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principal in the fourth degree (law)
...before the fact; in continental law this third degree of participation is covered partly by the concept of instigation and partly by the above-mentioned aide et assistance. The fourth and last degree of participation is that of accessory after the fact, who is punishable because he receives, conceals, or comforts one......
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principal in the second degree (law)
...is a principal in the first degree. His counterpart in French law is the auteur (literally, “author”), or coauteur when two or more persons are directly engaged. A principal in the second degree is one who intentionally aids or abets the principal in the first degree, being present when the crime occurs; this is comparable to the French concept of......
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principal in the third degree (law)
...In Anglo-American law one who instigates, encourages, or counsels the principal without being present during the crime is called an accessory before the fact; in continental law this third degree of participation is covered partly by the concept of instigation and partly by the above-mentioned aide et assistance. The fourth and last degree of participation is that......
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Principal Navigations, Voyages and Discoveries of the English Nation, The (work by Hakluyt)
...of war with Spain put an end to the effectiveness of overseas propaganda and the opportunity for further exploration so he began work on a project that he had had in mind for some time. This was The principall Navigations, Voiages and Discoveries of the English Nation . . . , which, by its scholarship and comprehensiveness, transcended all geographical literature to date; the......
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principal quantum number (chemistry and physics)
...of numerals and letters that represent specific properties of the electrons associated with the orbitals—for example, 1s, 2p, 3d, 4f. The numerals, called principal quantum numbers, indicate energy levels as well as relative distance from the nucleus. A 1s electron occupies the energy level......
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principalia (Filipino history)
...own fields cultivated by their various retainers, even though traditional land rights had been limited to usufruct. These heirs of pre-Spanish nobility were known as the principalia and played an important role in the friar-dominated local government....
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principality (political unit)
By Charles IV’s death in 1378, the division of Germany into numerous loosely defined territorial principalities had reached an advanced stage....
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Principality of Andorra
small independent European coprincipality situated among the southern peaks of the Pyrenees Mountains and bounded by France to the north and east and by Spain to the south and west. It is one of the smallest states in Europe. The capital is Andorra la Vella....
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Principality of Asturias (region, Spain)
comunidad autónoma (autonomous community) and historic region of Spain that is coextensive with the northwestern Spanish provincia (province) of Asturias. It is bounded by the autonomous communities of Cantabria to the east, Castile-León to the south, and Galicia to the west. The Cantab...
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Principality of Liechtenstein
Principality, western Europe....
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Principality of Tver (historical principality, Russia)
medieval principality located in the region northwest of Moscow and centring on the city of Tver and including the towns of Kashin, Mikulin, Kholm, Dorogobuzh, and Staritsa. Descendants of Prince Yaroslav Yaroslavich (brother of Alexander Nevsky and son of Yaroslav Vsevolodovich) founded the principality in 1246. Under their ...
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“principall Navigations, Voiages and Discoveries of the English Nation, The” (work by Hakluyt)
...of war with Spain put an end to the effectiveness of overseas propaganda and the opportunity for further exploration so he began work on a project that he had had in mind for some time. This was The principall Navigations, Voiages and Discoveries of the English Nation . . . , which, by its scholarship and comprehensiveness, transcended all geographical literature to date; the......
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Principat d’Andorra
small independent European coprincipality situated among the southern peaks of the Pyrenees Mountains and bounded by France to the north and east and by Spain to the south and west. It is one of the smallest states in Europe. The capital is Andorra la Vella....
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principate (government)
Augustus established a form of government known as a principate, which combined some elements from the republic with the traditional powers of a monarchy. The Senate still functioned, though Augustus, as princeps, or first citizen, remained in control of the government. Under Augustus, Rome began to prosper once again, and the emperor came to be looked upon as a god. Thereafter, all good......
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“príncipe constante, El” (play by Calderón)
...conversion and martyrdom, usually of the saints of the early church. One of the most beautiful is El príncipe constante (1629; The Constant Prince), which dramatizes the martyrdom of Prince Ferdinand of Portugal. El mágico prodigioso (1637; The Wonder-Working Magician) is a more complex......
