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cefamandole (drug)
Second-generation cephalosporins (e.g., cefuroxime and cefamandole) and third-generation ones (such as ceftazidime) tend to be more effective against gram-negative bacterial species that are resistant to the first-generation cephalosporins. Second-generation cephalosporins have proven effective against gonorrhea, Haemophilus influenzae, and the abscesses caused by Bacteroides......
cefoxitin (biochemistry)
...instance, they are effective against most staphylococci and streptococci as well as penicillin-resistant pneumococci. The second-generation cephalosporins (cefamandole, cefaclor, cefotetan, cefoxitin, and cefuroxime) have an extended antibacterial spectrum that includes greater activity against additional species of gram-negative rods. Thus, these drugs are active against ......
ceftazidime (drug)
Second-generation cephalosporins (e.g., cefuroxime and cefamandole) and third-generation ones (such as ceftazidime) tend to be more effective against gram-negative bacterial species that are resistant to the first-generation cephalosporins. Second-generation cephalosporins have proven effective against gonorrhea, Haemophilus influenzae, and the abscesses caused by Bacteroides......
cefuroxime (drug)
Second-generation cephalosporins (e.g., cefuroxime and cefamandole) and third-generation ones (such as ceftazidime) tend to be more effective against gram-negative bacterial species that are resistant to the first-generation cephalosporins. Second-generation cephalosporins have proven effective against gonorrhea, Haemophilus influenzae, and the abscesses caused by Bacteroides......
Ceglie Messapico (Italy)
town, Puglia (Apulia) regione, southern Italy, northeast of Taranto. It is an agricultural-trading centre and has a medieval castle with cylindrical towers. In the surrounding area are numerous trulli (one-room houses built from local limestone, without the use of mortar, and topped by conical roofs). Pop. (2006 est.) mun.,......
ceiba (fibre)
seed-hair fibre obtained from the fruit of the kapok tree or the kapok tree itself. The kapok is a gigantic tree of the tropical forest canopy and emergent layer. Common throughout the tropics, the kapok is native to the New World and to Africa and was transported to Asia, where it is cultivated for its fibre, or floss. The ...
Ceiba, La (Honduras)
city, northern Honduras. It lies along the Gulf of Honduras, in a lush, hot valley at the foot of 7,989-foot (2,435-metre) Mount Bonito....
Ceiba pentandra (tree)
...from reaching the environment below, aerial seed dispersal is not as widely afforded as in other, more open ecosystems. Even so, many trees have managed to exploit this strategy. For example, the kapok tree, found in tropical forests throughout the world, is an emergent—a tree whose crown rises well above the canopy. The kapok’s towering height enables it to gain access to winds a...
Ceiba speciosa
thorny flowering tree of the mallow family (Malvaceae), native to South America but cultivated as an ornamental in other regions. It grows to a height of about 15 metres (50 feet). The large pink flowers yield a vegetable silk used in upholstery. It was formerly called ...
céilí (ancient Irish social class)
...aicme, the upper class), whose land and property rights were clearly defined by law and whose main wealth was in cattle. Greater landowners were supported by céilí, or clients. These and other grades of society, minutely classified and described by legal writers, tilled the soil and tended the cattle. Individual families...
ceilidh (entertainment)
One traditional local custom is the ceilidh (visit), a social occasion that includes music and storytelling. Once common throughout the country, the ceilidh is now a largely rural institution. Sports such as tossing the caber (a heavy pole) and the hammer throw are integral to the Highland games, a spectacle that......
ceiling (architecture)
the overhead surface or surfaces covering a room, and the underside of a floor or a roof. Ceilings are often used to hide floor and roof construction. They have been favourite places for decoration from the earliest times: either by painting the flat surface, by emphasizing the structural members of roof or floor, or by treating it as a field for an overall pattern of relief....
ceiling diffuser
...because direct exposure to the cool air may cause discomfort. In some cases, cooled air needs to be slightly reheated before it is blown back into a room. One popular method of distribution is the ceiling diffuser, from which air is blown out along the ceiling level and allowed to settle down. The linear diffuser brings air through a plenum box or duct with a rectangular opening; louvers......
ceilometer (measurement instrument)
device for measuring the height of cloud bases. One important use of the ceilometer is to determine cloud ceilings at airports. The device works day or night by shining an intense beam of light (often ultraviolet), modulated at an audio frequency, at overhead clouds. Reflections of this light from the base of the clouds are detected by a photocell in the receiver of the ceilometer....
