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  • friendship
    ...to prevent mutual harm. Why not then commit injustice when we can get away with it? Only because, Epicurus says, the perpetual dread of discovery will cause painful anxiety. Epicurus also exalted friendship, and the Epicureans were famous for the warmth of their personal relationships; but, again, they proclaimed that friendship is good only because of its tendency to create pleasure....
  • Friendship 7 (United States spacecraft)
    ...Jr., and Virgil I. Grissom, who made the first two U.S. suborbital flights into space. Glenn was selected for the first orbital flight, and on February 20, 1962, his space capsule, Friendship 7, was launched from Cape Canaveral, Florida. Its orbit ranged from approximately 99 to 162 miles (159 to 261 km) in altitude, and......
  • Friendship, Alliance, and Mutual Assistance, Treaty of (China-Union of Soviet Socialist Republics [1950])
    ...influence in China. The officially sanctioned terms of that influence had been worked out in a visit by Mao to Moscow from mid-December 1949 until the following March and were formalized in the Treaty of Friendship, Alliance, and Mutual Assistance (signed Feb. 14, 1950). Years later the Chinese charged that Moscow had failed to give Beijing adequate support under that treaty and had left......
  • Friendship and Cooperation, Treaty of (Hungary-Slovakia [1995])
    ...and its tenuous commitment to democratic principles did not go unnoticed by the international community, and in March 1995, under pressure from Western powers, Slovakia and Hungary signed the Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation, in which the Slovak government pledged to protect minority rights. The commitment was called into question, however, when in November the government made Slovak......
  • Friendship Bridge (bridge, Paraguay)
    ...trade of electronic goods and firearms. The major reasons for the city’s rapid growth are its commercial connection with Brazil, symbolized by the 1,600-foot (500-metre) Puente de la Amistad (“Friendship Bridge”; opened 1964), and its association with the nearby Itaipú Dam on the Paraguay-Brazil border, which is one of the largest hydroelectric facilities in the worl...
  • Friendship Bridge (bridge, Romania-Bulgaria)
    The earliest railway line in Romania was laid from Bucharest to Giurgiu in 1869. Friendship Bridge, a bilevel highway–railway bridge over the Danube, connecting the city to Ruse, in Bulgaria, was completed in 1954. The city has become an important river port. Giurgiu has a modern shipyard; its industries include a sugar refinery, a cannery, and a ......
  • Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance, Agreement of (Finnish-Union of Soviet Socialist Republics)
    ...the Soviet Union were stabilized by a consistently friendly policy on the part of Finland. A concrete expression of the new foreign policy—designated the Paasikivi-Kekkonen line—was the Agreement of Friendship, Cooperation, and Mutual Assistance concluded between Finland and the Soviet Union in 1948 and extended in 1955, 1970, and 1983. The agreement included a mutual defense......
  • friendship plant (plant)
    ...expel their pollen when mature; aluminum plant, or watermelon pilea (P. cadierei), with silvery markings on glossy dark green leaves; and friendship plant, or panamiga (P. involucrata), with quilted bronzy leaves....
  • Friendship quilt (American soft furnishing)
    ...for “best quilts” until replaced toward the mid-19th century by the elaborate appliqué patterns—wreaths, urns of flowers, sentimental and patriotic designs—of Baltimore Album quilts and other red and green floral appliquéd styles....
  • Friendship Store (store, Beijing, China)
    ...at the southern end of Wangfujing Dajie. Similar shopping districts can be found in other parts of the city, such as Jianguomenwai and Sanlitun, both of which are near diplomatic compounds. The Friendship Store still operates in Jianguomenwai. In the past, when it was the only place to buy Western goods, it mainly served foreign residents and visitors, although some Chinese—usually......
  • Friendster (American company)
    Others were quick to see the potential for such a site, and Friendster launched in 2002 with the initial goal of competing with popular subscription-fee-based dating services such as Match.com. It deviated from this mission fairly early on, and it soon became a meeting place for post-“bubble” Internet tastemakers. The site’s servers proved incapable of handling the resulting s...
