perhaps surprisingly, neither does the direction of time....
fundamental tensor (mathematics)
Two tensors, called the metrical tensor and the curvature tensor, are of particular interest. The metrical tensor is used, for example, in converting vector components into magnitudes of vectors. For simplicity, consider the two-dimensional case with simple perpendicular coordinates. Let vector V have the components V1, V2. Then by the Pythagorean......
fundamental theorem of algebra
Theorem of equations proved by Carl Friedrich Gauss in 1799. It states that every polynomial equation of degree n with complex number coefficients has n roots, or solutions, in the complex numbers....
fundamental theorem of arithmetic
Fundamental principle of number theory proved by Carl Friedrich Gauss in 1801. It states that any integer greater than 1 can be expressed as the product of prime numbers in only one way....
fundamental theorem of calculus
Basic principle of calculus. It relates the derivative to the integral and provides the principal method for evaluating definite integrals (see differential calculus; integral calculus). In brief, it states that any function that is continuous...
fundamental theorem of natural selection (biology)
In developing the concept of inclusive fitness, Hamilton saw himself as taking on the task of generalizing the famous fundamental theorem of natural selection of British geneticist and statistician R.A. Fisher, which was limited to individual fitness. Fisher’s theorem stated that populations displaying a range of fitness can evolve more quickly than populations in which the fitness of......
fundamental theorem of similarity (mathematics)
...are said to be proportional if a:b = c:d (read, a is to b as c is to d; in older notation a:b::c:d). The fundamental theorem of similarity states that a line segment splits two sides of a triangle into proportional segments if and only if the segment is parallel to the triangle’s third side....
Fundamental Theory (work by Eddington)
...of the electron, and the number of atoms in the universe. This was an attempt, never completed, at a vast synthesis of the known facts of the physical universe; it was published posthumously as Fundamental Theory (1946), edited by Sir Edmund Taylor Whittaker, a book that is incomprehensible to most readers and perplexing in many places to all, but which represents a continuing challenge....
fundamental tissue (plant anatomy)
The ground tissue system arises from a ground tissue meristem and consists of three simple tissues: parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma (Figure 5). The cells of each simple tissue bear the same name as their respective tissue....
fundamental tone (sound)
in acoustics, tone sounding above the fundamental tone when a string or air column vibrates as a whole, producing the fundamental, or first harmonic. If it vibrates in sections, it produces overtones, or harmonics. The listener normally hears the fundamental pitch clearly; with concentration, overtones may be heard....
fundamentalism (religious movement)
type of militantly conservative religious movement characterized by the advocacy of strict conformity to sacred texts. Once used exclusively to refer to American Protestants who insisted on the inerrancy of the Bible, the term fundamentalism was applied more broadly beginning in the late 20th century to a wide variety of religious movem...
fundamentalism, Christian (American Protestant movement)
movement in American Protestantism that arose in the late 19th century in reaction to theological modernism, which aimed to revise traditional Christian beliefs to accommodate new developments in the natural and social sciences, especially the advent of the theory of biological evolution. In keeping with traditional Christian doctrines concerning biblical inte...
fundamentalism, Islamic (religion and politcs)
Because the term fundamentalism is Christian in origin, because it carries negative connotations, and because its use in an Islamic context emphasizes the religious roots of the phenomenon while neglecting the nationalistic and social grievances that underlie it, many scholars prefer to call Islamic fundamentalists “Islamists” and to speak of “Islamist movements”...
Fundamentalism Project, The (work by Marty and Appleby)
In the late 20th century the most influential—and the most controversial—study of fundamentalism was The Fundamentalism Project (1991–95), a series of five volumes edited by the American scholars Martin E. Marty and R. Scott Appleby. Marty and Appleby viewed fundamentalism primarily as the militant rejection of secular modernity. They argued that fundamentalism is...
“Fundamentals: A Testimony to the Truth, The” (Protestant literature)
Continuing conservative militancy led to the founding of the American Bible League in 1902 and the subsequent publication of The Fundamentals: A Testimony to the Truth (1910–15), a series of 12 booklets comprising articles by conservative leaders from across the country. The series, which would eventually give the conservatives their name, attacked modernist......
Fundamentals of Learning, The (work by Thorndike)
In The Fundamentals of Learning (1932), Edward Thorndike, a psychologist at Columbia University, New York City, first suggested that human learning consists of some unknown property of connections between neurons in the brain. In The Organization of Behavior (1949), Donald Hebb, a psychologist at McGill University, Montreal, Canada, suggested that learning......