Ceinion Alun (work by Blackwell)
...eisteddfod. In 1833 Blackwell became rector of Manordeifi, Pembrokeshire, and in 1834–35 he was editor of a Welsh magazine, Y Cylchgrawn. His collected works were published as Ceinion Alun (1851)....
Ceiriog (Welsh poet)
poet and folk musicologist who wrote outstanding Welsh-language lyrics....
Ceiriog, Eos (Welsh poet)
one of the finest Welsh poets of the 17th century....
Cekhira (seaport, Tunisia)
seaport, eastern Tunisia. It is situated on the Gulf of Gabes, in Al-Sāḥil region. La Skhira is one of the six major seaports of Tunisia; it is specialized in handling Algerian and Tunisian petroleum exports. The port is also a pipeline terminal for Al-Dūlāb ...
cel animation (motion-picture production)
The development of cel (or cell) animation permitted the phased movements of the figures to be traced onto a succession of transparent celluloid sheets and superimposed, in turn, onto a single static drawing representing the background. With this technique the background could be drawn in somewhat greater detail and tonal qualities introduced through shading, while the figure itself became a......
Cela, Camilo José (Spanish writer)
Spanish writer who won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1989. He is perhaps best known for his novel La familia de Pascual Duarte (1942; The Family of Pascual Duarte) and is considered to have given new life to ...
“Cela s’appelle l’aurore” (work by Roblès)
...the deportation and death of Algerians during World War II. Roblès achieved international success with Cela s’appelle l’aurore (1952; “It Calls Itself Dawn”; Eng. trans. Dawn on Our Darkness), a novel set in Sardinia and concerning a man caught between love and duty. Le Vésuve (1961; Vesuvius) and Un Printemps d’Ita...
Čel’abinsk (oblast, Russia)
oblast (province), west-central Russia. It is sited on the eastern flank of the Ural Mountains; a winding panhandle extends across to the western slopes. In the extreme east, the oblast extends onto the West Siberian Plain. The higher mountain areas are clothed in pine, fir, spruce, and birch, and the lower east is in steppe, with birch groves in...
Čel’abinsk (Russia)
city and administrative centre, Chelyabinsk oblast (province), west-central Russia. It lies on the eastern flank of the Ural Mountains and on the Miass River....
celadon (pottery)
greenish ceramic glaze that is used on stoneware. Celadon is used both for the glaze itself and for the article so glazed. It is particularly valued in China, Korea, Thailand, and Japan....
celadonite (mineral)
Celadonite and glauconite are ferric iron-rich species of dioctahedral micas. The ideal composition of celadonite may be expressed by K(Mg, Fe3+)(Si4 - xAlx)O10(OH)2, where x = 0–0.2. Glauconite is a dioctahedral mica species with tetrahedral Al substitution greater than 0.2 and octahedral Fe3+ or......
Celaenae (ancient city, Turkey)
ancient fortress city of Phrygia (in present Turkey), the starting point of the march of the “Ten Thousand” under Cyrus (401 bc) against Artaxerxes (recounted in Xenophon’s Anabasis). In 333 Celaenae was conquered by Alexander the Great. The city was later renamed Apamea Cibo...
Celaeno (star)
...six or seven can be seen by the unaided eye and have figured prominently in the myths and literature of many cultures. In Greek mythology the Seven Sisters (Alcyone, Maia, Electra, Merope, Taygete, Celaeno, and Sterope, names now assigned to individual stars), daughters of Atlas and Pleione, were changed into the stars. The heliacal (near dawn) rising of the Pleiades in spring of the Northern.....
