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annual short-story prize, first awarded in 2000, available to Africans writing in English or whose work was published in English translation....

annual short-story prize, first awarded in 2000, available to Africans writing in English or whose work was published in English translation....

British writer known for his popular novels combining sentiment, moral fervour, skillfully suggested local atmosphere, and strong characterization....

internationally successful British motion-picture actor renowned for his versatility in numerous leading and character roles....

British writer known for his popular novels combining sentiment, moral fervour, skillfully suggested local atmosphere, and strong characterization....

...extremely rare; nowhere does it appear to have existed as the prevailing form of marital arrangement. Of the 250 societies reported by the American anthropologist George P. Murdock (1949), only the Caingang of Brazil had chosen group marriage as an alternative form of union; even there the frequency was but 8 percent....

member of a Gnostic sect mentioned by Irenaeus and other early Christian writers as flourishing in the 2nd century ad, probably in the eastern area of the Roman Empire. The Christian theologian Origen declared that the Cainites had “entirely abandoned Jesus.” Their reinterpretation of Old Testament...

Fine lead glass in the New England area was first successfully made in the South Boston works of the Boston Crown Glass Company. Thomas Cains was making flint glass there in 1813. He left the firm in 1824 to found the Phoenix Glass Works in South Boston, which survived until 1870. One particular device usually associated with the Boston manufactories of this period is the guilloche, or chain,......

...hairs that can result in discomfort for days; its oddly formed flowers have five pouchlike yellow petals covering united stamens and distinctive large coloured nectaries. The closely related Caiophora (or Cajophora), with about 65 tropical American species, as withLoasa, mostly grows in rocky slopes of cool Andean areas and also has stinging hairs....

city, northwestern Israel. The principal port of the country, it lies along the Bay of Haifa overlooking the Mediterranean Sea. Haifa is first mentioned in the Talmud (c. 1st–4th century ce). Eusebius, the early Christian theologian and biblical topographer, referred to it as Sykaminos. The town w...

Indians of northwestern Venezuela living along the shores of Lake Maracaibo at the time of the Spanish conquest. They moved inland to avoid enslavement by the Spaniards but were eventually destroyed as were their neighbours, the Quiriquire and the Jirajara....

Indians of northwestern Venezuela living along the shores of Lake Maracaibo at the time of the Spanish conquest. They moved inland to avoid enslavement by the Spaniards but were eventually destroyed as were their neighbours, the Quiriquire and the Jirajara....

philosopher and leader in Britain of the Neo-Hegelian school....

British theologian and preacher, and an exponent of theism in Hegelian terms....

Egyptian floor covering believed to have been made in or near Cairo from at least as early as the 15th century to the 18th. The early production, under the Mamlūk dynasty, is characterized by geometric, centralized schemes featuring large and complex star shapes, octagons, or polygonal centerpieces, subdivided and gra...

Domestic ducks belong to the subfamily Anatinae of the waterfowl family Anatidae. The Muscovy duck (Cairina moschata) and wild mallard (Anas platyrhyncos) are believed to be the ancestors of all domestic ducks. The Muscovy duck was domesticated in Colombia and Peru by the pre-Columbian Indians. The mallard was domesticated in China about 2,000 years ago and has undergone numerous......

any of the species of the tribe Cairinini, family Anatidae (order Anseriformes), waterfowl that typically inhabit wet woodlands, nest in holes in trees, and perch on branches by means of their long-clawed toes. The tribe is widely represented, especially in the tropics. Perching ducks are closely akin to dabbling ducks, whi...

a pile of stones that is used as a boundary marker, a memorial, or a burial site. Cairns are usually conical in shape and were often erected on high ground. Burial cairns date primarily from the Neolithic Period and the Early Bronze Age. Cairns are stil...

