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Caravan (American automobile)
...Issigonis’s Mini packaging applied to a larger box, the minivan featured a transverse power package with the rest of the vehicle devoted to passengers and cargo. The first example was the Dodge Caravan, which was quickly imitated by others and taken up overseas, where it was known as a multipurpose vehicle, or MPV. General Motors introduced a wholly new range of transverse-engine......
Caravanche (mountains, Europe)
mountain range of the Eastern Alps, extending eastward along the Slovenian-Austrian border for 50 miles (80 km) from the town of Tarvisio in Italy. The range lies between the Drava River (north) and the upper Sava Rive...
caravansary (building)
in the Middle East and parts of North Africa and Central Asia, a public building used for sheltering caravans and other tra...
Caravanserai (album by Santana)
...Neal Schon (b. February 27, 1954San Mateo, California). With Caravanserai (1972) the group shifted toward jazz. Musicians began leaving the band, most notably Rolie and Schon, who formed Journey. Influenced in part by the philosophy of Sri Chimnoy,......
caravanserai (building)
in the Middle East and parts of North Africa and Central Asia, a public building used for sheltering caravans and other tra...
caravel (ship)
a light sailing ship of the 15th, 16th, and 17th centuries in Europe, much-used by the Spanish and Portuguese for long voyages. Apparently developed by the Portuguese for exploring the coast of Africa, the caravel’s chief excellence lay in its capacity for sailing to windward. It was also capable of remarkable speed. Two of the three s...
Caravelle (aircraft)
France succeeded with its first effort at a jet airliner, creating the Sud-Est (later Aérospatiale) SE 210 Caravelle, a medium-range turbojet intended primarily for the continental European market. First flown on May 27, 1955, the Caravelle achieved sales of 282 aircraft, and a turbofan-powered variant was used for domestic routes by airlines in the United States—a marketing coup......
caraway (herb)
the dried fruit, commonly called seed, of Carum carvi, a biennial herb of the parsley family (Apiaceae, or Umbelliferae), native to Europe and western Asia and cultivated si...
Caraway, Hattie Ophelia (United States senator)
American politician who became the first woman elected to the U.S. Senate....
Caraway, Thaddeus H. (United States senator)
Hattie Wyatt grew up in her native Bakerville, Tenn., and in nearby Hustburg. She graduated (1896) from Dickson Normal School and for a time thereafter taught school. In 1902 she married Thaddeus H. Caraway, who subsequently became a congressman and then a U.S. senator for Arkansas....
Caray, Harry (American sportscaster)
American sportscaster who gained national prominence for his telecasts of Chicago Cubs baseball games on Chicago-based superstation WGN during the 1980s and 1990s....
Carayol, Michel (French physicist)
...strongly urged the CEA to find a solution and set 1968 as a deadline. Work at Limeil and at other labs in the CEA complex was stepped up as scientists sought to discover the key concepts. Physicist Michel Carayol laid out what would be the fundamental idea of radiation implosion in an April 1967 paper, but neither he nor his colleagues were immediately convinced that it was the solution, and......
Carazo Odio, Rodrigo (president of Costa Rica)
president of Costa Rica (1978–82)....
carbaborane (chemical compound)
any member of a class of organometallic compounds containing carbon (C), boron (B), and hydrogen (H). The general formula of carboranes is represented by C2BnHn + 2, in which n is an integer; carboranes with n...
Carballo (town, Spain)
town, A Coruña provincia (province), in the comunidad autónoma (autonomous community) of Galicia, northwestern Spain. It is located near the Atlantic coast, about 25 miles (40 km) southwest of A Coruña city. A market centre for cereals and ...
carbamate (chemical compound)
The carbamates are a relatively new group of insecticides that includes such compounds as carbamyl, methomyl, and carbofuran. They are rapidly detoxified and eliminated from animal tissues. Their toxicity is thought to arise from a mechanism somewhat similar to that for the organophosphates....
carbamazepine (drug)
Carbamazepine, an anticonvulsant drug, has been shown to be effective in the treatment of mania and in the maintenance treatment of bipolar disorder. It may be combined with lithium in patients with bipolar disorder who fail to respond to either drug alone. Divalproex, another anticonvulsant, is also used in the treatment of mania....