Celaeno (Greek mythology)
in Greek mythology, the seven daughters of the Titan Atlas and the Oceanid Pleione: Maia, Electra, Taygete, Celaeno, Alcyone, Sterope, and Merope. They all had children by gods (except Merope, who married Sisyphus)....
Celaenomys silaceus (rodent)
...is broad and the muzzle short. Nocturnal shrew rats have gray fur, but diurnal species are reddish brown to almost black. The Philippine striped rats (genus Chrotomys) and the blazed Luzon shrew rat (Celaenomys silaceus) have a stripe running down the back. Fur is generally short, dense, and soft. Its texture is either velvety or woolly, although the prickly coat.....
Celâl (Turkish leader)
rebellions in Anatolia against the Ottoman Empire in the 16th and 17th centuries. The first revolt occurred in 1519 near Tokat under the leadership of Celâl, a preacher of Shīʿah Islām. Major revolts later occurred in 1526–28, 1595–1610, 1654–55, and 1658–59....
Celâli Revolts (Turkish history)
rebellions in Anatolia against the Ottoman Empire in the 16th and 17th centuries. The first revolt occurred in 1519 near Tokat under the leadership of Celâl, a preacher of Shīʿah Islām. Major revolts later occurred in 1526–28, 1595–1610, 1654–55, and 1658–59....
Celan, Paul (German poet)
poet who, though he never lived in Germany, gave its post-World War II literature one of its most powerful and regenerative voices. His poetry was influenced stylistically by French Surrealism, and its subject matter by his grief as a Jew....
celandine (plant)
any of several distinct flowering plants of similar appearance, mostly members of the poppy family (Papaveraceae). The greater celandine (Chelidonium majus) is native to deciduous woods of Eu...
celandine poppy (plant)
The celandine poppies, species of the genus Stylophorum, are native to North America and China. The plants resemble Chelidonium but have flowers twice the size and two-paired, much-divided leaves on the stem below the flower cluster and basal leaves. Celandine poppies have orange-yellow sap. Stylophorum diphyllum is the sole species of the genus in the Western Hemisphere;......
Celano, Lago di (former lake bed, Italy)
former lake bed in L’Aquila province, Abruzzi region, central Italy, just east of Avezzano. The lake was once 37 mi (59 km) in circumference and about 100 ft (30 m) deep, although its level was subject to great variations because of the lack of an outlet. As early as ad 52 the emperor Claudius had a tunnel constructed, 3 12 mi (5 1...
Celaque National Park (national park, Honduras)
...and administrative centre, but it declined in the 18th century. Destroyed in 1915 by an earthquake, it has been rebuilt. Gracias is now the commercial centre for the surrounding agricultural lands. Celaque National Park, with the highest peak in Honduras, is nearby. Pop. (2001) 7,892....
Celarent (syllogism)
First figure: Barbara, Celarent, Darii, Ferio,...
Celaront (syllogism)
*Barbari, *Celaront....
Celastraceae (plant family)
the staff-tree family, in the order Celastrales, comprising about 55 genera of woody vines, shrubs, and trees, native in tropical and temperate zones but best known for ornamental forms of the genera Euonymus and Celastrus (bittersweet). Fruit of the family is often colourful. Leaves are frequently leathery and flowers are small, with four to five sepals and petals; alternating betw...
Celastrales (plant order)
small order of flowering plants that includes 3 families, some 100 genera, and about 1,350 species. In the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group II (APG II) botanical classification system, Celastrales is placed in the Rosid I clade (see angiosperm)....
Celastrus (plant genus)
any of several vines with colourful fruit. The genus Celastrus, in the staff tree family (Celastraceae), includes the American bittersweet, or staff vine (C. scandens), and the Oriental bittersweet (C. orbiculatus), woody vines grown as ornamentals. The flowers, in whitish clusters, are followed by yellow to orange capsules, which split to reveal yellow to crimson arils......