  • Fries
    the West Germanic language most closely related to English. Although Frisian was formerly spoken from what is now the province of Noord-Holland (North Holland) in the Netherlands along the North Sea coastal area to modern German Schleswig, including the offshore islands in this area, modern Frisian is spoken in only three sm...
  • Fries, Elias Magnus (Swedish botanist)
    Swedish botanist, developer of the first system used to classify fungi....
  • Fries, Jacob (American farmer)
    Taxation, which had been levied to pay anticipated war costs, brought more discontent, however, including a new minor rising in Pennsylvania led by Jacob Fries. Fries’s Rebellion was put down without difficulty, but widespread disagreement over issues ranging from civil liberties to taxation was polarizing American politics. A basic sense of political identity now divided Federalists from.....
  • Fries, Jakob Friedrich (German philosopher)
    German philosopher....
  • Fries, John (American insurgent)
    (1799), uprising, in opposition to a direct federal property tax, by farmers in eastern Pennsylvania led by John Fries (c. 1750–1818). In July of 1798, the Federalist-controlled U.S. Congress, which greatly needed revenues for an anticipated war with France, had voted a direct federal tax on all ......
  • Friese-Greene, William (British motion-picture pioneer)
    British photographer and inventor, sometimes credited with the invention of cinematography....
  • Friesian (breed of cattle)
    breed of large dairy cattle originating in northern Holland and Friesland. Its chief characteristics are its large size and black and white spotted markings, sharply defined rather than blended. These cattle are believed to have been selected for dairy qualities for about 2,000 years. They have long been widely distributed over the more fertile lowlands of continental Europe, wh...
  • Friesisch language
    the West Germanic language most closely related to English. Although Frisian was formerly spoken from what is now the province of Noord-Holland (North Holland) in the Netherlands along the North Sea coastal area to modern German Schleswig, including the offshore islands in this area, modern Frisian is spoken in only three sm...
  • Friesland (province, Netherlands)
    coastal provincie (province), northern Netherlands. Occupying the western portion of the historic region of Frisia, the province extends inland from the IJsselmeer and the North Sea (west and north) and includes four of the West Frisian Islands off the north coast. Leeuwarden, the capi...
  • Fries’s Rebellion (United States history)
    (1799), uprising, in opposition to a direct federal property tax, by farmers in eastern Pennsylvania led by John Fries (c. 1750–1818). In July of 1798, the Federalist-controlled U.S. Congress, which greatly needed revenues for an anticipated war with France, had voted a direct federal tax on...
  • Friesz, Othon (French artist)
    Three young painters from Le Havre, France, were also influenced by Matisse’s bold and vibrant work. Othon Friesz found the emotional connotations of the bright Fauve colours a relief from the mediocre Impressionism he had practiced; Raoul Dufy developed a carefree ornamental version of the bold style; and Georges Braque created a defin...
  • Frietschie, Barbara Hauer (American patriot)
    American patriot whose purported act of defiant loyalty to the North during the American Civil War became highly embellished legend and the subject of literary treatment....
  • frieze (architecture)
    in Greco-Roman Classical architecture, the middle of the three main divisions of an entablature (section resting on the capital). The frieze is above the architrave and below the cornice (in a position that could be quite difficult to view). The term also refers to any long, narrow, horizontal panel or band used for decorative purposes—e.g., on pottery, on the walls of a room, or on the ext...
  • frieze stage (theatre)
    ...a continuous developing line, Craig’s was characterized by a restless experimentation. His early productions of Purcell and Handel operas at the start of the century explored the use of the “frieze” or “relief” stage—a wide, shallow stage surrounded by drapes, structures in geometric shapes, and a lighting system that dispensed entirely with footlights ...
  • frigate (naval vessel)
    either of two different types of warships, of the 17th through the 19th centuries (see ) and of World War II and after....
