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riverweed (plant)
...body) upon which flowering and leaf-bearing secondary shoots sometimes develop. The juice of many species is milky. Few species are found outside the tropics and subtropics. One representative, the riverweed (Podostemum ceratophyllum), grows in shallow streams in North America from western Quebec southward to Georgia and Arkansas....
riverweed family (plant family)
riverweed family of dicotyledonous flowering plants in the order Malpighiales, with 48 genera and 270 species of aquatic plants that look like mosses, liverworts, algae, and even lichens and live on rocks in rushing rivers and waterfalls. Many species lack both stems and l...
Rivest, Ronald L. (American computer scientist)
American computer scientist and cowinner, with American computer scientist Leonard M. Adleman and Israeli cryptographer Adi Shamir, of the 2002 A.M. Turing Award, the highest honour in computer science, for their “ingenious contribution for making public-key cryptography useful in practice....
Rivest-Shamir-Adleman encryption
type of public-key cryptography widely used for data encryption of e-mail and other digital transactions over the Internet. RSA is named for its inventors, Ronald L. Rivest, Adi Shamir, and Leonard M. Adleman, who created it while on the faculty at the Massa...
rivet (building technology)
headed pin or bolt used as a permanent fastening in metalwork; for several decades it was indispensable in steel construction. A head is formed on the plain end of the pin by hammering or by direct pressure. Cold riveting is practicable for small rivets of copper, brass, aluminum, iron, or steel, but the larger iron and steel rivets have to be heated to secure rapid and easy closing....
rivet, explosive (building technology)
Blind rivets are needed when space limitations make conventional rivets impractical. One type of these is explosive; it has a hollow space in the shank containing a small charge of heat-sensitive chemicals. When a suitable amount of heat is applied to the head, an explosion takes place and expands the rivet shank tightly into the hole. The shank is normally open but can be sealed to eliminate......
Rivet, Paul (French anthropologist)
French ethnologist who suggested Australian and Melanesian origins for the Indians of South America and who founded (1937) a major anthropological museum, the Museum of Man (Musée de l’Homme), Paris....
Rivette, Jacques (French director)
French film director associated with the New Wave film movement and known for his experimental, evocative style....
Rivette, Jacques Pierre Louis (French director)
French film director associated with the New Wave film movement and known for his experimental, evocative style....
Riviera (region, France-Italy)
Mediterranean coastland between Cannes (France) and La Spezia (Italy). The French section comprises part of the Côte d’Azur (which extends farther west), while the Italian section is known to the west and east of Genoa as the Riviera di Ponente and the Riviera di Levante, respectively. Sheltered to the north by the Maritime Alps...
Rivière aux Outardes (river, Quebec, Canada)
river in Côte-Nord (“North Shore”) region, east-central Quebec province, Canada, rising in the Otish Mountains and flowing southward for 300 miles (480 km) through Lake Plétipi to the St. Lawrence River, 18 miles southwest of Baie-Comeau. Named after the numerous wild geese for which it is famous, the Outardes River, with its many rapids and falls, attracted hydroelectr...
Rivière, Bureau de la (French official)
one of the trusted counselors, known as Marmousets, of two French kings, Charles V and his son Charles VI....
Rivière Caniapiscau (river, Canada)
river in Nord-du-Québec region, northern Quebec province, Canada. Rising from Lake Caniapiscau in central Quebec, it flows generally northward for 460 miles (740 km) to its junction with the Larch River, discharging into Ungava Bay via the 85-mile- (137-kilometre-) long Koksoak River. Its name is an Indian word meanin...
Rivière de l’Artibonite (river, Hispaniola)
river, the longest on the island of Hispaniola. It rises in the Cordillera Central (Cibao Mountains) of the Dominican Republic and flows southwest along the border with Haiti and then west and northwest into Haiti and through the fertile Artibonite Plain to enter the Gulf of La Gonâve after a course of 150 miles (240 ...