Celastrus orbiculatus (plant)
...continued rise in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations has been shown to fuel photosynthesis (and thus growth and reproductive success) in some plants. For botanical invaders such as kudzu and Oriental bittersweet (Celastrus orbiculatus), climate warming associated with increases in atmospheric carbon will likely allow these species to gain footholds in habitats formerly off-limits....
Celastrus scandens (plant)
any of several vines with colourful fruit. The genus Celastrus, in the staff tree family (Celastraceae), includes the American bittersweet, or staff vine (C. scandens), and the Oriental bittersweet (C. orbiculatus), woody vines grown as ornamentals. The flowers, in whitish clusters, are followed by yellow to orange capsules, which split to reveal yellow to crimson arils......
Celati, Gianni (Italian author)
...(1985; Standard Life of a Temporary Pantyhose Salesman). Two of the most disinterested and earnestly reflective of the younger writers were Sebastiano Vassalli and especially Gianni Celati. Vassalli gradually distanced himself from the more radical experimentalism of Gruppo 63 so as to better exploit his gift for storytelling. La notte della cometa (1984;......
Celaya (Mexico)
city, south-central Guanajuato estado (state), north-central Mexico. It lies on the north bank of the Laja River in the fertile Bajío region of the Mexican Plateau, 5,774 feet (1,760 m) above sea level. Fo...
Celaya, Battle of (Mexican history)
(April 1915), decisive military engagement in the wars between revolutionary factions during the Mexican Revoluion of 1910–20. One of the largest and bloodiest battles in Mexican history, it was fought at Celaya, Guanajuato state, between the forces of Álvaro Obregón and Pancho Villa. In the course of the civil wars, Venustiano Ca...
Celaya, Gabriel (Spanish poet)
...social and human content increased. Leaders of postwar poesía social (social poetry) are sometimes referred to as a “Basque triumvirate”: Gabriel Celaya, a prewar Surrealist who became a leading spokesman for the opposition to Franco; Blas de Otero, an existentialist writing in the vein of Antonio Machado’s Campos de......
Celcon (chemical compound)
Also called polyoxymethylene (POM) or simply acetal, polyacetal has the simplest structure of all the polyethers. It is manufactured in a solution process by anionic or cationic chain-growth polymerization of formaldehyde (H2C=O), a reaction analogous to vinyl polymerization. By itself, the polymer is unstable and reverts to monomer on heating to 120° C (250°......
Ćele Kula (tower, Niš, Serbia)
...from Istanbul to Hungary. In the first Serbian uprising (1809), the Serbs fired their powder magazine and destroyed themselves and a large number of the enemy; in the ruins of the Turkish-built Ćele Kula (Tower of Skulls) are embedded the skulls of more than 900 of the Serbs who fell at the Battle of Čegar. The Serbian army liberated Niš in 1877, and the town was ceded......
Celebes (island, Indonesia)
one of the four Greater Sunda Islands, Indonesia. A curiously shaped island with four distinct peninsulas that form three major gulfs—Tomini (the largest) on the northeast, Tolo on the east, and Bone on the south—Celebes has a coastline of 3,404 miles (5,478 km)....
Celebes crested macaque (mammal)
a mainly arboreal Indonesian monkey named for the narrow crest of hair that runs along the top of the head from behind the overhanging brow. The Celebes crested macaque is found only in the Minahasa region on the island of Sulawesi (Celebes) and on nearby Bacan Island, where it was probably introduced by...
Celebes Sea (sea, Pacific Ocean)
sea of the western Pacific Ocean, bordered on the north by the Sulu Archipelago and Sea and Mindanao Island, on the east by the Sangi Islands chain, on the south by Celebes (Sula...
Çelebi Sultan Mehmed (Ottoman sultan)
Ottoman sultan who reunified the dismembered Ottoman territories following the defeat of Ankara (1402). He ruled in Anatolia and, after 1413, in the Balkans as well....
Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County, The (story by Twain)
short story by Mark Twain, first published in a New York periodical, The Saturday Press in 1865....