  • frigate bird (bird)
    any member of five species of large seabirds constituting the family Fregatidae (order Pelecaniformes). Frigate birds are about the size of a hen and have extremely long, slender wings, the span of which may reach to about 2.3 m (nearly 8 feet), and a long, deeply forked tail. In general, adult males are all black, and adult females are marked with white below. The birds have a bare-skinned throat...
  • frigate mackerel (fish)
    ...as mackerel and belonging to the family Scombridae include the Indian mackerels (Rastrelliger), which are rather stout, commercially valuable Indo-Australian fishes up to 38 cm long, and the frigate mackerels (Auxis), which are small, elongated fishes found worldwide and distinguished by a corselet of enlarged scales around the shoulder region that extend along the lateral line....
  • Frigate Pallas (work by Goncharov)
    ...earliest documents in the development of Russian Romanticism. Ivan Goncharov (1812–91), the Russian novelist who stubbornly limited his fiction to his own geographical province, recorded in Frigate Pallas his experience of a tour around the world. Nowhere else in the whole range of literature is there anything comparable to Peterburg (1913–14), by a virtuoso of poeti...
  • Frigg (gas field, North Sea)
    natural gas field located in the North Sea, on the northeastern European continental shelf, in operation from the late 1970s to 2004. It lay about 125 miles (200 km) southwest of Bergen, Nor. The Frigg field was di...
  • Frigg (Norse mythology)
    in Norse mythology, the wife of Odin and mother of Balder. She was a promoter of marriage and of fertility. In Icelandic stories, she tried to save her son’s life but failed. Some myths depict her as the weeping and loving mother, while others stress her loose morals. Frigg was kn...
  • frigger (glass)
    glass with no utilitarian purpose, executed to satisfy the whim of the glassmaker. Such offhand exercises in skill are almost as old as glassmaking itself. Some of the earliest pieces blown for fun are boots and hats made in Germany as early as the 15th century. Boots and shoes reached a high point of popularity in the 19th century, when they were made of every conceivable style of glass, blown or...
  • frigidity (psychology)
    in psychology, the inability of a woman to attain orgasm during sexual intercourse. In popular, nonmedical usage the word has been used traditionally to describe a variety of behaviours, ranging from general coldness of manner or lack of interest in physical affection to aversion to the act of sexual intercourse. Because of...
  • Frigidus River, Battle of (Roman Empire)
    ...to refine their theology by oversubtle interpretations. In 391, however, the Serapeum at Alexandria was demolished, and in 394 the opposition of the Roman aristocracy was crushed in battle at the Frigidus River (now called the Vipacco River in Italy and the Vipava in Slovenia)....
  • frigium (Phrygian cap)
    The tiara probably developed from the Phrygian cap, or frigium, a conical cap worn in the Greco-Roman world. In the 10th century the tiara was pictured on papal coins. By the 14th century it was ornamented with three crowns. The tiaras of Renaissance popes were especially ornate and precious, but those worn by some popes contained no......
  • Friia (Norse mythology)
    in Norse mythology, the wife of Odin and mother of Balder. She was a promoter of marriage and of fertility. In Icelandic stories, she tried to save her son’s life but failed. Some myths depict her as the weeping and loving mother, while others stress her loose morals. Frigg was kn...
  • Friis, Janus (Danish entrepreneur)
    With the commercial launch in May 2007 of Joost, a global platform for viewing television programs—for free—via the Internet, entrepreneurs Janus Friis and Niklas Zennström, who a year earlier had already made Time magazine’s list of the 100 most influential people, once again tapped the Internet as a means of delivering services and entertainment to individual u...
  • Friis, Johan (Danish statesman)
    Danish statesman who, as chancellor under Christian III, king of Denmark and Norway, helped to establish the Lutheran Church as the state church in Denmark and to reform the state and local administrations....
  • Frija (Norse mythology)
    in Norse mythology, the wife of Odin and mother of Balder. She was a promoter of marriage and of fertility. In Icelandic stories, she tried to save her son’s life but failed. Some myths depict her as the weeping and loving mother, while others stress her loose morals. Frigg was kn...