carbamide (chemical compound)
the diamide of carbonic acid. Its formula is H2NCONH2. Urea has important uses as a fertilizer and feed supplement, as well as a starting material for the manufacture of plastics and drugs. It is a colourless, crystalline substance that melts at 132.7° C (271° F) and decomposes before boiling....
carbamoyl phosphate (chemical compound)
...commonly called the urea cycle, is summarized as follows: Ammonia, formed from glutamate and NAD+ in the liver mitochondria (reaction [28]), reacts with carbon dioxide and ATP to form carbamoyl phosphate, ADP, and inorganic phosphate, as shown in reaction [30]....
carbamoyl phosphate synthetase (enzyme)
The reaction is catalyzed by carbamoyl phosphate synthetase. The carbamoyl moiety of carbamoyl phosphate (NH2CO−) is transferred to ornithine, an amino acid, in a reaction catalyzed by ornithine transcarbamoylase; the products are citrulline and inorganic phosphate [31]. Citrulline and aspartate formed from amino acids via step [26b] react to form argininosuccinate......
carbamoylaspartate (chemical compound)
and carbamoyl phosphate (derived from carbon dioxide, ATP, and ammonia via reaction [30]) condense to form N-carbamoylaspartate [70], which loses water [71] in a reaction catalyzed by dihydroorotase; the product, dihydroorotate,...
carbanion (chemistry)
any member of a class of organic compounds in which a negative electrical charge is located predominantly on a carbon atom. Carbanions are formally derived from neutral organic molecules by removal of positively charged atoms or groups of atoms, and they are important chiefly as chemical intermediates—that is, as substances used in the preparation of other substances. Im...
carbanion reactivity
The partial negative charge of an organic group bonded to a highly active metal results in a distinctive pattern of reactivity that is frequently referred to as nucleophilic or carbanion character. Thus, organometallic compounds containing highly active (electropositive) metals, such as lithium, magnesium, aluminum, and zinc, react rapidly and completely with water, liberating a hydrocarbon in......
carbaryl (chemical compound)
A wide range of organophosphate and carbamate materials is now available. These can be applied to avoid most of the problems related to residues. Malathion and carbaryl, for example, are used to control insects in areas where persistent materials might appear later in meat or milk and can also be applied in areas where fish and wildlife might be affected. Those two chemicals offer a broad range......
carbene (chemistry)
any member of a class of highly reactive molecules containing divalent carbon atoms—that is, carbon atoms that utilize only two of the four bonds they are capable of forming with other atoms. Occurring usually as transient intermediates during chemical reactions, they are important chiefly for what they reveal about ...
Carbet Mountains (mountains, Martinique)
volcanic mountain mass on the Caribbean island of Martinique, in the Lesser Antilles. The peaks are about 3.5 miles (6 km) from the west coast, standing between Saint-Pierre and Fort-de-France. They rise to 3,924 feet (1,196 metres) at Lacroix, 3,806...
Carbet Peaks (mountains, Martinique)
volcanic mountain mass on the Caribbean island of Martinique, in the Lesser Antilles. The peaks are about 3.5 miles (6 km) from the west coast, standing between Saint-Pierre and Fort-de-France. They rise to 3,924 feet (1,196 metres) at Lacroix, 3,806...
carbide (chemical compound)
any of a class of chemical compounds in which carbon is combined with a metallic or semimetallic element. Calcium carbide is important chiefly as a source of acetylene and other chemicals, whereas the carbides of silicon, tungsten, and several other ...
carbide lamp
...acetylene gas was generated by adding water to calcium carbide in the base of a lamp and then released through a jet in the centre of a bright metal reflector. A flint sparker made these so-called carbide lamps easy to light. In the 1930s battery-powered cap lamps began entering mines, and since then various improvements have been made in light intensity, battery life, and weight....
carbidopa (drug)
...serious side effects, including uncontrolled movements, hallucinations, persistent nausea and vomiting, and changes in behaviour and mood, often accompany treatment. Cotreatment with a drug called carbidopa, which inhibits an enzyme that breaks down levodopa prior to crossing the blood-brain barrier, allows higher concentrations of levodopa to reach the brain. Thus, levodopa-carbidopa......
