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functionalism (linguistics)
in linguistics, the approach to language study that is concerned with the functions performed by language, primarily in terms of cognition (relating information), expression (indicating mood), and conation (exerting influence). Especially associated with the Prague school of linguists prominent since the 1930s, the approach...
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Functionalism (architecture)
in architecture, the doctrine that the form of a building should be determined by practical considerations such as use, material, and structure, as distinct from the attitude that plan and structure must conform to a preconceived picture in the designer’s mind....
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functionalism (psychology)
in psychology, a broad school of thought originating in the U.S. during the late 19th century that attempted to counter the German school of structuralism led by Edward B. Titchener. Functionalists, including psychologists William James and James Rowland ...
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functionalism
Branch of philosophy that studies the nature of mind and its various manifestations, including intentionality, sensation and sense perception, feeling and emotion, traits of character and personality, the unconscious, volition, thought, memory, imagination, and belief....
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Functions of the Executive (work by Barnard)
American business executive, public administrator, and sociological theorist who studied the nature of corporate organization. Although he was not himself an academic, his first book, Functions of the Executive (1938), became an essential resource in the teaching of organizational sociology and business theory....
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functor (mathematics)
...transformations, of topological spaces and continuous mappings, and so on. There even exists, at a still more abstract level, the category of (small) categories and functors, as the morphisms between categories are called, which preserve relationships among the objects and arrows....
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Fund for the Republic (American corporation)
...in Los Angeles from 1988. The educator Robert M. Hutchins (q.v.) organized the centre and headed it and its parent corporation, the Fund for the Republic (chartered in New York in 1952), for 25 years. The purpose of the centre—to clarify the basic issues confronting a democratic society—was served through discussion......
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Fund for the South (Italian government program)
Following World War II, the economy in the south was mainly dominated by the interests of the government and the public sector. The Southern Development Fund (Cassa per il Mezzogiorno), a state-financed fund set up to stimulate economic and industrial development between 1950 and 1984,......
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fund-raising
...to campaign against their likely opponent in the general election before either party has officially nominated a candidate. Long before the first vote is cast, candidates spend much of their time fund-raising, a fact that has prompted many political analysts to claim that in reality the so-called “money primary” is the first contest in the presidential nomination process. Indeed,....
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Fundação Nacional do Indio (agency, Brazil)
...toward improving the conditions of these groups. In Brazil, for example, institutions such as the Protective Service for the Indians (Serviço de Proteção do Indio) and the National Indian Foundation (Fundação Nacional do Indio) were established, although such organizations often have become agents for the relocation and control of Indian groups rather......
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fundame (decorative arts)
...are the chief processes used: nashiji (pear skin), small flakes of gold or silver sunk to various depths in the lacquer; fundame, fine gold or silver powder worked to a flat, dull surface; hirame, small, irregularly shaped pieces of sheet gold or silver placed on the......
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Fundamenta Botanica (work by Linnaeus)
...the sexual system to be his main contribution toward the “reformation of botany” to which he aspired. His main contribution came in the form of a booklet, the Fundamenta Botanica (1736; “The Foundations of Botany”), that framed the principles and rules to be followed in the classification and naming of plants....
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fundamental (physics)
As the vibration that has the lowest frequency for that particular type and length of string under a specific tension, this frequency is known as the fundamental, or first harmonic....
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Fundamental Articles (Czech history)
...of their ancient rights and showing his willingness to take the coronation oath. The Czechs answered this rescript on Oct. 10, 1871, by submitting a constitutional program of 18 articles, called the Fundamental Articles. According to this program, Bohemian affairs should be regulated along the principles of the Hungarian compromise, raising Bohemia to a status equal to Hungary. With this,......
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fundamental attribution error (psychology)
Support for personal consistency is bolstered by studies of what has been called the fundamental attribution error. The investigators, most of them social psychologists, report that, in observing the behaviour of others, people exaggerate the role of internal causes and invoke traits as a primary cause (e.g., “John acted the way he did because he is honest”). In assigning......
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fundamental charge (physics)
(symbol e), fundamental physical constant expressing the naturally occurring unit of electric charge, equal to 1.6021892 × 10−19 coulomb, or 4.80325 × 10−10 electrostatic unit (esu, or statcoulomb). In addition to the elec...