Rivière du Hibou, La (French film)
A thought or dream sequence requires similar emphasis on the departure from chronology of real time. Nearly all of La Rivière du Hibou (1962), a prizewinning French short film adapted from Ambrose Bierce’s 1891 short story An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge, consists of the fleeting last thoughts of a man about to be hanged. By not.....
Rivière du Nord (river, Tasmania, Australia)
river in Tasmania, Australia, rising in Lake St. Clair on the central plateau and flowing 113 miles (182 km) southeast to enter Storm Bay through a 3.5-mile- (5.5-kilometre-) wide estuary. Its major upper-course tributaries, the Jordan, Clyde, Ouse (now draining the Great Lake), and Dee, are extensively de...
Rivière George (river, Canada)
river in Nord-du-Québec region, northeastern Quebec province, Canada. It rises near the Labrador (Newfoundland) border, flows northward parallel to the boundary for 350 miles (563 km), and empties into the eastern side of Ungava Bay. Named after King George III by Moravian missionaries in 1811, the river flows mostly ...
Rivière, Henri (French military officer)
Within a decade, France had returned to the challenge. In April 1882, with the blessing of Paris, the administration at Saigon sent a force of 250 men to Hanoi under Capt. Henri Rivière. When Rivière was killed in a skirmish, Paris moved to impose its rule by force over the entire Red River delta. In August 1883 the Vietnamese court signed a treaty that turned northern Vietnam......
Rivière, Henri (French artist)
All these literary puppet theatres in France had made use of hand puppets, while the English literary puppeteers of the previous century had used marionettes. In 1887 a French artist, Henri Rivière, created a shadow theatre that enjoyed considerable success for a decade at the Chat Noir café in Paris; Rivière was joined by Caran d’Ache and other artists, and the delicac...
Rivière, Jacques (French author)
writer, critic, and editor who was a major force in the intellectual life of France in the period immediately following World War I. His most important works were his thoughtful and finely written essays on the arts. In 1912 a collection of these essays was published as Études; a second such collection, entitle...
Rivière Manicouagan (river, Canada)
river in the Côte-Nord (North Shore) region, eastern Quebec province, Canada. Rising near the Labrador border, the river drains lakes Muskalagan and Manicouagan southward into the mouth of the St. Lawrence River near Baie-Comeau and Hauterive. It is more than 340 miles (550 km) long from the source of its longest head...
rivière necklace (jewelry)
...progressed, especially for those jewels in which important stones like diamonds, emeralds, and rubies form the main theme. The tendency was to leave the stones as visible as possible (especially in rivière necklaces and bracelets made only of diamonds) by mounting them with a very small ring of white gold or platinum fitted closely against the back of the stone. Three claws, attached to....
Rivière Richelieu (river, Canada)
river in Montérégie region, southern Quebec province, Canada, rising from Lake Champlain, just north of the Canada-U.S. border, and flowing northward for 75 miles (120 km) to join the St. Lawrence River at Sorel. Explored in 1609 by Samuel de Champlain...
Rivière Saint-Maurice (river, Canada)
river in Mauricie–Bois-Francs region, southern Quebec province, Canada. It is a major tributary of the St. Lawrence River. From its sources in the mountains of south-central Quebec, the river flows to Gouin Reservoir, draining that 500-square-mile (1,300-square-kilometre) body of water southeastward into the St. Lawrence at Trois-Rivières city. The Saint-Maurice de...
Rivière-du-Loup (Quebec, Canada)
river in Mauricie–Bois-Francs region, southern Quebec province, Canada. It is a major tributary of the St. Lawrence River. From its sources in the mountains of south-central Quebec, the river flows to Gouin Reservoir, draining that 500-square-mile (1,300-square-kilometre) body of water southeastward into the St. Lawrence at Trois-Rivières city. The Saint-Maurice de...
Rivinus’s duct (anatomy)
...the mucous membrane of the floor of the mouth, near the chin region. They are not covered by a capsule and are therefore more dispersed throughout the surrounding tissue. They have many ducts (Rivinus’s ducts) that empty near the junction of the tongue and the mouth’s floor; several unite to form Bartholin’s duct, the major duct of the sublingual gland, which empties into o...