carbimazole (drug)
...drug, radioactive iodine, or surgery (thyroidectomy), in which a portion or all of the thyroid gland is surgically removed. There are three widely used antithyroid drugs—methimazole, carbimazole (which is rapidly converted to methimazole in the body), and propylthiouracil. These drugs block the production of thyroid hormone but have no permanent effect on either the thyroid gland......
carbine (weapon)
light, short-barrelled musket or rifle. The word, the source of which is obscure, seems to have originated in the late or mid-16th century. The carbine, in various versions corresponding to the different full-sized military arms, was chiefly a cavalry weapon until the 18th century. Then some unmounted officers, artillerymen, and other specialists began to carry carbines. By the...
carbinol (chemical compound)
the simplest of a long series of organic compounds called alcohols; its molecular formula is CH3OH. Methanol was formerly produced by the destructive distillation of wood. The modern method of preparing methanol is based on the direct combination of ...
Carbo, Gaius Papirius (Roman politician)
Roman politician who supported the agrarian reforms of Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus but later deserted the Gracchan party....
Carbo, Gnaeus Papirius (Roman general)
Roman general, leader of the forces of Gaius Marius in the civil war between Marius and Lucius Cornelius Sulla. In 87 he took part in Marius’ blockade of Rome, which was at that time held by pro-Sullan forces. Rome capitulated, and Carbo and ...
carbocation (chemistry)
...and the term SN1 (substitution-nucleophilic-unimolecular) is applied. The species formed in the slow step contains a positively charged, electron-deficient carbon and is called a carbocation. Carbocations are unstable and react rapidly with substances such as nucleophiles that have unshared electrons available for bond formation....
carbocyclic compound (chemical compound)
The molecules of organic chemical compounds are built up from a framework or backbone of carbon atoms to which are attached hydrogen (H), oxygen, or other heteroatoms. Carbon atoms have the unique property of being able to link with one another to form chains of atoms. When the ends of the chains are joined together into a ring, cyclic compounds result; such substances often are referred to as......
carbohydrate (biochemistry)
class of naturally occurring compounds and derivatives formed from them. In the early part of the 19th century, substances such as wood, starch, and linen were found to be composed mainly of molecules containing atoms of carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O), and to have the general formula C6H12O6; other organic molecules with similar formulas were f...
carbohydrate-deficient glycoprotein syndrome (pathology)
Congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG; formerly known as carbohydrate-deficient glycoprotein syndrome) are recently described diseases that affect the brain and many other organs. The primary biochemical defects of CDG are in the N-glycosylation pathway that occurs in the cytoplasm and endoplasmic reticulum, cellular organelles involved in the synthesis of proteins and lipids. A defect in......
carbolic acid (chemistry)
simplest member of the phenol family of organic compounds. See phenol....
Carbolon (chemical compound)
exceedingly hard, synthetically produced crystalline compound of silicon and carbon. Its chemical formula is SiC. Since the late 19th century silicon carbide has been an important material for sandpapers, grinding wheels, and ...
carbon (chemical element)
a nonmetallic chemical element in Group 14 (IVa) of the periodic table. Although widely distributed in nature, carbon is not particularly plentiful (it makes up only about 0.025 percent of the Earth’s ...
Carbon (county, Pennsylvania, United States)
county, eastern Pennsylvania, U.S., flanked to the north by the Pocono Mountains and to the south by Blue Mountain and located midway between the cities of Wilkes-Barre and Allentown. It consists of a mountainous region lying largely in the Appalachian Ridge and Valley...
carbon adsorption (chemistry)
An effective method for removing dissolved organic substances that cause tastes, odours, or colours is adsorption by activated carbon. Adsorption is the capacity of a solid particle to attract molecules to its surface. Powdered carbon mixed with water can adsorb and hold many different organic impurities. When the carbon is saturated with impurities, it is cleaned or reactivated by heating to a......
carbon assimilation (biochemistry)
The assimilation of carbon into organic compounds is the result of a complex series of enzymatically regulated chemical reactions—the dark reactions. This term is something of a misnomer, for these reactions can take place in either light or darkness. Furthermore, some of the enzymes involved in the so-called dark reactions become inactive in prolonged darkness....
carbon bisulfide (chemical compound)
a colourless, toxic, highly volatile and flammable liquid chemical compound, large amounts of which are used in the manufacture of viscose rayon, cellophane, and carbon tetrachloride; smaller quantities are employed in solvent ...