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fundamental constant
any of a set of fundamental invariant quantities observed in nature and appearing in the basic theoretical equations of physics. Accurate evaluation of these constants is essential in order to check the correctness of the theories and to allow useful applications to be made on the basis of those theories....
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Fundamental Constitutions (colonial Carolinas [1669-93])
The original framework of government for the Carolinas, the Fundamental Constitutions, drafted in 1669 by Anthony Ashley Cooper (Lord Shaftesbury) with the help of the philosopher John Locke, was largely ineffective because of its restrictive and feudal nature. The Fundamental Constitutions was abandoned in 1693 and replaced by a frame of government diminishing the powers of the proprietors and......
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fundamental dimension (physics)
technique used in the physical sciences and engineering to reduce physical properties, such as acceleration, viscosity, energy, and others, to their fundamental dimensions of length (L), mass (M), and time (T). This technique facilitates the study of interrelationships of systems (or models of systems) and their properties and avoids the nuisance of incompatible units. Acceleration, for......
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fundamental disequilibrium (international trade)
A “fundamental disequilibrium” exists when outward payments have a continuing tendency not to balance inward payments. A disequilibrium may occur for various reasons. Some may be grouped under the head of structural change (resulting from changes in tastes, habits, institutions, technology, etc.). A fundamental imbalance may occur if wages and other costs rise faster in relation to.....
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fundamental dynamical unit (physics)
technique used in the physical sciences and engineering to reduce physical properties, such as acceleration, viscosity, energy, and others, to their fundamental dimensions of length (L), mass (M), and time (T). This technique facilitates the study of interrelationships of systems (or models of systems) and their properties and avoids the nuisance of incompatible units. Acceleration, for......
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fundamental force (physics)
in physics, any of the four basic forces—gravitational, electromagnetic, strong, and weak—that govern how objects or particles interact and how certain particles decay. All the known forces of nature can be traced to these fundamental interactions...
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fundamental frequency (physics)
...a listener’s point of view, sounds may be said to vary in pitch, loudness, and quality. The pitch of a sound with a periodic wave form—i.e., a voiced sound—is determined by its fundamental frequency, or rate of repetition of the cycles of air pressure. For a speaker with a bass voice, the fundamental frequency will probably be between 75 and 150 cycles per second. Cy...
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fundamental group (mathematics)
A very basic algebraic structure called the fundamental group of a topological space was among the algebraic ideas studied by the French mathematician Henri Poincaré in the late 19th century. This group essentially consists of curves in the space that are combined by an operation arising in a geometric way. While this group was well......
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Fundamental Ideas of Christianity, The (work by Caird)
In An Introduction to the Philosophy of Religion (1880) and in The Fundamental Ideas of Christianity, 2 vol. (1899; the Gifford lectures for 1892–93 and 1894–96), both of which follow Hegelian teaching closely, Caird argues that universal thought is the reality of all things and that the existence of this Infinite Thought, namely God, is demonstrated by the limitations....
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fundamental interaction (physics)
in physics, any of the four basic forces—gravitational, electromagnetic, strong, and weak—that govern how objects or particles interact and how certain particles decay. All the known forces of nature can be traced to these fundamental interactions...
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Fundamental Law (Turkey [1921])
The Kemalists were now faced with local uprisings, official Ottoman forces, and Greek hostility. The first necessity was to establish a legitimate basis of action. A parliament, the Grand National Assembly, met at Ankara on April 23 and asserted that the sultan’s government was under infidel control and that it was the duty of Muslims to resist foreign encroachment. In the Fundamental Law o...
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Fundamental Laws (Russia [1906])
(1906), laws promulgated by the Russian emperor Nicholas II, ostensibly to carry out the governmental reforms promised in his earlier October Manifesto....
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Fundamental Laws (Austrian history)
...to amend the 1861 constitution known as the February Patent; the Fundamental Laws, which were adopted in December 1867 and became known as the December constitution, lasted until 1918. These laws granted equality before the law and freedom of press, speech, and assembly; they also protected the interests of the various nationalities,......