Rivne (oblast, Ukraine)
...the mucous membrane of the floor of the mouth, near the chin region. They are not covered by a capsule and are therefore more dispersed throughout the surrounding tissue. They have many ducts (Rivinus’s ducts) that empty near the junction of the tongue and the mouth’s floor; several unite to form Bartholin’s duct, the major duct of the sublingual gland, which empties into o...
Rivne (Ukraine)
city, northwestern Ukraine, on the small Ustya (Ustye) River. First mentioned in 1282, Rivne was long a minor Polish settlement. In 1795 it passed to Russia and in 1797 was made a town. Growth began at the end of the 19th century when the town became an important rail junction. It reverted to Poland between 1920 and 1939. Its population expanded greatly in the 1960s with the gro...
Rivo Alto (district, Venice, Italy)
...7th century, when migrants from the mainland swelled existing fishing communities on the higher mudflats and sandbanks. Among these early settlements, Rivo Alto, its name corrupted over time to Rialto, was the most central and became the heart of Venice, linking together 118 separate islands with bridges and canals and subordinating all other settlements to the rule of its elected doge......
Rivoli (Italy)
town, Piemonte (Piedmont) regione, northwestern Italy, just west of Turin (Torino). Once the favourite resort of the counts of Savoy, the town is dominated by a castle begun by Victor Amadeus II, king of Sicily and Sardinia, in 1712 on the site of an older structure. The house of the Green Count (...
Rivoli, André Massena, prince d’Essling, duc de (French general)
leading French general of the revolutionary and Napoleonic wars....
Rivoli, Battle of (Napoleonic Wars)
...in Italy, Masséna displayed a genius for maneuvering his forces over difficult terrain. Becoming Napoleon’s most trusted lieutenant during the Italian campaign of 1796–97, he won the Battle of Rivoli (Jan. 14, 1797), a key victory in the successful drive against Mantua. After Rome fell to the French in February 1798, Masséna was sent as an assistant to the French com...
Rivoli, rue de (street, Paris, France)
North of the city centre, a few streets away from the Seine and running roughly parallel to the river, is the rue de Rivoli. At its eastern end the street fronts the Hôtel de Ville and the Saint-Jacques bell tower (Tour Saint-Jacques), all that remains of a church in the Flamboyant Gothic style that was torn down in 1797. Farther west, the Louvre and the Tuileries Gardens occupy a long......
Rivonia Trial (South African history)
In October 1963 the imprisoned Mandela and several other men were tried for sabotage, treason, and violent conspiracy in the infamous Rivonia Trial, named after a fashionable suburb of Johannesburg where raiding police had discovered quantities of arms and equipment at the headquarters of the underground Umkhonto we Sizwe. Mandela’s speech from the dock, in which he admitted the truth of so...
Riwa (India)
city, northeastern Madhya Pradesh state, central India. The former Rewa princely state was founded about 1400 by Baghel Rajputs (warrior caste). The city was chosen as the capital of the state in 1597 and also served as capital of the British Baghelkhand Agency (1871–1931) and of Vindhya Pradesh sta...
Riwari (India)
city, southern Haryana state, northwestern India. It is connected by rail to Delhi (northeast). A historic centre of trade between Delhi and Rajasthan, Rewari is said to have been founded by the ruler Rewat, who named it for his daughter Rewati. It was constituted a municipality in 1867. Today it is a major commercial and transport centre an...
Rixey, Eppa (American baseball player)
city, southern Haryana state, northwestern India. It is connected by rail to Delhi (northeast). A historic centre of trade between Delhi and Rajasthan, Rewari is said to have been founded by the ruler Rewat, who named it for his daughter Rewati. It was constituted a municipality in 1867. Today it is a major commercial and transport centre an...
Rixin (Chinese leader)
leader of the Chinese Nationalist Party (Kuomintang [Pinyin: Guomindang]), known as the father of modern China. Influential in overthrowing the Qing (Manchu) dynasty (1911/12), he served as the first provisional president of the Republic of China (1911–12) and later as de facto ruler (1923–25)....