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“Principe, Il” (work by Machiavelli)
The first and most persistent view of Machiavelli is that of a teacher of evil. The German-born American philosopher Leo Strauss (1899–1973) begins his interpretation from this point. The Prince is in the tradition of the “Mirror for Princes”—i.e., books of advice that enabled princes to see themselves as though reflected in a mirror—which began with...
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Príncipe Island (island, São Tomé and Príncipe)
São Tomé, which is oval in shape, is larger than Príncipe, which lies about 90 miles (145 km) northeast of its sister island. The capital of the country, São Tomé city, is situated in the northeastern part of São Tomé island. The country’s closest neighbours are Gabon and Equatorial Guinea on the Atlantic coast of ......
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Príncipe Peak (mountain, Príncipe Island)
...in the northeast. São Tomé Peak, the highest point on the main island, rises to 6,640 feet (2,024 metres) above sea level, and Príncipe Peak on the smaller island reaches 3,110 feet (948 metres). These mountainous areas are deeply dissected by stream erosion, and spectacular isolated ......
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Principe Perfeito, O (king of Portugal)
king of Portugal from 1481 to 1495, regarded as one of the greatest Portuguese rulers, chiefly because of his ruthless assertion of royal authority over the great nobles and his resumption of the exploration of Africa and the quest for India....
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Principes (plant order)
order of flowering plants that contains only one family, Arecaceae (also known as Palmae), which comprises the palms. Nearly 2,400 species in 189 genera are known. The order includes some of the most important plants in terms of economic value....
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Principes de la flûte traversière (work by Hotteterre)
Hotteterre’s first published work, Principes de la flûte traversière (1707), is the first known essay on flute-playing. It contains instructions for playing the recorder and oboe, as well as the flute, and was an immense success throughout Europe, undergoing numerous reprints. This treatise proved to be a valuable source of information regarding early techniques used in...
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Principes de la nature et de la grâce fondés en raison (work by Leibniz)
...the differences between Leibniz’s philosophy and that of Descartes and Spinoza are less significant than their similarities, in particular their extreme rationalism. In the Principes de la nature et de la grâce fondés en raison (1714; “Principles of Nature and of Grace Founded in Reason”), Leibniz stated a maxim that could fairly......
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“Principia” (work by Newton)
...a short tract entitled De Motu (“On Motion”). Already Newton was at work improving and expanding it. In two and a half years, the tract De Motu grew into Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica, which is not only Newton’s masterpiece but also the fundamental work for the whole of modern science....
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Principia Ethica (work by Moore)
...two divergent motivations tend to express themselves in two divergent methods: analysis and synthesis, respectively. Plato’s Republic is an example of the second; the Principia Ethica (1903) of G.E. Moore (1873–1958), a founder of analytic philosophy, is an example of the first. Beginning with a simple question about justice, the Republi...
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Principia Mathematica (work by Russell and Whitehead)
The three-volume Principia Mathematica (1910–13) was optimistically named after the Philosophiae naturalis principia mathematica of another hugely important Cambridge thinker, Isaac Newton. Like Newton’s Principia, it was imbued with an optimism about the application of mathematical techniques, this ...
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“Principia Mathematica” (work by Newton)
...a short tract entitled De Motu (“On Motion”). Already Newton was at work improving and expanding it. In two and a half years, the tract De Motu grew into Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica, which is not only Newton’s masterpiece but also the fundamental work for the whole of modern science....
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“Principia Philosophiae” (work by Descartes)
In 1644 Descartes published Principles of Philosophy, a compilation of his physics and metaphysics. He dedicated this work to Princess Elizabeth (1618–79), daughter of Elizabeth Stuart, titular queen of Bohemia, in correspondence with whom he developed his moral philosophy. According to Descartes, a human......
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Principia Rerum Naturalium (work by Swedenborg)
...work as a civil servant. In 1734 he published in Leipzig his Opera Philosophica et Mineralia (“Philosophical and Logical Works”) in three folio volumes, the first of which, the Principia Rerum Naturalium (“Principles of Natural Things”), contains Swedenborg’s mature philosophy of nature. In t...