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Fundamental Laws (Spain [1942-67])
From the end of the Spanish Civil War in April 1939 until November 1975, Spain was ruled by Gen. Francisco Franco. The principles on which his regime was based were embodied in a series of Fundamental Laws (passed between 1942 and 1967) that declared Spain a monarchy and established a legislature known as the Cortes. Yet Franco’s system of government differed radically from Spain’s m...
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fundamental mode (physics)
As the vibration that has the lowest frequency for that particular type and length of string under a specific tension, this frequency is known as the fundamental, or first harmonic....
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Fundamental Orders of Connecticut (colonial Connecticut [1638])
The political development of the colony began with the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut (1638), a civil covenant by the settlers establishing the system by which the river towns of Windsor, Hartford, and Wethersfield agreed to govern themselves. The orders created an annual assembly of legislators and provided for the election of a governor. Separate New Haven Colony had its ......
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Fundamental Pact (Tunisia [1857])
...of its talented, reform-minded prime minister, Khayr al-Dīn, in 1877, Tunis responded to these pressures with the Ahd al-Amān, or Fundamental Pact, in 1856 and the short-lived constitution of 1860, the first in the Arab world. The Fundamental Pact guaranteed the equality before the law of all subjects—Muslim, Christian,...
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fundamental particle (physics)
Electrons and quarks contain no discernible structure; they cannot be reduced or separated into smaller components. It is therefore reasonable to call them “elementary” particles, a name that in the past was mistakenly given to particles such as the proton, which is in fact a complex particle that contains quarks. The term subatomic particle refers both to the true elementary....
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Fundamental Principles of Old and New World Civilizations, The (work by Nuttall)
...Nuttall lived in Europe, headquartered in Dresden, Germany, but traveling widely for study and to attend scholarly congresses. The results of her wide-ranging investigations were published in The Fundamental Principles of Old and New World Civilizations (1901), in which she traced cultural parallels between ancient Middle Eastern and American civilizations and hypothesized that......
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Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysics of Morals (work by Kant)
...spelled “Critik” and “practischen”; Critique of Practical Reason), the result of this intention, is the standard source book for his ethical doctrines. The earlier Grundlegung zur Metaphysik der Sitten (1785) is a shorter and, despite its title, more readily comprehensible treatment of the same general topic. Both differ from Die Metaphysik der......
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Fundamental Principles of the Sociology of Law (work by Ehrlich)
...the second component was more novel, readers of Ehrlich tended to overlook the first, and some believed mistakenly that he had dismissed formal law entirely. His major work was Fundamental Principles of the Sociology of Law (1913), which discusses the laws of different countries and concludes that legal development takes place less through legislation or judicial......
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Fundamental Rights and Freedoms, Charter of (1991, Czechoslovakia)
...establishing the Czech Republic as a parliamentary democracy. This document reflects the Western liberal tradition of political thought and incorporates many of the principles codified in the Charter of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms, which was adopted by the former Czechoslovak Federal Assembly in January 1991. The constitution......
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Fundamental Rights, Declaration of (German history)
At the Frankfurt convention during the Revolution of 1848, his ideas were incorporated into the Declaration of Fundamental Rights, a draft constitution envisaging a constitutional monarchy under Prussian leadership, freedom of speech and religion, and equality before the law. When the Frankfurt assembly elected Frederick William IV emperor......
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Fundamental Rules of International Humanitarian Law Applicable in Armed Conflicts (1978)
One of the Fundamental Rules of International Humanitarian Law Applicable in Armed Conflicts, which were prepared by the International Committee of the Red Cross in 1978, requires parties to a conflict to distinguish at all times “between the civilian population and combatants in order to spare civilian population and property. Neither the civilian population as such nor civilian persons......
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fundamental theorem of algebra
Theorem of equations proved by Carl Friedrich Gauss in 1799. It states that every polynomial equation of degree n with complex number coefficients has n roots, or solutions, in the complex numbers....
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fundamental theorem of arithmetic
Fundamental principle of number theory proved by Carl Friedrich Gauss in 1801. It states that any integer greater than 1 can be expressed as the product of prime numbers in only one way....