...north-central Scotland. Established in 1948 and comprising 12,000 acres (5,000 hectares), the park extends upward from 1,000 feet (300 metres) near the town of Aviemore to include the summit of Cairn Gorm at an elevation of 4,084 feet (1,245 metres). A road and chairlift provide access to within 400 feet (120 metres) of the summit. The park offers the best skiing in Britain, excellent......

working terrier breed developed in Scotland to rout vermin from cairns (rock piles). The modern breed’s characteristics are carefully patterned on those of the dog’s ancestor, a 17th-century terrier of the Isle of Skye. The cairn terrier is a short-legged dog with a short, broad face fixed in a “keen” expression that is typical of the breed. Its harsh...

British government official who was identified in 1991 as the long-sought "fifth man" in the notorious Soviet spy ring that included Kim Philby, Guy Burgess, Donald MacLean, and Anthony Blunt...

Irish economist who restated the key doctrines of the English classical school in his last and largest work, Some Leading Principles of Political Economy Newly Expounded (1874)....

very common coarse-grained variety of the silica mineral quartz that ranges in colour from nearly black through smoky brown. No distinct boundary exists between smoky and colourless quartz. Its abundance causes it to be worth considerably less than either amethyst or citrine. Heating bleaches the stone, the colour sometimes passing through yellow; these yellow pieces are often s...

highest mountain massif in the British Isles, named after one of its peaks—Cairn Gorm, with an elevation of 4,084 feet (1,245 metres)—part of the Grampian Mountains in the Highlands of Scotland between the Spey and Dee river valleys. The mountains are divided among the Highland, Moray, and Aberdeenshire counc...

...Mountains, centred on the town of Aviemore, has developed and expanded rapidly since World War II. Recreational activities include skiing, ice and rock climbing, and pony trekking. The associated Cairngorms National Nature Reserve, with an area of 100 square miles (259 square km), was established in 1954 and has rare flora and fauna....

city and port, northeastern Queensland, Australia, on Trinity Inlet of Trinity Bay. Founded in the 1870s as a government customs collection point, it grew in the late 19th century as the result of gold discoveries along the Hodgkinson and Palmer rivers, tin discoveries at Herberton on the Atherton Plateau,...

Australian left-wing politician (b. Oct. 4, 1914, Melbourne, Australia—d. Oct. 12, 2003, Melbourne), was best known for his passionate antiwar activism. Cairns was first elected to Parliament in 1955 and soon became a leading light in the Labor Party. In 1970 he led a huge demonstration in Melbourne against Australian ...

Australian left-wing politician (b. Oct. 4, 1914, Melbourne, Australia—d. Oct. 12, 2003, Melbourne), was best known for his passionate antiwar activism. Cairns was first elected to Parliament in 1955 and soon became a leading light in the Labor Party. In 1970 he led a huge demonstration in Melbourne against Australian ...

City (pop., 2006: city, 7,786,640; 2007 est.: urban agglom., 16,100,000), capital of Egypt....

city, seat (1860) of Alexander county, extreme southern Illinois, U.S. The city stands on a low-lying delta at the confluence of the Mississippi and Ohio rivers. Bridges over both rivers connect the city with Kentucky (east) and Missouri (west). Cairo was so named because its site was thought to resemble that of the Egyptian city (see...

...and South African Pres. F.W. de Klerk (1992), which proved influential in South Africa’s subsequent rejection of apartheid; and the drafting of the Gaza-Jericho Agreement (1994; also known as the Cairo Agreement), a peace treaty reached by Palestinian Liberation Organization chairman Yāsir ʿArafāt and Israeli Prime Minister Shimon Peres....

(November–December 1943), either of two meetings of Allied leaders held in Cairo during World War II. At the first Cairo Conference (November 22–26), British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt discussed plans for the prosecution of the Normandy Invasion. With Chinese lea...

World attention was focused on population issues as delegates from 175 countries gathered in Cairo on Sept. 5-13, 1994, for the International Conference on Population and Development. Previous population conferences had been held in Mexico City (1984) and Bucharest, Rom. (1974). The delegates in Cairo deba...

...to confirm the nomination. Sir Percy Cox, recently appointed a high commissioner for Iraq, was responsible for carrying out the plebiscite. A provisional government set up by Cox shortly before the Cairo Conference passed a resolution in July 1921 declaring Fayṣal king of Iraq, provided that his “Government shall be constitutional, representative and democratic.” The......