Celebrating the Centennial of Einstein’s ‘Miraculous Year’ (Einstein, Albert)
By his 26th birthday, in 1905, Albert Einstein had not yet obtained his doctorate in physics or obtained an academic teaching position. He had published five papers in the premier German physics journal, Annalen der Physik, but they were relatively undistinguished. Other than perhaps those closest to him—his wife (and former fellow physics student), Mileva Maric, a...
Celebration of Peace (poem by Hölderlin)
...of schizophrenia. He seemed to recover somewhat as a result of the kind and gentle treatment he received at home. The poems of the period 1802–06, including “Friedensfeier” (“Celebration of Peace”), “Der Einzige” (“The Only One”), and “Patmos,” products of a mind on the verge of madness, are apocalyptic visions of uniq...
Celebrex (drug)
...There was little evidence, however, that COX-2 inhibitors (which are also NSAIDs) offered superior relief of pain or inflammation. Of the two other COX-2 inhibitors on the market, celecoxib (Celebrex) and valdecoxib (Bextra), valdecoxib had been shown to increase heart-attack risk in patients who had undergone coronary-artery bypass surgery. In mid-December a large NCI trial that was......
Celebrezze, Anthony J. (American politician)
Italian-born American politician who served as mayor of Cleveland, Ohio, from 1953 to 1962, as secretary of health, education, and welfare from 1962 to 1965, and as an appellate judge from 1965 to 1995; in his Cabinet position he helped guide a number of important New Frontier and Great Society bills to passage by Congress (...
Celebrity Apprentice, The (American television series)
...in which Trump starred, popularized the phrase “You’re fired” and solidified Trump’s reputation as a shrewd outspoken businessman. In 2008 the show was revamped as The Celebrity Apprentice, with newsmakers and entertainers as contestants....
"Celebrity Skin" (album by Hole)
Love earned critical acclaim and a Golden Globe nomination for her role in the film The People vs. Larry Flynt (1996). In 1998 Hole released Celebrity Skin, an enormous commercial success, but the group disbanded in May 2002. Love began her solo career with the release of America’s Sweetheart (2004). Persistent abuse of drugs and alcohol, however, resulted in a cycle of...
celecoxib (drug)
...There was little evidence, however, that COX-2 inhibitors (which are also NSAIDs) offered superior relief of pain or inflammation. Of the two other COX-2 inhibitors on the market, celecoxib (Celebrex) and valdecoxib (Bextra), valdecoxib had been shown to increase heart-attack risk in patients who had undergone coronary-artery bypass surgery. In mid-December a large NCI trial that was......
celempung (musical instrument)
...gender panerus. Other elaborating instruments are the wooden xylophone (gambang), the zither (celempung) with 26 strings tuned in pairs, an end-blown flute (suling), and a 2-stringed lute (called a rebab......
Celer, Quintus Caecilius Metellus (Roman politician)
a leading Roman politician of the late 60s bc who became an opponent of Pompey the Great, the Catilinarian conspiracy (see Catiline), and the formation of the secret political agreement of Julius Caesar, Pompey, and Marcus Crassus....
Celera Genomics (American company)
The necessity of a government effort was questioned when a rival operation, Celera Genomics, emerged in 1998 and appeared to be working even faster than the HGP at deciphering the human deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequence. Headed by American geneticist and businessman J. Craig Venter, a former NIH scientist, Celera had devised its own, quicker method—though some scientists, Collins among.....
celeriac (herb)
Type of celery (Apium graveolens, variety rapaceum) grown for its knobby edible root, which is used as a raw or cooked vegetable. Originally cultivated in the Mediterranean and in northern Europe, it was introduced into Britain in the 18th century....
celery (plant)
(species Apium graveolens), herb of the family Apiaceae (Umbelliferae). Native to the Mediterranean areas and the Middle East, celery was used as a flavouring by the ancient Greeks and Romans and as a medicine by the ancient ...
celery cabbage (plant)
(Brassica pekinensis), species of mustard cultivated for its edible leaves. See Chinese cabbage....