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fundamental theorem of calculus
Basic principle of calculus. It relates the derivative to the integral and provides the principal method for evaluating definite integrals (see differential calculus; integral calculus). In brief, it states that any function that is continuous...
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fundamental theorem of similarity (mathematics)
...are said to be proportional if a:b = c:d (read, a is to b as c is to d; in older notation a:b::c:d). The fundamental theorem of similarity states that a line segment splits two sides of a triangle into proportional segments if and only if the segment is parallel to the triangle’s third side ...
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Fundamental Theory (work by Eddington)
...of the electron, and the number of atoms in the universe. This was an attempt, never completed, at a vast synthesis of the known facts of the physical universe; it was published posthumously as Fundamental Theory (1946), edited by Sir Edmund Taylor Whittaker, a book that is incomprehensible to most readers and perplexing in many......
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fundamental tissue (plant anatomy)
The ground tissue system arises from a ground tissue meristem and consists of three simple tissues: parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma (Figure 5). The cells of each simple tissue bear the same name as their respective tissue....
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fundamental tone (sound)
in acoustics, tone sounding above the fundamental tone when a string or air column vibrates as a whole, producing the fundamental, or first harmonic. If it vibrates in sections, it produces overtones, or harmonics. The listener normally hears the fundamental pitch clearly; with concentration, overtones may be heard....
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fundamentalism (religious movement)
type of militantly conservative religious movement characterized by the advocacy of strict conformity to sacred texts. Once used exclusively to refer to American Protestants who insisted on the inerrancy of the Bible, the term fundamentalism was applied more broadly beginning in the late 20th century to a wide variety of religious...
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fundamentalism, Christian (American Protestant movement)
movement in American Protestantism that arose in the late 19th century in reaction to theological modernism, which aimed to revise traditional Christian beliefs to accommodate new developments in the natural and social sciences, especially the advent of the theory of biological evolution. In keeping with traditional Christian doctrines concerning biblical inte...
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fundamentalism, Islamic (religion and politcs)
Because the term fundamentalism is Christian in origin, because it carries negative connotations, and because its use in an Islamic context emphasizes the religious roots of the phenomenon while neglecting the nationalistic and social grievances that underlie it, many scholars prefer to call Islamic fundamentalists “Islamists” and to speak of “Islamist......
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Fundamentalism Project, The (work by Marty and Appleby)
In the late 20th century the most influential—and the most controversial—study of fundamentalism was The Fundamentalism Project (1991–95), a series of five volumes edited by the American scholars Martin E. Marty and R. Scott Appleby. Marty and Appleby viewed fundamentalism primarily as the militant rejection of secular modernity. They argued that fundamentalism is...
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“Fundamentals: A Testimony to the Truth, The” (Protestant literature)
Continuing conservative militancy led to the founding of the American Bible League in 1902 and the subsequent publication of The Fundamentals: A Testimony to the Truth (1910–15), a series of 12 booklets comprising articles by conservative leaders from across the country. The series, which would eventually give the conservatives their name, attacked modernist......
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Fundamentals of Learning, The (work by Thorndike)
In The Fundamentals of Learning (1932), Edward Thorndike, a psychologist at Columbia University, New York City, first suggested that human learning consists of some unknown property of connections between neurons in the brain. In ......
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Fundamentals of Organ Playing (work by Paumann)
...relatively extensive documentation comes from the 15th century, particularly from German sources, such as the Buxheimer Orgelbuch and Conrad Paumann’s Fundamentum organisandi (Fundamentals of Organ Playing). The compositions in both collections are of two basic types, arrangements of vocal works and keyboard pieces entitled Praeambulum (Prelude)....
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Fundamentals, The (Protestant literature)
Continuing conservative militancy led to the founding of the American Bible League in 1902 and the subsequent publication of The Fundamentals: A Testimony to the Truth (1910–15), a series of 12 booklets comprising articles by conservative leaders from across the country. The series, which would eventually give the conservatives their name, attacked modernist......
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Fundamento de Esperanto (work by Zamenhof)
...annual congresses in various European cities, Zamenhof delivered a number of memorable addresses, but he renounced formal leadership of the Esperanto movement at Kraków, Pol., in 1912. His Fundamento de Esperanto (1905; 17th ed., 1979; “Basis of Esperanto”) established the principles of Esperanto structure and formation....