...The campaign to open a land route across northern Burma had run into serious difficulty. At the first Cairo Conference in November, Chiang met Churchill and Roosevelt for the first time. The Cairo Declaration issued there promised that, following the war, Manchuria, Taiwan, and the Pescadores Islands would be returned to China and that Korea would gain independence. The three allies......

The earliest extant Hebrew Bible codex is the Cairo Prophets written and punctuated by Moses ben Asher in Tiberias (in Palestine) in 895. Next in age is the Leningrad Codex of the Latter Prophets dated to 916, which was not originally the work of Ben Asher, but its Babylonian pointing—i.e., vowel signs used for pronunciation purposes—was brought into line with the Tiberian......

...Depending upon the species, fur covering the upperparts may be gray, grayish yellow, brownish red, or reddish. Black (melanistic) individuals occur in populations of the golden spiny mouse and the Cairo spiny mouse (A. cahirinus)....

...ancient Egypt, but he had turned to describing modern Egyptian society by the time he began his major work, Al-Thulāthiyyah (1956–57), known as The Cairo Trilogy. Its three novels—Bayn al-qaṣrayn (1956; Palace Walk), Qaṣr al-shawq (1957;...

politician, leader of the left during the Risorgimento, and three times premier of united Italy....

town and urban district, County Tipperary, southern Ireland, about 30 miles (50 km) east-southeast of Limerick. The town’s landscape is dominated by the 358-foot (109-metre) Rock of Cashel, a limestone outcrop on the summit of which is a group of ruins that includes remains of the town’s defenses, St. Patrick’s Cathedral...

market and county town, County Mayo, Ireland, at the head of Lough (lake) Castlebar. The town was founded early in the 17th century and was incorporated in 1613. It is now an active angling centre and has a small airport and bacon-curing and hat-making factories. Pop. (2006) 10,655....

town, Down district (established 1973), formerly in County Down, eastern Northern Ireland. It lies along Dundrum Bay, at the foot of Slieve Donard (2,789 feet [850 metres]), which is the highest peak in the Mourne Mountains. The town...

district, Northern Ireland, located directly southeast of Belfast, from where it is administered. Formerly astride Down and Antrim counties, Castlereagh was established as a district in 1973. Its rolling lowlands border the districts of Lisburn to the southwest, North Down...

a type of folk song primarily from Trinidad though sung elsewhere in the southern and eastern Caribbean islands. The subject of a calypso text, usually witty and satiric, is a local and topical event of political and social import, and the tone is one of allusion, mockery, and double entendre....

...in the last years of Ismāʿīl’s reign. Various expedients to postpone bankruptcy (e.g., the khedive’s sale in 1875 of his Suez Canal shares to Britain) had failed, and in 1876 the Caisse de la Dette Publique (Commission of the Public Debt) was established for the service of the Egyptian debt. Its members were nominated by France, Britain, Austria, and Italy. In...

in architecture, a square or polygonal ornamental sunken panel used in a series as decoration for a ceiling or vault. The sunken panels were sometimes also called caissons, or lacunaria, and a coffered ceiling might be referred to as lacunar....

in engineering, boxlike structure used in construction work underwater or as a foundation. It is usually rectangular or circular in plan and may be tens of metres in diameter....

physiological effects of the formation of gas bubbles in the body because of rapid transition from a high-pressure environment to one of lower pressure. Pilots of unpressurized aircraft, underwater divers, and caisson workers are highly susceptible to the sickness because their activities subject them to pressures different from the normal atmosp...

...wide bases placed directly beneath the load-bearing beams or walls), mat (consisting of slabs, usually of reinforced concrete, which underlie the entire area of a building), or floating types. A floating foundation consists of boxlike rigid structures set at such a depth below ground that the weight of the soil removed to place it equals the weight of the building; thus, once the building is......

...exploitation of peasants and workers by foreign business interests and a greedy indigenous bourgeoisie. In a novel written in Kikuyu and English versions, Caitaani Mutharaba-ini (1980; Devil on the Cross), Ngugi presented these ideas in an allegorical form. Written in a manner meant to recall traditional ballad singers, the novel is a partly realistic, partly fantastical......