celery pine (plant)
...and Madagascar. The Podocarpaceae are usually dioecious (having separate male and female plants) and have leaves variously awl-shaped, needlelike, or broad, with many parallel veins. In the genus Phyllocladus, the foliar leaves are replaced by flattened branchlets (phylloclades) resembling leaves. The staminate, or pollen-bearing, cones are borne in a terminal or axillary position on......
celery root (herb)
Type of celery (Apium graveolens, variety rapaceum) grown for its knobby edible root, which is used as a raw or cooked vegetable. Originally cultivated in the Mediterranean and in northern Europe, it was introduced into Britain in the 18th century....
celery, wild (plant)
(Apium graveolens), wild celery; strongly scented, erect, biennial herb of the carrot family (Apiaceae, or Umbelliferae) widely distributed in moist places within the temperate zones, and grown for use as a flavouring similar to celery. In traditional medicine, smallage roots are used as a carminat...
celery-top pine (plant)
(species Phyllocladus asplenifolius), slow-growing ornamental and timber conifer of the family Phyllocladaceae (placed in the Podocarpaceae family by some botanists), native to temperate rain forests of Tasmania at elevations from ...
celesta (musical instrument)
orchestral percussion instrument resembling a small upright piano, patented by a Parisian, Auguste Mustel, in 1886. It consists of a series of small metal bars (and hence is a metallophone) with a keyboard and a simplified piano action in which small felt hammers strike the bars. Each ba...
celeste (musical instrument)
orchestral percussion instrument resembling a small upright piano, patented by a Parisian, Auguste Mustel, in 1886. It consists of a series of small metal bars (and hence is a metallophone) with a keyboard and a simplified piano action in which small felt hammers strike the bars. Each ba...
celestial coordinate system (astronomy)
Set of numbers used to pinpoint the position in the sky (see celestial sphere) of a celestial object. Coordinate systems used include the horizon system (altitude and azimuth), galactic coordinates, the ecliptic system (measured relative to th...
celestial coordinates (astronomy)
Set of numbers used to pinpoint the position in the sky (see celestial sphere) of a celestial object. Coordinate systems used include the horizon system (altitude and azimuth), galactic coordinates, the ecliptic system (measured relative to th...
Celestial Dragon (Chinese mythology)
Ancient Chinese cosmogonists defined four types of dragons: the Celestial Dragon (Tianlong), who guards the heavenly dwellings of the gods; the Dragon of Hidden Treasure (Fuzanglong); the Earth Dragon (Dilong), who controls the waterways; and the Spiritual Dragon (Shenlong), who controls the rain and winds. In popular belief only the latter two were significant; they were transformed into the......
celestial equator (astronomy)
In astronomy, the celestial equator is the great circle in which the plane of the terrestrial Equator intersects the celestial sphere; it consequently is equidistant from the celestial poles. When the Sun lies in its plane, day and night are everywhere of equal length, a twice-per-year occurrence known as equinox....
celestial globe (astronomy)
representation of stars and constellations as they are located on the apparent sphere of the sky. Celestial globes are used for some astronomical or astrological calculations or as ornaments....
celestial latitude (astronomy)
Celestial longitude and latitude are defined with respect to the ecliptic and ecliptic poles. Celestial longitude is measured eastward from the ascending intersection of the ecliptic with the equator, a position known as the “first point of Aries,” and the place of the Sun at the time of the vernal equinox about March 21. The first point of Aries is symbolized by the ram’s hor...
celestial longitude (astronomy)
Celestial longitude and latitude are defined with respect to the ecliptic and ecliptic poles. Celestial longitude is measured eastward from the ascending intersection of the ecliptic with the equator, a position known as the “first point of Aries,” and the place of the Sun at the time of the vernal equinox about March 21. The first point of Aries is symbolized by the ram’s hor...
Celestial Masters, Way of the (Daoism)
great popular Daoist movement that occurred near the end of China’s Han dynasty (206 bce–220 ce) and greatly weakened the government. The Tianshidao movement became a prototype of the religiously inspired popular rebellions that were to erupt periodically throughout China for the next 2,000 years....
celestial mechanics (physics)
in the broadest sense, the application of classical mechanics to the motion of celestial bodies acted on by any of several types of forces. By far the most important force experienced by these bodies, and much of the time the only important force, is that of their mutual gravitational att...