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principio del placer, El (work by Pacheco)
...Don’t Ask Me How the Time Goes By, 1978) includes poems in which there is a nostalgic desire to relive the past, sometimes coupled with a fine sense of irony. The short stories in El principio del placer (1972; “The Pleasure Principle”) are united by the recurrent theme of anguish, reinforcing Pacheco’s concept of history as a cyclical series of events ...
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Principiorum Primorum Cognitionis Metaphysicae Nova Dilucidato (work by Kant)
In a third dissertation, Principiorum Primorum Cognitionis Metaphysicae Nova Dilucidato (1755), on the first principles of metaphysics, Kant analyzed especially the principle of sufficient reason, which, in Wolff’s formulation, asserts that for everything there is a sufficient reason why it should be rather than not be. Although critical, Kant was cautious and still......
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principle, first (philosophy)
Another phrase used by Bradley in his preliminary discussion of metaphysics is “the study of first principles,” or ultimate, irrefutable truths....
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principle learning (psychology)
A subject may be shown sets of three figures (say, two round and one triangular; next, two square and one round, and so on). With proper rewards, the subject may learn to distinguish any “odd” member of any set from those that are similar. Animals as low in the evolutionary scale as the pigeon can master the principle of this so-called oddity problem....
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Principle of Protestantism, The (work by Schaff)
...literature at the Theological Seminary of the German Reformed Church at Mercersburg, Pa. On his installation he delivered a controversial address, published as The Principle of Protestantism, in which he expressed his view that the positive values of both Roman Catholicism and Protestantism would......
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principle of superposition (geology)
...so, the original solid fossil becomes encased in solid rock. He recognized that sediments settle from fluids layer by layer to form strata that are originally continuous and nearly horizontal. His principle of superposition of strata states that in a sequence of strata, as originally laid down, any stratum is younger than the one on which it rests and older than the one that rests upon it....
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principle of virtual velocities (physics)
A special class of problems in mechanics involves systems in equilibrium. The problem is to find the configuration of the system, subject to whatever constraints there may be, when all forces are balanced. The body or system will be at rest (in the inertial rest frame of its centre of mass), meaning that it occupies one point in......
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Principle, School of (Chinese philosophy)
...(xinxue), often called the Lu-Wang school, after its two great proponents. It was opposed to the other great (and dominant) school, the Learning of Principle (lixue), often called the Cheng-Zhu school after its leading philosophers, Cheng Yi and Zhu Xi....
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Principles and Practice of Medicine, The (work by Osler)
...store and later to spread to most of the medical centres of the United States. For the first four years there were no students at Johns Hopkins, and Osler used the time to write The Principles and Practice of Medicine, first published in 1892. In the same year, he married Grace Gross, widow of a surgical colleague at Philadelphia and great-granddaughter of ......
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Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, Including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies, Treaty on (1967)
(1967), international treaty binding the parties to use outer space only for peaceful purposes. In June 1966 the United States and the Soviet Union submitted draft treaties on the uses of space to the United Nations. These were recon...
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Principles of Art (work by Collingwood)
...or to establish direct connections between the content of art and the content of scientific theories. Croce’s disciple R.G. Collingwood (Principles of Art, 1938) was similarly dismissive of representation and similarly concerned with presenting a theory of art that would justify the revolutionary practice of his contemporaries...
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Principles of Art History (work by Wölfflin)
...The Art of the Italian Renaissance; also titled Classic Art); and Die Kunst Albrecht Dürers (1905). His chief work was Kunstgeschichtliche Grundbegriffe (1915; Principles of Art History), which synthesized his ideas into a complete aesthetic system that was to become of great importance in art......
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Principles of Behavior (work by Hull)
...stated in both mathematical and verbal forms. Hull believed that psychology had its own quantitative laws that could be stated in mathematical equations. He further developed these ideas in Principles of Behavior (1943), which suggested that the stimulus-response connection depends on both the kind and the amount of reinforcement. His lasting legacy to psychology is thought to be......
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Principles of Chemistry, The (work by Mendeleyev)
...chemistry in 1861 that had been awarded the prestigious Demidov Prize, he set out to write another one. The result was Osnovy Khimii (1868–71; The Principles of Chemistry), which became a classic, running through many editions and many translations. When Mendeleyev began to compose the chapter on the halogen elements (chlorine and......