carbon black (chemistry)
any of a group of intensely black, finely divided forms of amorphous carbon, usually obtained as soot from partial combustion of hydrocarbons, used principally as reinforcing agents in automobile tires and other rubber products but also as extremely black pigments of high hiding power in printing ink, paint, and carbon paper. Carbon black is a...
carbon budget (ecology)
in biology, circulation of carbon in various forms through nature. Carbon is a constituent of all organic compounds, many of which are essential to life on Earth. The source of the carbon found in living matter is carbon dioxide (CO2) in the air or dissolved in water. Algae and terrestrial green...
carbon capture and storage (technology)
...10% biofuels. (EU ministers later said that the 10% figure included all renewable energy sources.) Within two years new power stations could be routinely fitted with technologies for carbon capture and storage. By 2020 these measures would reduce EU greenhouse-gas emissions to 20% below 1990 levels. Ahead of the announcement, the European Trade Union Confederation said......
carbon cycle (nuclear fusion)
sequence of thermonuclear reactions that provides most of the energy radiated by the hotter stars. It is only a minor source of energy for the Sun and does not operate at all in very cool stars. Four hydrogen nuclei are in effect converted into one helium nucleus, a fraction of the mas...
carbon cycle (ecology)
in biology, circulation of carbon in various forms through nature. Carbon is a constituent of all organic compounds, many of which are essential to life on Earth. The source of the carbon found in living matter is carbon dioxide (CO2) in the air or dissolved in water. Algae and terrestrial green...
carbon dioxide (chemical compound)
(CO2), a colourless gas having a faint, sharp odour and a sour taste; it is a minor component of Earth’s atmosphere (about 3 volumes in 10,000), formed in combustion of carbon-containing materials, in fermentation, and in respiration of animals and employed by plants in the photosynthesis of carbohydrates. The presence of the gas in the atmosphere keeps some of the ...
carbon dioxide fixation (biochemistry)
The assimilation of carbon into organic compounds is the result of a complex series of enzymatically regulated chemical reactions—the dark reactions. This term is something of a misnomer, for these reactions can take place in either light or darkness. Furthermore, some of the enzymes involved in the so-called dark reactions become inactive in prolonged darkness....
carbon dioxide laser (instrument)
...krypton atoms that have been stripped of one or two electrons can generate milliwatts to watts of laser light at visible and ultraviolet wavelengths. The most powerful commercial gas laser is the carbon-dioxide laser, which can generate kilowatts of continuous power....
carbon dioxide stunning
The three most common methods of stunning are mechanical, electrical, and carbon dioxide (CO2) gas. The end result of each method is to render the animal unconscious. Mechanical stunning involves firing a bolt through the skull of the animal using a pneumatic device or pistol. Electrical stunning passes a current of electricity through the brain of the animal. CO2 stunning......
carbon disulfide (chemical compound)
a colourless, toxic, highly volatile and flammable liquid chemical compound, large amounts of which are used in the manufacture of viscose rayon, cellophane, and carbon tetrachloride; smaller quantities are employed in solvent ...
carbon fibre (technology)
The reinforcements used in composites are generally chosen for their high strength and modulus, as might be expected, but economic considerations often force compromises. For example, carbon fibres have extremely high modulus values (up to five times that of steel) and therefore make excellent reinforcements. However, their cost precludes their extensive use in automobiles, trucks, and trains,......
carbon fixation (biochemistry)
The assimilation of carbon into organic compounds is the result of a complex series of enzymatically regulated chemical reactions—the dark reactions. This term is something of a misnomer, for these reactions can take place in either light or darkness. Furthermore, some of the enzymes involved in the so-called dark reactions become inactive in prolonged darkness....
carbon footprint (ecology and conservation)
amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions associated with all the activities of a person or other entity (e.g., building, corporation, country, etc.). It includes direct emissions, such as those that result from fossil-fuel combustion in manufacturing, heating, and transportation, as well as emissions required to...
carbon group element (chemical elements)
any of the six chemical elements that make up Group 14 (IVa) of the periodic table—namely, carbon (C), silicon (Si), germanium (Ge), tin (Sn), lead (P...