Fundamentals of Organ Playing (work by Paumann)
...relatively extensive documentation comes from the 15th century, particularly from German sources, such as the Buxheimer Orgelbuch and Conrad Paumann’s Fundamentum organisandi (Fundamentals of Organ Playing). The compositions in both collections are of two basic types, arrangements of vocal works and keyboard pieces entitled Praeambulum (Prelude)....
Fundamentals, The (Protestant literature)
Continuing conservative militancy led to the founding of the American Bible League in 1902 and the subsequent publication of The Fundamentals: A Testimony to the Truth (1910–15), a series of 12 booklets comprising articles by conservative leaders from across the country. The series, which would eventually give the conservatives their name, attacked modernist......
Fundamento de Esperanto (work by Zamenhof)
...congresses in various European cities, Zamenhof delivered a number of memorable addresses, but he renounced formal leadership of the Esperanto movement at Kraków, Poland, in 1912. His Fundamento de Esperanto (1905; 17th ed., 1979; “Basis of Esperanto”) established the principles of Esperanto structure and formation....
Fundamentum Historiae Naturalis Muscorum Frondosorum (work by Hedwig)
...grant him a license to practice medicine. In 1781 he returned to Leipzig and became professor of medicine in 1786 and of botany in 1789. Meanwhile, he had begun a study of the mosses and produced Fundamentum Historiae Naturalis Muscorum Frondosorum, 2 vol. (1782–83; “Elements of the Natural History of Leafy Mosses”), in which he dealt with the anatomy, fertilization,...
“Fundamentum organisandi” (work by Paumann)
...relatively extensive documentation comes from the 15th century, particularly from German sources, such as the Buxheimer Orgelbuch and Conrad Paumann’s Fundamentum organisandi (Fundamentals of Organ Playing). The compositions in both collections are of two basic types, arrangements of vocal works and keyboard pieces entitled Praeambulum (Prelude)....
fundamiji (Japanese art)
in Japanese lacquerwork, variation of the jimaki technique. In this kind of ground decoration, a thick layer of fine gold or silver grains is dusted onto a freshly lacquered surface and, when dry, covered with a clear lacquer. After this has dried, it is polished with powdered charcoal and given a fine finish by fingertip polishing with a mixture of ...
Fundão (Brazil)
city, east-central Espírito Santo estado (state), eastern Brazil. It lies on the Fundão River about 28 miles (45 km) from the state capital, Vitória. Situated at an elevation of 135 feet (41 metres) above sea level in an area whe...
Fundatissimus, Doctor (Augustinian theologian)
Scholastic theologian, philosopher, logician, archbishop, and general and intellectual leader of the Order of the Hermit Friars of St. Augustine....
Fundi (Italy)
town, Lazio (Latium) regione, south-central Italy. It lies along the Appian Way at the foot of the Aurunci Mountains, northeast of Fondi Lake and 56 miles (90 km) southeast of Rome. Originally a town of the ancient Volsci people, it received Roman citizensh...
funding (finance)
Funding...
funds statement (accounting)
Companies also prepare a third financial statement, the statement of cash flows. Cash flows result from three major aspects of the business: (1) operating activities, (2) investing activities, and (3) financing activities. These three categories are illustrated in Table 3....
fundus (eye)
...an instrument that permits the observer to illuminate the interior of the eyeball while observing through the pupil, the appearance of the interior lining of the globe can be made out. Called the fundus oculi, it is characterized by the large blood vessels that supply blood to the retina; these are especially distinct as they cross over the pallid optic disk, or papilla, the region where the......
fundus flavimaculatus (pathology)
...an instrument that permits the observer to illuminate the interior of the eyeball while observing through the pupil, the appearance of the interior lining of the globe can be made out. Called the fundus oculi, it is characterized by the large blood vessels that supply blood to the retina; these are especially distinct as they cross over the pallid optic disk, or papilla, the region where the......
Fundy, Bay of (bay, Canada)
inlet of the Atlantic Ocean between the Canadian provinces of New Brunswick (north and west) and Nova Scotia (south and east). It extends 94 miles (151 km) inland, is 32 miles (52 km) wide at its entrance, and is noted for its fast-running tides, which may produce rises as great as 70 fee...