  • frill (anatomy)
    ...horns in the different taxa was the unusually large size of ceratopsian heads. Great bony growths extended from the back of the skull, reaching well over the neck and shoulders. This neck shield, or frill, resulted in the longest head that ever adorned any land animal; the length of the Torosaurus skull was almost 3 metres (10 feet), longer than a whole adult ......
  • frilled lizard (reptile)
    type of reptile found in Australia and New Guinea. The frilled lizard can run standing up on its hind legs with its forelegs and tail in the air. The scaly membrane around its neck is used as a large part of the lizard’s defensive posture. Normally, the neck fri...
  • Friml, Charles Rudolf (American composer)
    American composer of operettas. Showing strong European musical influences, his work suggested pre-World War I European lightheartedness....
  • Friml, Rudolf (American composer)
    American composer of operettas. Showing strong European musical influences, his work suggested pre-World War I European lightheartedness....
  • Frimout, Dirk (Belgian astrophysicist and astronaut)
    Belgian astrophysicist and astronaut, first Belgian citizen to travel into space....
  • Frimout, Dirk Dries David Damiaan, Viscount (Belgian astrophysicist and astronaut)
    Belgian astrophysicist and astronaut, first Belgian citizen to travel into space....
  • fringe benefit (business)
    any nonwage payment or benefit (e.g., pension plans, profit-sharing programs, vacation pay, and company-paid life, health, and unemployment insurance programs) granted to employees by employers. They may be required by law, granted unilaterally...
  • fringe, interference (physics)
    a bright or dark band caused by beams of light that are in phase or out of phase with one another. Light waves and similar wave propagation, when superimposed, will add their crests if they meet in the same phase (the waves are both increasing or both decreasing); or the troughs will cancel the crests if ...
  • fringe moss (plant)
    any of the plants of the genus Grimmia (subclass Bryidae), which includes more than 100 species distributed throughout the world, primarily on rocks or stone walls. A few species grow on roofs or in streams; G. maritima forms cushions up to four centimetres (1 12 inches) tall on rocks along seashores. Nearly 50 species of Grimmia are native t...
  • fringe theatre (theatrical system)
    ...an upsurge of “alternative culture,” and an abolition of the lord chamberlain’s powers of censorship (1968). Following the example of the Traverse Theatre in Edinburgh, a profusion of “fringe” theatres sprang up in converted cellars, warehouses, and the back rooms of pubs. Rock music, Dada, and Antonin Artaud were inspiration for groups such as the People Show...
  • fringe tree (plant)
    (Halesia carolina), deciduous plant, of the storax family (Styracaceae), native to southeastern and southern United States and cultivat...
  • fringe tree (Chionanthus)
    either of two tree species in the genus Chionanthus in the family Oleaceae. They get their name from the long, fringy, snow-white flowers that cover the trees in spring. The flowers hang in clusters of about the same length as the leaves and have four narrow petals....
  • fringe-eared oryx (mammal)
    The three subspecies of O. gazella live in eastern and southern Africa: the beisa (O. gazella beisa) and fringe-eared oryx (O. gazella callotis) from the Horn of Africa south to Tanzania and the gemsbok in the Karoo region of South Africa. The scimitar-horned oryx, once found throughout northern Africa, was restricted......
  • fringe-lipped bat (mammal)
    a species of bat characterized by the fleshy tubercules that cover its chin. The fringe-lipped bat is widespread in tropical lowland forests of Central and South America. It has large feet with robust claws, a well-developed membrane between its legs, and large ears. Considered medium-sized, it attains a maximum length of ab...
  • fringed loosestrife (plant)
    ...stem and solitary, yellow flowers, is common in England. Many species of Lysimachia are visited by bees for the oil contained in hairs on the flowers rather than for nectar or pollen. Fringed loosestrife (Steironema ciliatum), a yellow-flowered perennial, is native to moist parts of North America and common in Europe....