carbon microphone (electroacoustic device)
...causes a corresponding change in some property of an electric circuit. Depending on the type of microphone, displacement of the diaphragm may cause variations in the resistance of a carbon contact (carbon microphone), in electrostatic capacitance (condenser microphone), in the motion of a coil (dynamic microphone) or conductor (ribbon microphone) in a magnetic field, or in the twisting or......
carbon monofluoride (chemical compound)
The lithium–carbon monofluoride system has been among the more successful early commercial lithium miniature batteries. It has been used extensively in cameras and smaller devices, providing about 3.2 volts per cell, high power density, and long shelf life. Good low-temperature performance and constant voltage discharge over time are provided as well. The cost of carbon monofluoride is......
carbon monoxide (chemical compound)
(CO), a highly toxic, colourless, odourless, flammable gas produced industrially for use in the manufacture of numerous organic and inorganic chemical products; it is also present in the exhaust gases of internal-combustion engines and furnaces as a result of incomplete conversion of carbon or carbon-containing fuels to carbon dioxide...
carbon monoxide insertion (chemistry)
A reaction frequently referred to as CO insertion leads to carbon-carbon bond formation between the carbon atom of a carbonyl ligand and the carbon atom of an alkyl ligand, which is the methyl group in the following example....
carbon monoxide poisoning (medicine)
often fatal condition resulting from inhalation of carbon monoxide, frequently occurring in association with inhalation of smoke or automobile exhaust. Hemoglobin, the oxygen-carrying substance in blood, has a much greater affinity for carbon monoxide than it has for oxygen; together they form a stable compound, carboxyhemoglobin, that decreases the amount of uncombined hemoglob...
carbon nanotube (chemical compound)
Carbon nanotubes—minute stringlike structures of carbon atoms bonded together in a hexagonal framework—are mechanically strong and have interesting electrical properties. In 2006 nanotubes were the hot new material for a great variety of studies, but they were relatively expensive to produce. A cost-saving alternative to nanotubes that was explored by Sasha Stankovich of......
carbon nucleophile (chemistry)
A wide variety of carbon nucleophiles add to aldehydes, and such reactions are of prime importance in synthetic organic chemistry because the product is a combination of two carbon skeletons. Organic chemists have been able to assemble almost any carbon skeleton, no matter how complicated, by ingenious uses of these reactions. One of the oldest and most important is the addition of Grignard......
carbon offset
any activity that compensates for the emission of carbon dioxide (CO2) or other greenhouse gases (measured in carbon dioxide equivalents [CO2e]) by providing for an emission reduction elsewhere. Because greenhouse gases are widespread in Earth’s atmosphere, the climate benefits from emission re...
carbon oxide
Carbon forms two well-known oxides, carbon monoxide, CO, and carbon dioxide, CO2. In addition, it also forms carbon suboxide, C3O2....
carbon sequestration
the long-term storage of carbon in plants, soils, geologic formations, and the ocean. Carbon sequestration occurs both naturally and as a result of anthropogenic activities and typically refers to the storage of carbon that has the immediate potential to become carbon dioxide gas. In response to growing ...
carbon sink (biochemistry)
Reservoirs that retain carbon and keep it from entering Earth’s atmosphere are known as carbon sinks. For example, deforestation is a source of carbon emission into the atmosphere, but forest regrowth is a form of carbon sequestration, the forests themselves serving as carbon sinks. Carbon is transferred naturally from the atmosphere to terrestrial carbon sinks through photosynthesis; it ma...
carbon skeleton (chemistry)
A wide variety of carbon nucleophiles add to aldehydes, and such reactions are of prime importance in synthetic organic chemistry because the product is a combination of two carbon skeletons. Organic chemists have been able to assemble almost any carbon skeleton, no matter how complicated, by ingenious uses of these reactions. One of the oldest and most important is the addition of Grignard......
carbon steel (metallurgy)
metal manufactured from the elements iron and carbon, with the carbon imparting hardness and strength and determining the degree to which such physical properties exist. See steel....
carbon suboxide (chemical compound)
Carbon suboxide, C3O2, is a foul-smelling lacrimatory (tear-stimulating) gas produced by the dehydration of malonic acid, CH2(COOH)2, with P4O10 in a vacuum at 140 to 150 °C (284 to 302 °F). Carbon suboxide is a linear symmetrical molecule whose structure can be represented as......