Hindu mystic whose mode of worshipping the god Krishna with ecstatic song and dance had a profound effect on Vaishnavism in Bengal....

historic county in extreme northern Scotland, facing the Atlantic Ocean and the Pentland Firth (which separates it from the Orkney Islands) on the north and the North Sea on the e...

Scottish politician, chiefly remembered for his alleged complicity in the Massacre of Glencoe....

(Sanskrit: “that which is worthy to be gazed upon,” thus “worshipful”), in Buddhism, a sacred place or object. Originally, caityas were said to be the natural homes of earth spirits and were most often recognized in small stands of trees or even in a single tree. According to Jaina and Buddhist texts from ab...

...were often placed in a circular building with a domical metal and timber roof supported by concentric rows of stone pillars. This type of building, known in ancient India as the caityagṛha, was very popular in Sri Lanka, though it had disappeared at a fairly early period in the country of its origin. A famous example is the vaṭadāgē at......

Roman jurist whose writings became authoritative in the late Roman Empire. The Law of Citations (426), issued by the eastern Roman emperor Theodosius II, named Gaius one of five jurists (the others were Papinian, Ulpian, Modestinus, and Paulus) whose doctrines were to be followed by judges in deciding cases. The Institution...

prominent humanist and physician whose classic account of the English sweating sickness is considered one of the earliest histories of an epidemic....

The action of the play follows Caius Marcius (afterward Caius Marcius Coriolanus) through several phases of his career. He is shown as an arrogant young nobleman in peacetime, as a bloodstained and valiant warrior against the city of Corioli, as a modest victor, and as a reluctant candidate for consul. When he refuses to flatter the Roman citizens, for whom he feels contempt, or to show them......

pope from 283 (possibly December 17) to 296. Nothing about him is known with certainty. Supposedly a relative of the Roman emperor Diocletian, he conducted his pontificate at a period of Diocletian’s reign when Christians were tacitly tolerated. Gaius is said, nevertheless, to have carried on his religious work for his last eight years concealed in the catacombs. His epitaph was found in th...

...the country. Surpluses are put into reserves or are used for local welfare, environmental activities, and cultural and educational projects. The largest of the savings banks is the Barcelona-based La Caja de Ahorros y de Pensiones (the Bank for Pensions and Savings), popularly known as “La Caixa.”...

Spain has a second distinct set of banks known as cajas de ahorros (savings banks), which account for about half of the country’s total savings deposits and about one-fourth of all bank credit. These not-for-profit institutions originally were provincially or regionally based and were required to invest a certain amount in their home provinces, but no...

...the country. Surpluses are put into reserves or are used for local welfare, environmental activities, and cultural and educational projects. The largest of the savings banks is the Barcelona-based La Caja de Ahorros y de Pensiones (the Bank for Pensions and Savings), popularly known as “La Caixa.”...

The Cajamarca Basin is the site of a pottery style (called cursive) that was entirely independent of known outside influences and that spanned at least the Early Intermediate Period and the Middle Horizon. It has lightly painted running-scroll designs, which vaguely recall writing (whence the name cursive), as well as small animals and faces, in brownish black or red on a cream background,......

city, northern Peru, lying at 9,022 feet (2,750 metres) above sea level on the Cajamarca River. An ancient Inca city, it was the site of the capture, ransom, and execution of the Inca chief Atahuallpa by the conquistador Francisco Pizarro in 1532. The settlement langui...

...a height of 8 metres (25 feet); it has spongy white bark that peels off in thin layers. M. leucadendron, also called river tea tree, is sometimes confused with the former; its leaves provide cajeput oil, used for medicinal purposes in parts of the Orient. The common name swamps paperbark is applied to M. ericifolia, which often grows in clumps, and to M. rhaphiophylla.......