Fundy National Park (park, New Brunswick, Canada)
national park in New Brunswick, Canada, on the Atlantic coast overlooking the Bay of Fundy, noted for its unusually high and fast-running tides. The park was established in 1948 and includes 8 miles (13 km) of the rugged coast, cover...
Funen (island, Denmark)
third largest island, after Zealand (Sjælland) and Vendsyssel-Thy, in Denmark. It lies between southern Jutland and Zealand and is bounded by the Little Belt (strait) to the west and the Great Belt to the east. Both straits are crossed by rail and road connections, including the Great Bel...
Funeral (album by Arcade Fire)
...EP Arcade Fire (2003) led to a recording contract with the independent North Carolina-based Merge Records, which released the full-length Funeral in 2004. Inspired by a spate of deaths in band members’ families, the album’s lyrics explored themes of mortality and mourning, yet the group’s energetic performance, lus...
funeral (anthropology)
any of the ceremonial acts or customs employed at the time of death and burial....
Funeral in Berlin (work by Deighton)
In Funeral in Berlin (1964), The Billion Dollar Brain (1966), and An Expensive Place to Die (1967), he continued his blend of espionage and suspense. Like The Ipcress File, these novels centre on an unnamed hero and show Deighton’s craftsmanship, crisp prose style, and mastery of plot. In Only When I Larf (1968), Deighton moved from the subject of sp...
Funeral Music (work by Lutosławski)
Lutosławski spoke of his Funeral Music for string orchestra (1958) as marking a turning point in his style; a 12-tone work, it is dedicated to the memory of the Hungarian composer Béla Bartók. This he followed with an experimental piece in which he first used aleatory operations in combination with conventional effects: ......
Funeral of St. Francis, The (work by Sassetta)
...out for San Francesco at Sansepolcro (1437–44) and was originally a double-sided altarpiece (now dispersed) with a Virgin and Child and four saints on the front and scenes from the life of St. Francis on the reverse side. The St. Francis scenes mark the peak of Sassetta’s career as a narrative artist and are exemplary of his late style, with their sophisticated colour sense and th...
Funeral of the Anarchist Galli, The (painting by Carrà)
...Umberto Boccioni, who converted him to Futurism, an aesthetic movement that exalted patriotism, modern technology, dynamism, and speed. Carrà’s most famous painting, The Funeral of the Anarchist Galli (1911), embodies Futurist ideals with its portrayal of dynamic action, power, and violence....
Funeral Symphony (symphony by Berlioz)
...to encourage the Rome laureate. The request to compose another work for a public ceremony—the Symphonie funèbre et triomphale (Funeral Symphony) for military band, chorus, and strings, commissioned for the 10th anniversary of the July Revolution (1840)—was intended as a partial solace for the defeat of ......
Funeral, The (play by Steele)
...Restoration (most notably, it advocated respectful behaviour toward women). The tract’s moralistic tenor would be echoed in Steele’s plays. In the same year (1701) Steele wrote his first comedy, The Funeral. Performed at Drury Lane “with more than expected success,” this play made his reputation and helped to bring him to the notice of King William and the Whi...
funerary architecture
ornate, often theatrical, usually movable funereal structure mounted on a stage to support a coffin for a lying-in-state. It is used for royalty and personages of distinction and is normally set up in a historic public hall, such as Westminster Hall, London, and the Capitol Rotunda in Washington, D.C. The reputation of the Spanish architect José Churriguera, known for his exuberant and......
funerary art
A cemetery to the southwest of Krasnoyarsk, on the slopes of the Afanasyevskaya Mountains, contained 80 burials dating from the 2nd millennium bc. The earlier ones were flat and marked by stone circles symbolizing the Sun god; the later ones took the form of barrows, or large mounds of earth, but were also encircled by similar stone slabs. The earlier graves contained elongated, sphe...
funerary mask
In cultures in which burial customs are important, anthropomorphic masks have often been used in ceremonies associated with the dead and departing spirits. Funerary masks were frequently used to cover the face of the deceased. Generally their purpose was to represent the features of the deceased, both to honour them and to establish a relationship through the mask with the spirit world.......
funerary rite (anthropology)
any of the ceremonial acts or customs employed at the time of death and burial....
Funes (Spain)
town, Navarra provincia (province) and comunidad autónoma (autonomous community), northern Spain. It lies along the Arga River....
Funes Cartagena, Carlos Mauricio (president of El Salvador)
television journalist who served as president of El Salvador (2009– )....