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Principles of Economics (work by Marshall)
Marshall’s Principles of Economics (1890) was his most important contribution to economic literature. It was distinguished by the introduction of a number of new concepts, such as elasticity of demand, consumer’s surplus, quasirent, and the representative firm—all of which played a major role in the subsequent...
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Principles of General Physiology (work by Bayliss)
...to recommend gum-saline injections that were responsible for saving many lives. He wrote The Nature of Enzyme Action (1908) and The Vaso-Motor System (1923); his best known work is Principles of General Physiology (1915), considered to be the best text on the subject at that time. He was knighted in 1922....
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Principles of Geology (work by Lyell)
...of uniformitarian stratigraphy (which determines the age of fossil remains by the stratum they occupy below the earth) by men like William Smith, Georges Cuvier, and Charles Lyell. Lyell, in his Principles of Geology (1830–33), popularized this new system and paved the way for the acceptance of the great antiquity of man. Charles......
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Principles of Gestalt Psychology (work by Koffka)
...and in 1927 he was appointed professor of psychology at Smith College, where he remained for the rest of his life. A major work, Principles of Gestalt Psychology (1935), dealt with a wide range of applied psychology but contributed mainly to the study of perception,......
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Principles of Harmony and Contrast of Colours and Their Applications to the Arts, The (work by Chevreul)
...aesthetic element. One of the resources Delaunay used to discover how to integrate colour and Cubism was De la loi du contraste simultané des couleurs (1839; The Principles of Harmony and Contrast of Colours and Their Applications to the Arts) by the chemist Michel-Eugène Chevreul. The Neo-Impressionist painter Georges Seurat had employed......
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Principles of International Law (work by Kelsen)
...later books are General Theory of Law and State (1945) and The Law of the United Nations (1950–51). In such works as Principles of International Law (1952) he envisioned a world unity under law superimposed on the legal order within each nation....
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Principles of Literary Criticism (work by Richards)
...1922 to 1929. In that period he wrote three of his most influential books: The Meaning of Meaning (1923; with C.K. Ogden), a pioneer work on semantics; and Principles of Literary Criticism (1924) and Practical Criticism (1929), companion volumes that he used to develop his critical method. The latter two were based on......
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Principles of Logic, The (work by Bradley)
...(1876), Bradley’s first major work, he sought to expose the confusions apparent in Mill’s doctrine of Utilitarianism, which urged maximum human happiness as the goal of ethical behaviour. In The Principles of Logic (1883), Bradley denounced the deficient psychology of the Empiricists, whose logic was limited, in his view, to the doctrine of the ......
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Principles of Mathematics, The (work by Russell)
...rigorous foundations but also that it was in its entirety nothing but logic. The philosophical case for this point of view—subsequently known as logicism—was stated at length in The Principles of Mathematics (1903). There Russell argued that the whole of mathematics could be derived from a few simple axioms that made no use of specifically mathematical notions, such.....
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Principles of Orchestration (work by Rimsky-Korsakov)
...the addition of two horns and three trombones. From there on, the orchestra grew, and families of instruments again became important for additional colour and for balance. In his Principles of Orchestration (1913; written 1896–1908), the Russian composer Nikolay Rimsky-Korsakov developed the theory that the four basic woodwinds had a vast range of expression. At....
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Principles of Perceptual Learning and Development (work by Gibson)
...Smith College (1931–49) and Cornell University (from 1949). In her major work, Principles of Perceptual Learning and Development (1969), she proposed that perceptual learning is a process of discovering how to......
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Principles of Philosophy (work by Descartes)
In 1644 Descartes published Principles of Philosophy, a compilation of his physics and metaphysics. He dedicated this work to Princess Elizabeth (1618–79), daughter of Elizabeth Stuart, titular queen of Bohemia, in correspondence with whom he developed his moral philosophy. According to Descartes, a human......
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Principles of Physiological Psychology (work by Wundt)
Bypassed in 1871 for the appointment to succeed Helmholtz, Wundt then applied himself to writing a work that came to be one of the most important in the history of psychology, Grundzüge der physiologischen Psychologie, 2 vol. (1873–74; 3 vol., 6th ed., 1908–11; Principles of Physiological Psychology). The Grundzüge advanced a system of psychology th...