Celestial Mechanics (work by Laplace)
...contracting of a gaseous nebula—which strongly influenced future thought on planetary origin. His Traité de mécanique céleste (Celestial Mechanics), appearing in five volumes between 1798 and 1827, summarized the results obtained by his mathematical development and application of the law of gravitation. He offered a.....
celestial meridian (astronomy)
...type of telescope system.) The main optical axis of the instrument is aligned on a north-south line such that its motion is restricted to the plane of the meridian of the observer. The observer’s meridian is a great circle on the celestial sphere that passes through the north and south points of the horizon as well as through the zenith of the observer. Restricting the telescope to motio...
celestial motion
A complete knowledge of a star’s motion in space is possible only when both its proper motion and radial velocity can be measured. Proper motion is the motion of a star across an observer’s line of sight and constitutes the rate at which the direction of the star changes in the celestial sphere. It is usually measured in seconds of arc per year. Radial velocity is the motion of a sta...
Celestial Mountains (mountains, Asia)
great mountain system of Central Asia. Its name is Chinese for “Celestial Mountains.” Stretching about 1,500 miles (2,500 km) from west-southwest to east-northeast, it mainly straddles the border between China and Kyrgyzstan...
celestial navigation
use of the observed positions of celestial bodies to determine a navigator’s position. At any moment some celestial body is at the zenith of any particular location on the Earth’s surface. This location is called the ground position (GP). GP can thus be stated in terms of cel...
celestial photography
German astronomer who applied photography to the search for asteroids and discovered 228 of them....
celestial pole (astronomy)
The daily eastward rotation of Earth on its axis produces an apparent diurnal westward rotation of the starry sphere. Thus, the stars seem to rotate about a northern or southern celestial pole, the projection into space of Earth’s own poles. Equidistant from the two poles is the celestial equator; this great circle is the projection into space of Earth’s Equator....
Celestial Railroad, The (short story by Hawthorne)
allegorical short story by American author Nathaniel Hawthorne, published in 1843 and included in his short-story collection Mosses from an Old Manse (1846)....
celestial sphere (astronomy)
the apparent surface of the heavens, on which the stars seem to be fixed. For the purpose of establishing coordinate systems to mark the positions of heavenly bodies, it can be considered a real sphere at an infinite distance from the Earth. The Earth’s axis, exte...
celestial unknown, method of (mathematics)
Li Ye’s book also contains a method, unknown to Qin Jiushao, that seems to have flourished in North China for some decades before Li completed “Sea Mirror of Circle Measurements.” This method explains how to use polynomial arithmetic to find equations to solve a problem. Li’s book is the oldest surviving work that explains this method, but it was probably not the first ...
celestina (musical instrument)
In 1772 a device called a celestina was patented by Adam Walker of London; it employed a continuous horsehair ribbon (kept in motion by a treadle) to rub the strings of a harpsichord. Thomas Jefferson, who ordered a harpsichord equipped with a celestina in 1786, commented that it was suitable for use in slow movements and as an accompaniment to the voice. Similar devices, some using rosined......
Celestina, La (novel by Rojas)
Spanish dialogue novel, generally considered the first masterpiece of Spanish prose and the greatest and most influential work of the early Renaissance in Spain....
celestine (mineral)
mineral that is a naturally occurring form of strontium sulfate (SrSO4). It resembles barite, barium sulfate, but is much less common. Barium is interchangeable with strontium in the crystal structure; there is a gradation between celestine and barite. Celestine occurs in ...
Celestine I, Saint (pope)
pope from 422 to 432....
Celestine II (papal candidate)
pope who was elected in December 1124 but resigned a few days later and is not counted in the official list of popes....
Celestine II (pope)
pope from 1143 to 1144....
Celestine III (pope)
pope from 1191 to 1198....
Celestine IV (pope)
pope from October 25 to Nov. 10, 1241....