Funes, Mauricio (president of El Salvador)
television journalist who served as president of El Salvador (2009– )....
Fünfkirchen (Hungary)
(“Five Churches”), city of county status and seat of Baranya megye (county), southwestern Hungary. It lies at the southern foot of the wooded Mecsek Mountains, 135 mi (220 km) south-southwest of Budapest. The site was occupied by the Roman town of Sopianae, the capital of the province of Southern Pannonia, which succeed...
Fung dynasty (Sudanese dynasty)
line of kings that ruled in the Nilotic Sudan of Eastern Africa in the 16th–19th century. At its greatest extent, Funj authority stretched westward across the southern Gezira region into Kordofan and southward to the gold-bearing district of Fāzūghlī....
Fung Youlan (Chinese philosopher)
outstanding Chinese philosopher of the 20th century....
Fung Yu-lan (Chinese philosopher)
outstanding Chinese philosopher of the 20th century....
fungal disease (pathology)
in humans and domestic animals, a disease caused by any fungus that invades the tissues, causing superficial, subcutaneous, or systemic disease. Superficial fungal infections, also called dermatophytosis, are confined to the skin and are caused by Microsporum, Trichophyton, or Epidermophyton; ...
fungal infection
...while retaining antifungal action. Nystatin is more toxic and is not used systemically. It is not absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and is only used orally or topically for the treatment of infections of the skin and mucous membranes caused by Candida albicans....
Fungi (biology)
any of about 80,000 known species of organisms of the kingdom Fungi, which includes the yeasts, rusts, smuts, mildews, molds, mushrooms, and toadstools. There are also many funguslike organisms, including slime molds and oomycetes, that do not belo...
fungi (biology)
any of about 80,000 known species of organisms of the kingdom Fungi, which includes the yeasts, rusts, smuts, mildews, molds, mushrooms, and toadstools. There are also many funguslike organisms, including slime molds and oomycetes, that do not belo...
fungi imperfecti (fungus)
fungi (kingdom Fungi) in which a true sexual state is uncommon or unknown. Many of these fungi reproduce asexually by spores (conidia or oidia) or by budding. Conidial stages are similar to those in the phylum Ascomycota, but those of some species show affinities to lower (primitive) fungi and the phylum Basidiomycota. Because of this ambiguity, the term deuteromycetes is used only to...
fungicide (chemical compound)
any toxic substance used to kill or inhibit the growth of fungi that either cause economic damage to crop or ornamental plants or endanger the health of domestic animals or humans. Most fungicides are applied as sprays or dusts. Seed fungicides are applied as a protective covering before germination. Systemic fungicides, or ...
fungiform papilla (anatomy)
...of cells in the taste bud appear to be different stages in this turnover process. Slender nerve fibres entwine among and make contact usually with many cells. Taste buds are located primarily in fungiform (mushroom-shaped), foliate, and circumvallate (walled-around) papillae of the tongue or in adjacent structures of the palate and throat. Many gustatory receptors in small papillae on the......
fungivore (biology)
One way of understanding the diversity of antagonistic interactions is through the kinds of hosts or prey that species attack. Carnivores attack animals, herbivores attack plants, and fungivores attack fungi. Other species are omnivorous, attacking a wide range of plants, animals, and fungi. Regardless of the kinds of foods they eat, however, there are some general patterns in which species......
Fungizone (drug)
Amphotericin B and nystatin are antimicrobial drugs that interact with ergosterol, a type of steroid that is found in fungal membranes; this binding results in the loss of membrane-selective permeability and of cytoplasmic components. These agents do not affect bacteria, because, with the exception of Mycoplasma species, bacteria do not have these types of steroids......
Fungochitina kosovensis (plankton)
...in short, constitutes the global stratotype section and point (GSSP) for the base of the series. In addition, two species of chitinozoans (a type of marine plankton), Urnochitina urna and Fungochitina kosovensis, first occur at or just above the base of the series. The earliest known simple vascular land plants, of the genus Cooksonia, typically occur in the lower portions....
fungus (biology)
any of about 80,000 known species of organisms of the kingdom Fungi, which includes the yeasts, rusts, smuts, mildews, molds, mushrooms, and toadstools. There are also many funguslike organisms, including slime molds and oomycetes, that do not belo...