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Principles of Political Economy (work by Malthus)
...Ricardo’s, Malthus discussed the problem of price determination in terms of an institutionally determined “effective demand,” a phrase that he invented. In his summary Principles of Political Economy Considered with a View to Their Practical Application (1820), Malthus went so far as to propose public......
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Principles of Political Economy (work by Mill)
These and other Ricardian theories were restated by Mill in Principles of Political Economy (1848), a treatise that marked the culmination of classical economics. Mill’s work related abstract economic principles to real-world social conditions and thereby lent new authority to economic concepts....
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Principles of Political Economy and Taxation (work by Ricardo)
In analyzing the workings of free enterprise, Smith introduced the rudiments of a labour theory of value and a theory of distribution. Ricardo expanded upon both ideas in Principles of Political Economy and Taxation (1817). In his labour theory of value, Ricardo emphasized that the value (i.e., price) of goods produced and sold under competitive conditions tends to be......
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“Principles of Political Economy Considered with a View to Their Practical Application” (work by Malthus)
...Ricardo’s, Malthus discussed the problem of price determination in terms of an institutionally determined “effective demand,” a phrase that he invented. In his summary Principles of Political Economy Considered with a View to Their Practical Application (1820), Malthus went so far as to propose public......
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Principles of Practical Musick, The (work by Simpson)
...works were The Division-violist (1st ed., 1659; modern ed., 1955, reprinted 1998), discussing viol technique and the improvisation of descants and divisions (variations on a ground); and The Principles of Practical Musick (1665; modern ed., 1970), praised for its excellence by Henry Purcell and other contemporary composers....
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Principles of Psychology, The (work by James)
One of the most influential psychologists at the turn of the century was William James. In his major work, The Principles of Psychology (1890), he says:Every one knows what attention is. It is the taking possession by the mind, in clear and vivid form, of one out of what seem several simultaneously possible objects or trains of thought. Focalization, concentration, of......
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Principles of Psychology, The (work by Spencer)
Having published the first part of The Principles of Psychology in 1855, Spencer in 1860 issued a prospectus and accepted subscriptions for a comprehensive work, The Synthetic Philosophy, which was to include, besides the already published Principles of Psychology, volumes on first principles and on biology, sociology, and morality. First Principles was......
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Principles of Quantum Mechanics, The (work by Dirac)
...mechanics, it is possible to present the subject in a more general way. Dirac gave an elegant exposition of an axiomatic approach based on observables and states in a classic textbook entitled The Principles of Quantum Mechanics. (The book, published in 1930, is still in print.) An observable is anything that can be measured—energy, position, a component of angular momentum, and.....
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Principles of Scientific Management, The (work by Taylor)
...that society, namely, “Notes on Belting” (1894); “A Piece-rate System” (1895); “Shop Management” (1903); and “On the Art of Cutting Metals” (1906). The Principles of Scientific Management was published commercially in 1911....
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Principles of Sociology (work by Ross)
...on that discipline. Sin and Society (1907) was his argument in favour of sociological jurisprudence. His Principles of Sociology (1920) was for years a standard introductory textbook....
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Principles of Sociology, The (work by Spencer)
...of Psychology, volumes on first principles and on biology, sociology, and morality. First Principles was published in 1862, and between then and 1896, when the third volume of The Principles of Sociology appeared, the task was completed. In order to prepare the ground for The Principles of Sociology, Spencer started in 1873 a series of works called......
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Principles of Teaching Based on Psychology, The (work by Thorndike)
...chiefly through his handbook, An Introduction to the Theory of Mental and Social Measurements (1904). Other important works in the early part of his career were The Principles of Teaching Based on Psychology (1906), Education: A First Book (1912), and Educational Psychology, 3 vol. (1913–14; 2nd ed., 1921). These books......
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Prinefosse, Josias de Soulas, sieur de (French actor)
French leading actor who headed the important troupe of the Théâtre de l’Hôtel de Bourgogne, in Paris, where he created many roles in plays by the French masters Pierre Corneille and Jean Racine....