  • fringed orchid (plant)
    any of about 200 species of terrestrial orchids of the genus Platanthera, family Orchidaceae, found in grasslands, bogs, forests, and sand dunes in subtropical and warm temperate areas of both hemispheres. All rein orchids have a spur at the base of the flower lip. In many species, the lip is fringed....
  • fringed orchis (plant)
    any of about 200 species of terrestrial orchids of the genus Platanthera, family Orchidaceae, found in grasslands, bogs, forests, and sand dunes in subtropical and warm temperate areas of both hemispheres. All rein orchids have a spur at the base of the flower lip. In many species, the lip is fringed....
  • fringed water lily (plant)
    ...a medicinal plant of wet soils, has white or pink flowers, bitter-tasting leaves, and hard, light brown seeds. The species of fringed water lily, water snowflake, and floating heart (Nymphoides)—all submerged plants with buried rootstalks and floating leaves—have yellow or white flowers....
  • fringes (Judaism)
    ...of the Temple in ad 70 reflects usages that predate that event but were continued in Judaism at the synagogue. Included among such garments are tefillin (phylacteries) and tzitzit (fringes), which have certain features in common. The name phylacteries is sometimes thought to point to a prophylactic origin, but the term is actually a translation of the Hebrew word for...
  • Fringilla (bird genus)
    ...of the Temple in ad 70 reflects usages that predate that event but were continued in Judaism at the synagogue. Included among such garments are tefillin (phylacteries) and tzitzit (fringes), which have certain features in common. The name phylacteries is sometimes thought to point to a prophylactic origin, but the term is actually a translation of the Hebrew word for...
  • Fringilla coelebs (bird)
    (Fringilla coelebs), songbird of the family Fringillidae (order Passeriformes) that breeds in gardens and farmlands of Europe and northern Africa to central Asia (and, by introduction, South Africa). It is the commonest finch in western Europe....
  • Fringilla montifringilla (bird)
    (species Fringilla montifringilla), songbird belonging to the family Fringillidae (order Passeriformes) that breeds in coniferous and birch woods from Scandinavia to Japan and winters southward, millions sometimes appearing in Europe. The brambling is a 15-centimetre (6-inch) finch. The male is mostly black, with whit...
  • Fringillidae (bird family)
    songbird family, order Passeriformes, sometimes collectively termed New World seedeaters. The group includes grosbeaks, longspurs, cardueline finches, and chaffinches. The relationships of seed-eating birds are the subject of great disagreement, many authorities preferring to place some of these groups in the family Emberizidae, with a somewhat different family composition....
  • fringing reef (geology)
    a coral reef consisting of a sea-level flat built out from the shore of an island or continent....
  • Frink, Dame Elisabeth Jean (British sculptor)
    British sculptor (b. Nov. 14, 1930, Thurlow, Suffolk, England--d. April 18, 1993, Woolland, Dorset, England), was best known for her monumental figurative bronzes. Frink brought a sense of passion and energy to her naturalistic horses and birds and to larger-than-life figures of animals and naked men walking, standing, running, or mounted on massive horses. She studied at the Guildford School of A...
  • Frio, Cape (cape, Brazil)
    promontory on Brazil’s southeast Atlantic coast, Rio de Janeiro state, 70 mi (113 km) east of the city of Rio de Janeiro. Discovered in 1503 by Amerigo Vespucci, the cape became a 16th-century pirate stronghold and now is the site of the towns of Cabo Frio...
  • Frioul, Géraud-Christophe-Michel Duroc, duc de (French general)
    French general and diplomat, one of Napoleon’s closest advisers....
  • Frioulian
    ...are Engadine, spoken in Switzerland in the Inn River valley; Ladin, spoken in the Alto Adige and Dolomites regions of northern Italy; and Friulian, spoken north of Venice to the Austrian border and east to the Yugoslavian border....