fungus bug (insect)
any of about 1,000 species of small, flat, dark-coloured insects (order Heteroptera) that are usually found under stones, in crevices in dead or dying trees, or under loose bark. Nearly all flat bugs range in size from 3 to 11 mm (0.12 to 0.43 inch) and feed on fungi and sap in decaying wood. Their wings, though well develop...
fungus garden
The Macrotermitinae (family Termitidae) cultivate symbiotic fungi (Termitomyces). The termites construct spongelike “fungus gardens,” or combs, possibly of fecal matter rich in the carbohydrate lignin. The fungi grow on the combs, and the termites consume both fungi and combs. The fungi break down the fecal matter used to construct the combs into substances that can be......
fungus gnat (insect)
any member of two families of insects in the fly order, Diptera, that are small and mosquito-like with maggots (larvae) that feed on fungi. In Sciaridae, the dark-winged fungus gnat family, the eyes of the adults almost touch, and the wings are usually dusky. The creamy-white or gray larvae of the genus Sciara may travel in large groups, migrating in snakelike lines 1 cm (0.4 inch) deep in ...
fungus weevil (insect)
any of approximately 3,000 species of weevils (insect order Coleoptera) whose adults are usually found on dead twigs or fungi and whose larvae feed on fungi, seeds, or deadwood. These insects are between 0.5 and 50 mm (0.02 and 2 inches) long, and the head is prolonged to form a short beak called a snout....
Funhouse (album by the Stooges)
...No Fun became proto-punk classics, mixing raw, abrasive rock with insolent lyrics. Destructively energetic and furious, the debut and the band’s second album, Funhouse (1970)—along with Iggy’s outrageous onstage performances, in which he smeared himself with peanut butter and rolled on broken glass—secured the band’s ...
funicular structure (engineering)
...the truss, the two-way truss, and the space truss. They have varying optimum depth-to-span ratios ranging from 1 : 5 to 1 : 15 for the one-way truss to 1 : 35 to 1 : 40 for the space truss. The funicular structures include the parabolic arch, tunnel vault, and dome, which act in pure compression and which have a rise-to-span ratio of 1 : 10 to 1 : 2, and the cable-stayed roof, the bicycle......
funiculus (moss animal organ)
...just outside the lophophore. Respiratory, circulatory, and excretory systems are absent in bryozoans. The reproductive organs (ovary, testes) are sited on the lining of the body wall or on the funiculus, a cord of tissue that links the stomach to the lining of the body wall and distributes nutrients throughout the colony. The polypide degenerates periodically during the lifetime of a......
funiculus (plant ovary)
The ovule is attached to the ovary wall until maturity by a short stalk called the funiculus. The area of attachment to the ovary wall is referred to as the placenta. The arrangement of placentae (placentation) in the compound ovary of angiosperms is characterized by the presence or absence of a central column in the ovary and by the site of attachment (Figure 14). In axile placentation the......
funiculus umbilicalis (embryology)
narrow cord of tissue that connects a developing embryo, or fetus, with the placenta (the extra-embryonic tissues responsible for providing nourishment and other life-sustaining functions). In the human fetus, the umbilical cord arises at the belly and by the time of birth is about 2 feet (60 cm) long and 0.5 inch (1.3 cm) in diameter. It contains two ...
Funisciurus anerythrus (rodent)
...gray squirrel (S. carolinensis), prefer to travel through the treetops and regularly cross rivers by swimming with the head up and tail flat on the water’s surface. Thomas’s rope squirrel (Funisciurus anerythrus) of Africa even submerges itself and swims underwater....
Funiu Mountains (mountain range, China)
South of the Huang He there is a broad stretch of upland comprising a number of moderately high mountain basins, the main ranges being the Xiong’er and Funiu. These mountains, which have an east-west trend, are the eastern extension of the Qin (Tsinling) Mountain axis that divides China geologically and geographically into North and South. The Tongbai and Dabie ranges form a further extensi...
Funj (people)
In present-day Sudan the census bureau uses the term Darfunj (Funj tribes) to describe a number of ethnically and linguistically different peoples living in the southeastern part of the country. This area had represented an ethnic–linguistic mixture when the Funj arrived, and the kingdom, by its nature, increased the mix. Among those designated as Funj tribes, the Gule claim that their......