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Prineville (Oregon, United States)
city, seat (1882) of Crook county, central Oregon, U.S., on the Crooked River near Ochoco Creek. Settled in 1868 and named for Barney Prine, the first settler, it was laid out in 1870. One of the few municipally owned railroads in the United States, the City of Prineville Railway, has 19 miles (31 km) of m...
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Pringle, John Cecil (American actor)
romantic leading man of the silent era, known as the “Great Lover.” In retrospect, his acting career has been overshadowed by his identification as the tragic star who failed to make the transition to sound....
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Pringle, Sir John, 1st Baronet (English physician)
British physician, an early exponent of the importance of ordinary putrefactive processes in the production of disease. His application of this principle to the administration of hospitals and army camps has earned him distinction as a founder of modern military medicine....
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Pringle, Thomas (Scottish-South African poet)
Scottish-South African poet, often called the father of South African poetry....
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Pringlea antiscorbutica (plant)
(species Pringlea antiscorbutica), plant resembling the common cabbage and belonging to the same family (Brassicaceae). It was named for Kerguelen Island. The leaves of the plant contain a pale-yellow, highly pungent essential oil rich in ...
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Pringsheim, Nathanael (German botanist)
botanist whose contributions to the study of algae made him one of the founders of the science of algology....
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prinia (bird)
any bird of the large genus Prinia, belonging to the Old World warbler family, Sylviidae. Prinias are sometimes called longtail warblers or wren-warblers, from their long, graduated tails, which are carried, wrenlike, cocked up. Prinias, 10 to 15 centimetres (4 to 6 inches) long, are more strongly marked than most sy...
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Prinias (ancient city, Crete)
...remains in Crete of structures that are pre-Greek in design and yet were built subsequent to this catastrophe are very rare. Several country shrines belong to this post-destruction period, and at Prinias a unique temple building may date from as late as 700 bc. The doorway of this temple has low reliefs on its architectural me...
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Prinkipo (island, Turkey)
...a few miles southeast of Istanbul; they are part of Turkey. There are permanent inhabitants on the smallest island, Sedef Adası (ancient Antirobethos), and on the four larger islands, Büyükada (Prinkipo, ancient Pityoussa), Heybeli Ada (Halki, ancient Chalcitis), Burgaz Adası (Antigoni, ancient Panormos), and Kınalı Ada (Proti). Büyükada.....
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Prinoxystus robiniae (insect)
The carpenterworm moth (Prinoxystus robiniae) has a wingspan of about 5 cm (2 inches) and is the most familiar North American cossid. The mahogany-coloured larvae of the goat moth (Cossus cossus) attack deciduous trees and exude a strong, goatlike odour. The members of this......
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Prins Karl’s Forland National Park (national park, Norway)
national park and bird sanctuary established in 1973 by Norway’s Environment Ministry for Svalbard. The Forlandet National Park has the greatest number of bird sanctuaries in the Svalbard archipelago: six in number, located throughout the southern and southeastern regions of the park. They include Kapp Linné, B...
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Prinsengracht (canal, Amsterdam, The Netherlands)
...fortifications still stand. Outside the Singel are the three main canals dating from the early 17th century: the Herengracht (Gentlemen’s Canal), Keizersgracht (Emperor’s Canal), and Prinsengracht (Prince’s Canal). These concentric canals, together with the smaller radial canals, form a characteristic spiderweb pattern, which was extended east along the harbour and west int...
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Prinsenhof (building, Amsterdam, The Netherlands)
...When Louis Bonaparte, the French king of Holland, chose this structure as his residence in 1808 and converted it into what is now the Royal Palace (Koninklijk Paleis), the council moved to the Prinsenhof, a onetime convent that later became the Admiralty Court. In the mid-1980s a new city hall and opera house were constructed on the north bank of the Amstel River, at Waterloo Square. In......
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Prinsep, James (English antiquarian)
antiquary and colonial administrator in India, the first European scholar to decipher the edicts of the ancient Indian emperor Aśoka....
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Prinsep, Val (painter)
...beautiful, enigmatic daughter of an Oxford groom. He married her in 1859, but the marriage was to prove a source of unhappiness to both. Morris appears at this time, in the memoirs of the painter Val Prinsep, as “a short square man with spectacles and a vast mop of dark hair.” It was observed “how decisive he was: how accurate, without any effort or formality: what an......