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Fundamentum Historiae Naturalis Muscorum Frondosorum (work by Hedwig)
...grant him a license to practice medicine. In 1781 he returned to Leipzig and became professor of medicine in 1786 and of botany in 1789. Meanwhile, he had begun a study of the mosses and produced Fundamentum Historiae Naturalis Muscorum Frondosorum, 2 vol. (1782–83; “Elements of the Natural History of Leafy Mosses”), in which he dealt with the anatomy, fertilization,...
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“Fundamentum organisandi” (work by Paumann)
...relatively extensive documentation comes from the 15th century, particularly from German sources, such as the Buxheimer Orgelbuch and Conrad Paumann’s Fundamentum organisandi (Fundamentals of Organ Playing). The compositions in both collections are of two basic types, arrangements of vocal works and keyboard pieces entitled Praeambulum (Prelude)....
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fundamiji (Japanese art)
in Japanese lacquerwork, variation of the jimaki technique. In this kind of ground decoration, a thick layer of fine gold or silver grains is dusted onto a freshly lacquered surface and, when dry, covered with a clear lacquer. After this has dried, it is polished with powdered charcoal and given a fine finish by fingertip polishing with a mixture of ...
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Fundatissimus, Doctor (Augustinian theologian)
Scholastic theologian, philosopher, logician, archbishop, and general and intellectual leader of the Order of the Hermit Friars of St. Augustine....
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Fundi (Italy)
town, Lazio (Latium) regione, south-central Italy. It lies along the Appian Way at the foot of the Aurunci Mountains, northeast of Fondi Lake and 56 miles (90 km) southeast of Rome. Originally a town of the ancient Volsci people, it received Roman citizensh...
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funding
Funding...
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funds statement (accounting)
Companies also prepare a third financial statement, the statement of cash flows. Cash flows result from three major aspects of the business: (1) operating activities, (2) investing activities, and (3) financing activities. These three categories are illustrated in Table 3....
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fundus (eye)
...an instrument that permits the observer to illuminate the interior of the eyeball while observing through the pupil, the appearance of the interior lining of the globe can be made out. Called the fundus oculi, it is characterized by the large blood vessels that supply blood to the retina; these are especially distinct as they cross over......
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fundus flavimaculatus (pathology)
...an instrument that permits the observer to illuminate the interior of the eyeball while observing through the pupil, the appearance of the interior lining of the globe can be made out. Called the fundus oculi, it is characterized by the large blood vessels that supply blood to the retina; these are especially distinct as they cross over.......
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Fundy, Bay of (bay, Canada)
inlet of the Atlantic Ocean between the Canadian provinces of New Brunswick (north and west) and Nova Scotia (south and east). It extends 94 miles (151 km) inland, is 32 miles (52 km) wide at its entrance, and is noted for its fast-running tides, which may produce rises as great as 70 fee...
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Fundy National Park (park, New Brunswick, Canada)
national park in New Brunswick, Canada, on the Atlantic coast overlooking the Bay of Fundy, noted for its unusually high and fast-running tides. The park was established in 1948 and includes 8 miles (13 km) of the rugged coast, cover...
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Funen (island, Denmark)
third largest island in Denmark. It lies between southern Jutland and Zealand (Sjælland) and is bounded by the Little Belt (strait) to the west and the Great Belt to the east. Both straits are crossed by rail and road connections, including the Great Belt Fixed Link, a bridge and tunnel system that joins Funen with ...
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funeral (anthropology)
any of the ceremonial acts or customs employed at the time of death and burial....
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Funeral in Berlin (work by Deighton)
In Funeral in Berlin (1964), The Billion Dollar Brain (1966), and An Expensive Place to Die (1967), he continued his blend of espionage and suspense. Like The Ipcress File, these novels centre on an unnamed hero and show Deighton’s craftsmanship, crisp prose style, and mastery of plot. In......
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Funeral Music (work by Lutosławski)
Lutosławski spoke of his Funeral Music for string orchestra (1958) as marking a turning point in his style; a 12-tone work, it is dedicated to the memory of the Hungarian composer Béla Bartók. This he followed with an experimental piece in which he first used aleatory operations in combination with conventional effects: ......