Funj dynasty (Sudanese dynasty)
line of kings that ruled in the Nilotic Sudan of Eastern Africa in the 16th–19th century. At its greatest extent, Funj authority stretched westward across the southern Gezira region into Kordofan and southward to the gold-bearing district of Fāzūghlī....
funk (music)
rhythm-driven musical genre popular in the 1970s and early 1980s that linked soul to later African-American musical styles. Like many words emanating from the African-American oral tradition, funk defies literal definition, for its usage varies with circumstance. As a slang term, funky is use...
Funk & Wagnalls dictionaries
family of English-language dictionaries noted for their emphasis on ease of use and current usage....
Funk & Wagnalls “New Encyclopedia” (English language reference work)
...first discussed at Microsoft in 1985. The company approached a range of reference publishers before signing a nonexclusive contract with Funk & Wagnalls to use their 29-volume New Encyclopedia in establishing a database in 1989. The project, however, was put on hold in 1990 due to concerns about the commercial viability of the product. After efforts resumed in 19...
Funk, Casimir (Polish biochemist)
...demonstrate that unpolished rice in the diet prevented and cured the symptoms in fowl and humans. By 1912 a highly concentrated extract of the active ingredient was prepared by the Polish biochemist Casimir Funk, who recognized that it belonged to a new class of essential foods called vitamins. Thiamin was isolated in 1926 and its chemical structure determined in 1936. The chemical structures o...
Funk, Chris (American musician)
...Jenny Conlee (b. December 12, 1971Seattle, Washington), guitarist Chris Funk (b. November 28, 1971Valparaiso, Indiana), drummer John Moen......
Funk, Isaac Kauffman (American publisher)
American publisher who was also a Lutheran minister, religious journalist, Prohibition Party publicist, and spelling reformer....
Funk, Walther (German economist)
German Nazi and economist who was economics minister of the Third Reich from 1938 and president of the Reichsbank from 1939....
Funk, Wilfred J. (American publisher)
...its format; it popularized the pocket magazine as a type. Several of the self-improving variety, such as Your Life (founded 1937) and Success Today (1946–50), were started by Wilfred J. Funk on the proceeds from his father’s Literary Digest (sold to Time in 1938). Of those more directly inspired by Reader’s Digest, Coronet (1936...
funky (music)
American drummer and bandleader noted for his extraordinary drum solos, which helped define the offshoot of bebop known as “hard bop” and gave the drums a significant solo status. His style was characterized by thunderous press rolls, cross beats, and drum rolls that began as quiet tremblings and grew into frenzied explosions....
funnel (zoology)
...a septum—the “septibranch” ctenidium—that creates pressure changes within the mantle cavity and produces sudden inrushes of water, carrying prey into a funnellike inhalant siphon (Cuspidaria). Food is then pushed into the mouth by the palps and foot. Others evert the inhalant siphon, like a hood, over the prey (Poromya and Lyonsiella). Prey items...
Funnel Beaker culture (anthropology)
...rose up (Blicquy in Belgium and Rössen in Germany) and in their turn were succeeded about 4100 bp by the northwesternmost branch of the Michelsberg culture in Belgium and, somewhat later, the Funnel Beaker culture in the Netherlands. The evolution of these groups represents principally a transformation in the style of material culture of native communities. Among the most s...
funnel canal (biology)
...vomeronasal organs. In another group of amphibians, the burrowing wormlike caecilians, chemicals are carried to the vomeronasal organs via tentacles. Directly in front of each eye is a small pore leading to a sac that contains a tentacle. The tentacle can be extended through the pore by hydrostatic pressure to make contact with the surrounding soil. A duct connects the tentacular sac......
funnel cloud (meteorology)
A tornado is often made visible by a distinctive funnel-shaped cloud. Commonly called the condensation funnel, the funnel cloud is a tapered column of water droplets that extends downward from the base of the parent cloud. It is commonly mixed with and perhaps enveloped by dust and debris lifted from the surface. The funnel cloud may be present but not visible due to heavy rain. Over a......
funnel weaver (spider)
any of certain members of the spider family Agelenidae (order Araneida). Agelenids are notable for their funnel-shaped webs; they are a common group with many species that are distributed worldwide. The webs are built in the grass, under boards and rocks, and among debris. Agelena naevia, a common North American species, varies greatly in size and colour. The body of the male may be up to 8...
funnel-eared bat (mammal)
...Yellow-winged bat (Lavia frons) is at least partly diurnal and roosts in trees in the savanna and open forest. Family Natalidae (funnel-eared bats)8 species of small, slenderly built bats in 3 genera (Natalus) of Central America, northern South America, and the West Indies. Thick gra...