carbon tax
Carbon suboxide, C3O2, is a foul-smelling lacrimatory (tear-stimulating) gas produced by the dehydration of malonic acid, CH2(COOH)2, with P4O10 in a vacuum at 140 to 150 °C (284 to 302 °F). Carbon suboxide is a linear symmetrical molecule whose structure can be represented as.........
carbon tetrachloride (chemical compound)
a colourless, dense, highly toxic, volatile, nonflammable liquid possessing a characteristic odour and belonging to the family of organic halogen compounds, used principally in the manufacture of dichlorodifluoromethane (a refrigerant and propellant). ...
carbon tissue (printing)
...engraving and printing. Karl Klič (also spelled Klietsch) of Bohemia, who was instrumental in making photogravure a practical commercial process, in 1878 exposed a positive transparency over carbon tissue, a film that was made of coloured gelatin sensitized with potassium dichromate and backed by a sheet of paper. The exposed film was pressed down on a copper plate that was coated with.....
carbon trading (pollution control)
...coal was the country’s biggest export and Australia had the highest per capita carbon emissions in the developed world, Prime Minister Kevin Rudd’s government introduced legislation to launch a carbon-trading scheme to tackle global warming. In August Parliament rejected the plan to introduce carbon permits costing $A 10 (about U.S.$8.40) per ton from July 2011, with opposition se...
carbon transmitter (electronics)
...prompted a number of inventors to pursue further work in this area. Among them was Thomas Alva Edison, whose 1886 design for a voice transmitter consisted of a cavity filled with granules of carbonized anthracite coal. The carbon granules were confined between two electrodes through which a constant electric current was passed. One of the electrodes was attached to a thin iron diaphragm,......
carbon-12 (isotope)
...in nature, carbon is not particularly plentiful (it makes up only about 0.025 percent of the Earth’s crust); yet it forms more compounds than all the other elements combined. In 1961 the isotope carbon-12 was selected to replace oxygen as the standard relative to which the atomic weights of all the other elements are measured; carbon-14, which is radioactive, is the isotope used in......
carbon-13 (isotope)
Carbon has two stable isotopes, carbon-12 (which makes up 98.89 percent of natural carbon) and carbon-13 (1.11 percent); 12 radioactive isotopes are known, of which the longest-lived is carbon-14, which has a half-life of 5,730 ± 40 years....
carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Naturally occurring carbon is composed almost entirely of the carbon-12 isotope, which has no magnetic moment and thus is not detectable by NMR techniques. However, carbon-13 (13C) atoms, which make up about 1 percent of all carbon atoms, do absorb radio-frequency waves in a manner similar to hydrogen. Thus, 13C NMR is possible, and the technique provides valuable......
carbon-14 (isotope)
Different isotopes tend to concentrate in particular organs: for example, iodine-131 settles in the thyroid gland and can reveal a variety of defects in thyroid functioning. Another isotope, carbon-14, is useful in studying abnormalities of metabolism that underlie diabetes, gout, anemia, and acromegaly. Various scanning devices and techniques have been developed, including tomography......
carbon-14 dating (scientific technology)
method of age determination that depends upon the decay to nitrogen of radiocarbon (carbon-14). Carbon-14 is continually formed in nature by the interaction of neutrons with nitrogen-14 in the Earth’s atmosphere; the neutrons required for this reaction are produced by ...
carbon-arc lamp (lighting)
...power early in the 19th century, the only serious consideration for lighting by electricity was arc lighting, in which a brilliant light is emitted by an electric spark between two electrodes. The carbon-arc electric light was demonstrated as early as 1808, and in 1858 English physicist and chemist Michael Faraday devised the first steam-powered electric generator to operate a large carbon-arc....
carbon-button transmitter (electronics)
...prompted a number of inventors to pursue further work in this area. Among them was Thomas Alva Edison, whose 1886 design for a voice transmitter consisted of a cavity filled with granules of carbonized anthracite coal. The carbon granules were confined between two electrodes through which a constant electric current was passed. One of the electrodes was attached to a thin iron diaphragm,......