  • Fripp, Robert (British musician)
    ...1985, at the peak of their popularity, the Police dissolved. Copeland went on to score numerous motion pictures, while Summers recorded adventurous music, including two albums with fellow guitarist Robert Fripp. Sting became an extremely popular soloist, revisiting his jazz roots (accompanied by such accomplished musicians as saxophonist Branford Marsalis and keyboardist Kenny Kirkland) and......
  • Frisch, Francis (American baseball player and manager)
    U.S. professional National League baseball player and manager, who played in 50 World Series games and was on four pennant winners with the New York Giants (1919–26) and four with the St. Lo...
  • Frisch, Frank (American baseball player and manager)
    U.S. professional National League baseball player and manager, who played in 50 World Series games and was on four pennant winners with the New York Giants (1919–26) and four with the St. Lo...
  • Frisch, Frankie (American baseball player and manager)
    U.S. professional National League baseball player and manager, who played in 50 World Series games and was on four pennant winners with the New York Giants (1919–26) and four with the St. Lo...
  • Frisch, Karl von (Austrian zoologist)
    zoologist whose studies of communication among bees added significantly to the knowledge of the chemical and visual sensors of insects. He shared the 1973 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine with animal behaviourists Konrad Lorenz and Nikolaas Tinbergen....
  • Frisch, Max (Swiss author)
    Swiss dramatist and novelist, noted for his depictions of the moral dilemmas of 20th-century life....
  • Frisch, Max Rudolf (Swiss author)
    Swiss dramatist and novelist, noted for his depictions of the moral dilemmas of 20th-century life....
  • Frisch, Otto Robert (Austrian physicist)
    physicist who, with his aunt Lise Meitner, described the division of neutron-bombarded uranium into lighter elements and named the process fission (1939). At the time, Meitner was working in Stockholm and Frisch at Copenhagen under Niels Bohr, who brought their observation to the atten...
  • Frisch, Ragnar (Norwegian economist)
    Norwegian econometrician and economist who was a joint winner (with Jan Tinbergen) of the 1969 Nobel Prize for Economics....
  • Frisch, Ragnar Anton Kittil (Norwegian economist)
    Norwegian econometrician and economist who was a joint winner (with Jan Tinbergen) of the 1969 Nobel Prize for Economics....
  • Frisches Haff (lagoon, Baltic Sea)
    shallow, marsh-fringed lagoon on the Baltic coast, bisected by the Polish-Russian border and considered part of the Gulf of Gdańsk. Covering 330 square miles (855 square km), it is 56 miles (90 km) long, 6 to 15 miles (10 to 19 km) wide, and up to 17 feet (5 m) deep. The Nogat, the eastern distributary of the Vistula River...
  • Frischlin, Philipp Nikodemus (German philologist)
    German philologist, poet, and commentator on Virgil. He was one of the last of the Renaissance humanists....
  • Frischmann, David (Russian-Jewish author)
    ...to a conflict between Judaism and the natural instincts of Jews. This psychological interest dominated the work of a group of short-story writers and, in particular, that of the writer and critic David Frischmann, who, more than anyone else, imposed European standards on Hebrew literature. European literary tendencies thus became absorbed into Hebrew. Uprooted by the pogroms of 1881 and the......
  • Frisco (San Francisco)
    ...
  • Frisco (California, United States)
    City (pop., 2000: 776,733) and port, northern California, U.S....
  • Frisco, The (American railway)
    railroad with lines in nine southern and central U.S. states before it merged with Burlington Northern, Inc....
  • Frisi, Paolo (Italian physicist)
    Italian mathematician, astronomer, and physicist who is best known for his work in hydraulics. His most significant contributions to science, however, were in the compilation, interpretation, and dissemination of the work of other scientists....
  • Frisia (historical region, Europe)
    historic region of the Netherlands and Germany, fronting the North Sea and including the Frisian Islands. It has been divided since 1815 into Friesland, a province of the Netherlands, and the Ostfriesland and Nordfriesland regions of northwestern Germany. Frisia is the...