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Funeral of St. Francis, The (work by Sassetta)
...and was originally a double-sided altarpiece (now dispersed) with a Virgin and Child and four saints on the front and scenes from the life of St. Francis on the reverse side. The St. Francis scenes mark the peak of Sassetta’s career as a narrative artist and are exemplary of his late style, with their sophisticated colour sense and t...
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Funeral of the Anarchist Galli, The (painting by Carrà)
...Umberto Boccioni, who converted him to Futurism, an aesthetic movement that exalted patriotism, modern technology, dynamism, and speed. Carrà’s most famous painting, The Funeral of the Anarchist Galli (1911), embodies Futurist ideals with its portrayal of dynamic action, power, and violence....
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Funeral Symphony (symphony by Berlioz)
...to encourage the Rome laureate. The request to compose another work for a public ceremony—the Symphonie funèbre et triomphale (Funeral Symphony) for military band, chorus, and strings, commissioned for the 10th anniversary of the July Revolution (1840)—was......
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Funeral, The (play by Steele)
...Restoration (most notably, it advocated respectful behaviour toward women). The tract’s moralistic tenor would be echoed in Steele’s plays. In the same year (1701) Steele wrote his first comedy, The Funeral. Performed at Drury Lane “with more than expected success,” this play made his reputation and helped to bring him to the notice of ......
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funerary architecture
ornate, often theatrical, usually movable funereal structure mounted on a stage to support a coffin for a lying-in-state. It is used for royalty and personages of distinction and is normally set up in a historic public hall, such as Westminster Hall, London, and the Capitol Rotunda in Washington, D.C. The reputation of the Spanish architect José Churriguera, known for his exuberant and......
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funerary art
A cemetery to the southwest of Krasnoyarsk, on the slopes of the Afanasyevskaya Mountains, contained 80 burials dating from the 2nd millennium bc. The earlier ones were flat and marked by stone circles symbolizing the Sun god; the later ones took the form of barrows, or large mounds of earth, but were also encircled by similar stone slabs. The earlier graves contained elongated, sphe...
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funerary mask
...in which burial customs are important, anthropomorphic masks have often been used in ceremonies associated with the dead and departing spirits. Funerary masks were frequently used to cover the face of the deceased. Generally their purpose was to represent the features of the deceased, both to honour them and to establish a relationship......
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funerary rite (anthropology)
any of the ceremonial acts or customs employed at the time of death and burial....
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Funes (Spain)
town, Navarra provincia (province) and comunidad autónoma (autonomous community), northern Spain. It lies along the Arga River....
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Funes, Mauricio (president of El Salvador)
On March 15, 2009, Mauricio Funes was elected president of El Salvador, with a five-year term to begin on June 1. As the candidate of the Farabundo Martí Front for National Liberation (FMLN), Funes defeated National Republican Alliance (ARENA) candidate Rodrigo Ávila by 51.3–48.7%....
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Fünfkirchen (Hungary)
(“Five Churches”), city of county status and seat of Baranya megye (county), southwestern Hungary. It lies at the southern foot of the wooded Mecsek Mountains, 135 mi (220 km) south-southwest of Budapest. The site was occupied by the Roman town of Sopianae, the capital of the province of Southern Pannonia, which succeed...
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Fung dynasty (Sudanese dynasty)
line of kings that ruled in the Nilotic Sudan of Eastern Africa in the 16th–19th century. At its greatest extent, Funj authority stretched westward across the southern Gezira region into Kordofan and southward to the gold-bearing district of Fāzūghlī....
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Fung Youlan (Chinese philosopher)
outstanding Chinese philosopher of the 20th century....
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Fung Yu-lan (Chinese philosopher)
outstanding Chinese philosopher of the 20th century....
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fungal disease (pathology)
in humans and domestic animals, a disease caused by any fungus that invades the tissues, causing superficial, subcutaneous, or systemic disease. Superficial fungal infections, also called dermatophytosis, are confined to the skin and are caused by Microsporum, Trichophyton, or Epidermophyton; ...