Bark varies from the smooth, copper-coloured covering of the gumbo-limbo (Bursera simaruba) to the thick, soft, spongy bark of the punk, or cajeput, tree (Melaleuca leucadendron). Other types of bark include the commercial cork of the cork oak (Quercus suber) and the rugged, fissured outer coat of many other oaks; the flaking, patchy-coloured barks......

one of the major Catholic theologians of the Thomist school....

Venetian priest who co-founded the Theatine order and became an important figure of the Catholic Reformation....

one of the major Catholic theologians of the Thomist school....

...Mexicans also play Spanish instruments such as the violin, guitar, and harp. In addition, the Mixtec have adopted certain percussion instruments introduced by African peoples; these include the cajón de tapeo, a wooden box struck with the hands, and a double-headed tension drum. Central Mexicans have maintained strong connections between music and dance since pre-Columbian times.....

...hairs that can result in discomfort for days; its oddly formed flowers have five pouchlike yellow petals covering united stamens and distinctive large coloured nectaries. The closely related Caiophora (or Cajophora), with about 65 tropical American species, as withLoasa, mostly grows in rocky slopes of cool Andean areas and also has stinging hairs....

Swiss-born U.S. educator and mathematician whose works on the history of mathematics were among the most eminent of his time....

...Musical bows continue to be played by some native peoples from Mexico and South America. Peoples of the Chaco region in the Southern Cone have a musical bow called the cajuavé, which the player holds between his teeth and strikes with a small stick, using his mouth as a resonator. The cajuavé is played......

descendant of French Canadians whom the British, in the 18th century, drove from the captured French colony of Acadia (now Nova Scotia and adjacent areas) and who settled in the fertile bayou lands of southern Louisiana. The Cajuns today form small, compact, self-contai...

descendant of French Canadians whom the British, in the 18th century, drove from the captured French colony of Acadia (now Nova Scotia and adjacent areas) and who settled in the fertile bayou lands of southern Louisiana. The Cajuns today form small, compact, self-contai...

Mayan Indian people of the midwestern highlands of Guatemala, closely related linguistically and culturally to the neighbouring Quiché and Tzutujil. They are agricultural, and their culture and religion are fusions of Spanish and Mayan elements. The sharing of a common language does not provide a basis for ethnic identification among the Cakchiquels; t...

member of the Quiché group of Mayan languages, spoken in central Guatemala. Closely related to and sometimes considered simply a dialect of Cakchiquel is Tzutujil (Zutuhil), spoken in the same region. Both Cakchiquel and Tzutujil have close grammatical and phonological affinities to the Quiché language. In ancient literature, ...

...contains the least amount of impurities and is often of edible quality without refining or further processing. Such oils are known as cold-drawn, cold-pressed, or virgin oils. Pressing the coarse meal while it is heated removes more oil and also greater quantities of nonglyceride impurities such as phospholipids, colour bodies, and unsaponifiable matter. Such oil is more highly coloured than......

in general, any of a variety of breads, shortened or unshortened, usually shaped by the tin in which it is baked; more specifically, a sweetened bread, often rich or delicate....

...flour, a starch-free, high-protein, whole wheat flour; all-purpose flour, refined (separated from bran and germ), bleached or unbleached, and suitable for any recipe not requiring a special flour; cake flour, refined and bleached, with very fine texture; self-rising flour, refined and bleached, with added leavening and salt; and enriched flour, refined and bleached, with added nutrients....

any of the echinoid marine invertebrates of the order Clypeastroida (phylum Echinodermata), in which the body is flattened. The surface is covered with short spines (often furlike) and inconspicuous pedicellariae (pincerlike organs). In many species the hollow, slightly elongated test (internal skeleton), which accommodates the water-vascular system, is symmetrically notched on...

comic novel by W. Somerset Maugham, published in 1930....

comic novel by W. Somerset Maugham, published in 1930....

couple dance that became a popular stage act for virtuoso dancers as well as a craze in fashionable ballrooms around 1900. Couples formed a square with the men on the inside and, stepping high to a lively tune, strutted around the square. The couples were eliminated one by one by several judges, who considered the elegant bearing of the men, ...

any of about seven species of plants constituting the genus Cakile, of the mustard family (Brassicaceae), native to seashore regions of North America, Eurasia, western Asia, and Australia, and to central Arabian deserts. C. maritima, a Eur...