  • Frisian (people)
    ...It has been divided since 1815 into Friesland, a province of the Netherlands, and the Ostfriesland and Nordfriesland regions of northwestern Germany. Frisia is the traditional homeland of the Frisians, a Germanic people who speak a language closely related to English....
  • Frisian carving (furniture)
    in decorative arts, lightly carved ornamentation on furniture made by the Pennsylvania Germans, whose emigration from Hanoverian Friesland to colonial British America began in the 17th century. As immigrants, they attempted to retain both their identit...
  • Frisian cloth (textile)
    ...trade may be seen in the Carolingian coins found in Dorestad, where there was a toll and a royal mint. This trade was supplied by the southern Low Countries. Thus the cloths that were sold as Frisian cloths were produced in the area of the Schelde (later called Flanders). Quentovic (now Étaples), at the mouth of the Canche, was another trading centre; it too had a toll and a mint.......
  • Frisian Islands (islands, Europe)
    low-lying chain of islands from 3 to 20 miles (5 to 32 km) off the northern European mainland. They extend in an arc from near the port of Den Helder (northern Netherlands), eastward along the Dutch and German coasts as far as the Elbe River, and then ...
  • Frisian language
    the West Germanic language most closely related to English. Although Frisian was formerly spoken from what is now the province of Noord-Holland (North Holland) in the Netherlands along the North Sea coastal area to modern German Schleswig, including the offshore islands in this area, modern Frisian is spoken in only three sm...
  • Frisian literature
    the literature that is written in West Frisian, a language closely related to Old English, and now spoken primarily by the inhabitants of Friesland, a northern province of the Netherlands. (The languages known as East Frisian and North Frisian made little contribution to Frisian literature. See Frisian language.)...
  • Frisii (people)
    ...It has been divided since 1815 into Friesland, a province of the Netherlands, and the Ostfriesland and Nordfriesland regions of northwestern Germany. Frisia is the traditional homeland of the Frisians, a Germanic people who speak a language closely related to English....
  • Frisius, Gemma (Flemish mathematician)
    Under the guidance of Gemma Frisius, the leading theoretical mathematician in the Low Countries, who was also a physician and astronomer, Mercator mastered the essentials of mathematics, geography, and astronomy. Frisius and Mercator also frequented the workshop of Gaspar à Myrica, an engraver and goldsmith. The combined work of......
  • Friso, Johan Willem (prince of Orange)
    Dutch prince of Nassau-Dietz and of Orange and stadtholder of the provinces of Friesland and Groningen, whose rejection as stadtholder by five of the seven Dutch provinces in 1702 marked the return to political supremacy of the States General (national assembly)....
  • Frissell, Mount (mountain, Connecticut, United States)
    highest point (2,380 feet [725 metres]) in Connecticut, U.S. The peak lies just north-northwest of Salisbury, in the Taconic Range, near the Massachusetts and New York borders....
  • Frist, Bill (United States senator)
    American politician and physician who served as a U.S. senator (1995–2007) from Tennessee. A Republican, he was Senate majority leader from 2003 to 2007....
  • Frist, William Harrison (United States senator)
    American politician and physician who served as a U.S. senator (1995–2007) from Tennessee. A Republican, he was Senate majority leader from 2003 to 2007....
  • frit (glass)
    ...red lead, and soda or potash. These materials are melted together, producing an almost clear glass, with a slightly bluish or greenish tinge; this substance is known as flux or frit—or, in France, fondant. The degree of hardness of the flux depends on the proportions of the components in the mix. Enamels are termed hard when the temperature required to......
  • frit fly (insect)
    any small fly of the family Chloropidae (order Diptera), destructive to oats, rye, barley, wheat, and other cereal grains. Frit flies, often bright yellow and black, are usually found in grassy areas. The larvae live in developing grain heads and within stems, causing the central leaf to wilt. Some frit flies are carriers of...
  • Fritchie, Barbara Hauer (American patriot)
    American patriot whose purported act of defiant loyalty to the North during the American Civil War became highly embellished legend and the subject of literary treatment....
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