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fungal infection
...while retaining antifungal action. Nystatin is more toxic and is not used systemically. It is not absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and is only used orally or topically for the treatment of infections of the skin and mucous membranes caused by Candida albicans....
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fungi (biology)
Any of about 80,000 known species of organisms belonging to the kingdom Fungi, including yeasts, rusts, smuts, molds, mushrooms, and mildews....
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Fungi (biology)
Any of about 80,000 known species of organisms belonging to the kingdom Fungi, including yeasts, rusts, smuts, molds, mushrooms, and mildews....
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fungi imperfecti (fungus)
fungi (kingdom Fungi) in which a true sexual state is uncommon or unknown. Many of these fungi reproduce asexually by spores (conidia or oidia) or by budding. Conidial stages are similar to those in the phylum Ascomycota, but those of some species show affinities to lower (primitive) fungi and the phylum Basidiomycota. Because of this ambiguity, the term deuteromycetes is used only to...
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fungicide (chemical compound)
any toxic substance used to kill or inhibit the growth of fungi that either cause economic damage to crop or ornamental plants or endanger the health of domestic animals or humans. Most fungicides are applied as sprays or dusts. Seed fungicides are applied as a protective covering before germination. Systemic fungicides, or ...
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fungiform papilla (anatomy)
...of cells in the taste bud appear to be different stages in this turnover process. Slender nerve fibres entwine among and make contact usually with many cells. Taste buds are located primarily in fungiform (mushroom-shaped), foliate, and circumvallate (walled-around) papillae of the tongue or in adjacent structures of the palate and throat. Many......
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fungivore (biology)
One way of understanding the diversity of antagonistic interactions is through the kinds of hosts or prey that species attack. Carnivores attack animals, herbivores attack plants, and fungivores attack fungi. Other species are omnivorous, attacking a wide range of plants, animals, and fungi. Regardless of the kinds of foods they eat, however, there are some general patterns in which species......
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Fungizone (drug)
Amphotericin B and nystatin are antimicrobial drugs that interact with ergosterol, a type of steroid that is found in fungal membranes; this binding results in the loss of membrane-selective permeability and of cytoplasmic components. These agents do not affect bacteria, because, with the exception of Mycoplasma species, bacteria do not have these types of steroids......
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Fungochitina kosovensis (plankton)
...the global stratotype section and point (GSSP) for the base of the series. In addition, two species of chitinozoans (a type of marine plankton), Urnochitina urna and Fungochitina kosovensis, first occur at or just above the base of the series. The earliest known simple vascular land plants, of the genus Cooksonia, typically occur in the......
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fungus (biology)
Any of about 80,000 known species of organisms belonging to the kingdom Fungi, including yeasts, rusts, smuts, molds, mushrooms, and mildews....
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fungus bug (insect)
any of about 1,000 species of small, flat, dark-coloured insects (order Heteroptera) that are usually found under stones, in crevices in dead or dying trees, or under loose bark. Nearly all flat bugs range in size from 3 to 11 mm (0.12 to 0.43 inch) and feed on fungi and sap in decaying wood. Their wings, though well develop...
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fungus garden
The Macrotermitinae (family Termitidae) cultivate symbiotic fungi (Termitomyces). The termites construct spongelike “fungus gardens,” or combs, possibly of fecal matter rich in the carbohydrate lignin. The fungi grow on the combs, and the termites consume both fungi and combs. The fungi break down the fecal matter used to construct the combs into substances that can be......
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fungus gnat (insect)
any member of two families of insects in the fly order, Diptera, that are small and mosquito-like with maggots (larvae) that feed on fungi. In Sciaridae, the dark-winged fungus gnat family, the eyes of the adults almost touch, and the wings are usually dusky. The creamy-white or gray larvae of the genus Sciara may travel in large groups, migrating in snakelike lines 1 cm (0.4 inch) deep in ...
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fungus weevil (insect)
any of approximately 3,000 species of weevils (insect order Coleoptera) whose adults are usually found on dead twigs or fungi and whose larvae feed on fungi, seeds, or deadwood. These insects are between 0.5 and 50 mm (0.02 and 2 inches) long, and the head is prolonged to form a short beak called a snout....
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