When many bituminous coals are heated, they soften and form a plastic mass that swells and resolidifies into a porous solid. Coals that exhibit such behaviour are called caking coals. Strongly caking coals, which yield a solid product (coke) with properties suitable for use in a blast furnace, are called coking coals. All coking coals are caking, but not all caking coals are suitable for coke......

Turkish marshal and statesman who played a leading role in the establishment of the Turkish Republic....

In Melanesia events transpired differently. In Fiji the missionaries who landed in 1835, accompanied by an envoy from George of Tonga, made no headway with the rising chief Cakobau, who was not converted until 1854, when his fortunes were at a low ebb and he needed Tongan support. Elsewhere in Melanesia, the absence of chiefs meant that missionary work had to be conducted with small groups of......

(“wheel”), any of a number of psychic-energy centres of the body, prominent in the occult physiological practices of certain forms of Hinduism and Tantric Buddhism. The chakras are conceived of as focal points where psychic forces and bodily functions merge with and interact with each other. Among the supposed 88,000 chakras in the ...

Several poets were still influenced or inspired by folk songs, but Aleksandrs Čaks (pseudonym of Aleksandrs Čadarainis) created a new tradition, describing in free verse, with exaggerated images, the atmosphere of the suburbs. His outstanding work was a ballad cycle, Mūžības skartie (1937–39; “Marked by Eternity”), about the Latvian......

patriot and president (1922–27) of the Republic of Latvia, who, through political activity in Latvia and Russia and on diplomatic missions to the West, helped spearhead Latvia’s struggle for independence....

...maritime traffic. A second important body of water, Lake Calumet, is located in the industrial southeastern part of the city; it is connected to the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal by the Calumet Sag (Cal-Sag) Channel and to Lake Michigan by the Calumet River....

town and port, capital of Cross River state, southeastern Nigeria. It lies along the Calabar River, 5 miles (8 km) upstream from that river’s entrance into the Cross River estuary. Settled in the early 17th century by the Efik branch of the Ibibio people, the town became a centre for trade between white traders on the coast and natives farther inland. F...

...120 miles [193 km] west) was originally given by 15th-century Portuguese navigators to the African inhabitants of that part of the Gulf of Guinea coast. This region was the main source of the Calabar bean, a poisonous bean that, when ingested, markedly affects the nervous system....

D. dendo, native to Angola, is a valuable timber tree with very black and hard heartwood known as black ebony, as billetwood, or as Gabon, Lagos, Calabar, or Niger ebony. Jamaica, American, or green ebony is produced by Brya ebenus, a leguminous tree or shrub; the heartwood is rich dark brown, very heavy, exceedingly hard, and capable of receiving a high polish....

D. dendo, native to Angola, is a valuable timber tree with very black and hard heartwood known as black ebony, as billetwood, or as Gabon, Lagos, Calabar, or Niger ebony. Jamaica, American, or green ebony is produced by Brya ebenus, a leguminous tree or shrub; the heartwood is rich dark brown, very heavy, exceedingly hard, and capable of receiving a high polish.......

...Rica. Usually less than 1 metre long, it is reported to reach nearly 1.5 metres. It seems to be predominantly nocturnal, foraging on the ground for a variety of small vertebrates. The so-called earth, or burrowing, python (Calabaria reinhardtii or Charina reinhardtii) of West Africa appears to be a member of the boa family (Boidae)....

running or climbing vine, of the gourd family (Cucurbitaceae), native to the Old World tropics but cultivated in warm climates for centuries for its ornamental and useful hard-shelled fruits....

(Crescentia cujete), tree of the family Bignoniaceae, 6 to 12 metres (20 to 40 feet) tall, that grows in Central and South America, the West Indies, and extreme southern Florida. It is often grown as an ornamental. The calabash tree produces larg...

(Cucurbita foetidissima), perennial prostrate vine of the gourd family (Cucurbitaceae), native to southwestern North America. A calabazilla has triangular, long-stalked, fi...