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Prinstein, Meyer (American athlete)
American jumper who won three gold medals in Olympic competition in the early 20th century....
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print (photography)
...lenses and filters. The type of sensitive material used to record the image is a further control, and the contrast between highlight and shadow can be changed by variations in development. In printing the negative, the photographer has a wide choice in the physical surface of the paper, the tonal contrast, and the image colour. The photographer also may set up a completely artificial......
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printed circuit (electronics)
electrical device in which the wiring and certain components consist of a thin coat of electrically conductive material applied in a pattern on an insulating substrate by any of several graphic arts procedures. After World War II, ...
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printed felt base (floor covering)
Printed felt base is formed by applying a heavy film of paint to felt saturated with asphalt; the felt is sealed at both the top and bottom with one or more layers of coating before application of paint, preventing discoloration from the paint and leveling the surface. The paint used has low volatility and little flow, dries quickly in thick layers, and gives high gloss with good wearing......
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Printemps (poems by Aubigné)
...grandeur on the work. Modern research on Baroque literature has awakened interest in Aubigné’s youthful love poetry, collected in the Printemps (1570–73, unpublished). It remained in manuscript until 1874. In these poems the stock characters and phraseology, ...
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printer, computer
Electronic device that accepts text files or images from a computer and transfers them to a medium such as paper or film. It can be connected directly to the computer or indirectly via a network. Printers are classified as impact printers (in which the print medium is physically struck) and non-impact printers. Most impact printers are dot-mat...
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printing (publishing)
Process for reproducing text and illustrations, traditionally by applying ink to paper under pressure, but today including various other methods....
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printing (photography)
The simplest printing equipment is the contact printing frame in which the negative and printing paper are held together behind a glass plate during exposure to a suitable lamp. A printing box is essentially a printing frame with a built-in light source. Contact printing gives a......
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printing cloth
The simplest printing equipment is the contact printing frame in which the negative and printing paper are held together behind a glass plate during exposure to a suitable lamp. A printing box is essentially a printing frame with a built-in light source. Contact printing gives a.........
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printing plate (printing)
...patterns on the surface of metal, leather, textiles, paper, and other similar substances. Strictly speaking, the term is applicable only to raised impressions produced by means of engraved dies or plates. Crests, monograms, and addresses may be embossed on paper and envelopes from dies set either in small handscrew presses or in ordinary letterpresses. Blocked ornaments on ......
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printing press (printing)
machine by which images are transferred to paper by means of ink....
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printing telegraphy (communications)
In 1903 the British inventor Donald Murray, following the ideas of Baudot, devised a time-division multiplex system for the British Post Office. The transmitter used a typewriter keyboard that punched tape, and the receiver printed text. He modified the Baudot Code by assigning code combinations with the fewest punched holes to the most frequently encountered letters and symbols. Murray sold......
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printing-out paper (photography)
...the mid-1850s on they were made on albumen paper. Introduced in 1850 by Louis-Désiré Blanquart-Evrard, albumen paper is a slow printing-out paper (i.e., paper that produces a visible image on direct exposure, without chemical development) that had been coated with egg......
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printmaking
Art form consisting of the production of images, usually on paper but occasionally on fabric, parchment, plastic, or other support, by various techniques of multiplication, under the direct supervision of or by the hand of the artist....
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Printz, Johan Björnsson (Swedish military officer)
Swedish military officer and colonial governor of New Sweden on the Delaware River....
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Printz v. United States (law case)
...role of government, Scalia led a sharply divided court in striking down key provisions of the Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act, arguing on the basis of states’ rights in PrintzUnited States (1997) that the federal government could not require state and local law-enforcement agencies to perform background checks on prospective ...
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Prinz (lunar crater)
...surface surrounded by lavas of the northern part of the mare known as Oceanus Procellarum. These lava flows inundated the older crater Prinz, whose rim is now only partly visible. At one point on the rim, an apparently volcanic event produced a crater; subsequently, a long, winding channel, called a sinuous rille, emerged to flow......
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