carbon-carbon composite material
Carbon-carbon composites are closely related to CMCs but differ in the methods by which they are produced. Carbon-carbon composites consist of semicrystalline carbon fibres embedded in a matrix of amorphous carbon. The composite begins as a PMC, with semicrystalline carbon fibres impregnated with a polymeric phenolic resin. The resin-soaked system is heated in an inert atmosphere to pyrolyze,......
carbon-carbon double chain (chemistry)
A pronounced advantage of EPDM is that the residual carbon-carbon double bond (the double bond that remains in the diene molecule after polymerization) is attached to the polymer chain rather than being made part of it. Carbon-carbon double bonds are quite reactive. For example, ozone in the atmosphere adds quickly to a double bond to form an unstable product that spontaneously decomposes.......
carbon-chain polymer (chemistry)
Plastics also can be divided into two distinct categories on the basis of their chemical composition. One category is plastics that are made up of polymers having only aliphatic (linear) carbon atoms in their backbone chains. All the commodity plastics listed above fall into this category. The structure of polypropylene can serve as an example; here attached to every other carbon atom is a......
carbon-filament bulb
The carbon-filament bulb was actually highly inefficient, but it banished the soot and fire hazards of coal-gas jets and thus soon gained wide acceptance. Indeed, thanks to the incandescent lamp, electric lighting became an accepted part of urban life by 1900. The carbon-filament bulb was eventually succeeded by the more efficient tungsten-filament incandescent bulb, which was developed by......
carbon-metal bond (chemistry)
any member of a class of substances containing at least one metal-to-carbon bond in which the carbon is part of an organic group. Organometallic compounds constitute a very large group of substances that have played a major role in the development of the science of chemistry. They are used to a large extent as catalysts (substances that increase the rate of reactions without themselves being......
carbon–nitrogen cycle (nuclear fusion)
sequence of thermonuclear reactions that provides most of the energy radiated by the hotter stars. It is only a minor source of energy for the Sun and does not operate at all in very cool stars. Four hydrogen nuclei are in effect converted into one helium nucleus, a fraction of the mas...
carbon–nitrogen–oxygen cycle (nuclear fusion)
sequence of thermonuclear reactions that provides most of the energy radiated by the hotter stars. It is only a minor source of energy for the Sun and does not operate at all in very cool stars. Four hydrogen nuclei are in effect converted into one helium nucleus, a fraction of the mas...
carbon-reduction process
Ferromolybdenum can be produced by either a metallothermic process or a carbon-reduction process in electric furnaces. Because the latter process has the inherent disadvantage of introducing a high carbon content into the FeMo alloy, the thermic process, in which aluminum and silicon metals are used for the reduction of a charge consisting of a mixture of technical molybdic oxide and iron......
carbonaceous chondrite (meteorite)
a diverse class of chondrites (one of the two divisions of stony meteorites), important because of the insights they provide into the early history of the solar system. They comprise about 3 percent of all meteorites collected after being seen to fall to Earth. Carbonaceous chondrites are subdivided into six well-establish...
carbonado (mineral)
one of the varieties of industrial diamond....
Carbonari (Italian secret society member)
(Italian dialect: Charcoal Burner), in early 19th-century Italy, member of a secret society (the Carbonaria) advocating liberal and patriotic ideas. The group provided the main source of opposition to the conservative regimes imposed on Italy by the victorious allies after the defeat of Napoleon in 1815. Their influence prepared the way for t...
Carbonária (Portuguese secret society)
...1908, Charles and his heir, Louis Philip, were assassinated in an open carriage in the streets of Lisbon. Whether the regicides were isolated fanatics or agents of a hidden organization such as the Carbonária, a republican secret society, the killings were applauded by the republicans, who immediately began their preparations for a final attack on the monarchy....
Carbonaro (Italian secret society member)
(Italian dialect: Charcoal Burner), in early 19th-century Italy, member of a secret society (the Carbonaria) advocating liberal and patriotic ideas. The group provided the main source of opposition to the conservative regimes imposed on Italy by the victorious allies after the defeat of Napoleon in 1815. Their influence prepared the way for t...
carbonatation (chemical reaction)
Higher grades of plantation white are produced by a carbonatation purification process, in which carbon dioxide gas (scrubbed flue gas) is injected into juice and reacted with lime to form calcium carbonate, which absorbs and adsorbs nonsugars and is filtered off. Powdered vegetable carbon is sometimes added to increase decolorization....