Riyāḍ, Al- (Saudi Arabia)
city and capital of Saudi Arabia. The city’s name is derived from the plural of the Arabic rawḍah, meaning gardens or meadows, so named for a natural fertility provided by its location at the juncture of Wadis Ḥanīfah and Al-Baṭḥāʾ. The spectacular sight of Riyadh from the air, illumin...
Riyāḍ, Maḥmūd (Egyptian diplomat)
Egyptian diplomat who, as secretary-general of the Arab League (1972–79), was unable to prevent Egypt’s 1979 expulsion from the league after that country signed a peace treaty with Israel....
Riyāḍ, Muḥammad ʿAbd al-Munʿim (Egyptian military officer)
Egyptian officer who was chief of staff of the army of the United Arab Republic (U.A.R.) from 1967 until 1969....
Riyadh (Saudi Arabia)
city and capital of Saudi Arabia. The city’s name is derived from the plural of the Arabic rawḍah, meaning gardens or meadows, so named for a natural fertility provided by its location at the juncture of Wadis Ḥanīfah and Al-Baṭḥāʾ. The spectacular sight of Riyadh from the air, illumin...
Riyadus-Salikhin (Chechen militant organization)
...the building. More than 340 people were killed, including at least 150 children, and more than 500 persons were injured, with many others missing. Responsibility for the atrocity was claimed by Riyadus-Salikhin, a Chechen liberation group led by notorious rebel warlord Shamil Basayev. That same group also claimed responsibility for suicide-bombing attacks on two Russian passenger jets,......
riyal (currency)
monetary unit of Saudi Arabia and of Qatar....
Riyong suanfa (work by Yang Hui)
...In Korea it was reprinted during the reign of Sejong in 1433, and it was copied again by the Japanese mathematician Seki Takakazu (c. 1640–1708). Of another work, Riyong suanfa (1262; “Mathematical Methods for Daily Use”), only the preface and a few problems are known....
Rıza, Ahmed (Turkish nationalist)
...exiles in Paris, Geneva, and Cairo, where they helped prepare the ground for revolution by developing a comprehensive critique of the Hamidian system. The most noteworthy among these were Murad Bey, Ahmed Rıza, and Prince Sabaheddin. As editor of Mizan (“Balance”), published first in Istanbul (1886) and later in Cairo and Geneva, Murad Bey preached liberal ideas......
Riza Paşa, Ali (Ottoman vizier)
The official government yielded to Kemalist pressure. The unpopular grand vizier, Damad Ferid Pasha, resigned and was replaced by the more sympathetic Ali Riza Pasha. Negotiations with the Kemalists were followed by the election of a new parliament, which met in Istanbul in January 1920. A large majority in parliament was opposed to the official government policy and passed the National Pact,......
Riza Shah Pahlevi (shah of Iran)
Iranian army officer who rose through army ranks to become shah of Iran (1925–41) and began the regeneration of his country....
Riẕāiyeh (Iran)
city, extreme northwestern Iran. It lies just west of Lake Urmia on a large fertile plain that yields grains, fruits, tobacco, and other crops. The population is mainly Azeri Turkish, with Kurdish, Assyrian Christian, and Armenian minorities. The remains of ancient settlements are scattered over the plain,...
Rizal City (Philippines)
city, central Luzon, Philippines, situated on the eastern shore of Manila Bay. A major residential suburb of Manila (immediately north), it is well known for the nightclubs that line the waterfront along Roxas (formerly Dewey) Boulevard. Pasay is densely populated and highly commercialized. Araneta University (1946) is locat...
Rizal, José (Filipino political leader and author)
patriot, physician, and man of letters who was an inspiration to the Philippine nationalist movement....
Rizal Park (park, Manila, Philippines)
The foremost outdoor recreational area is Rizal Park, with a Japanese garden, a Chinese garden, an open-air theatre, a playground, a grandstand, and a long promenade adjacent to Manila Bay. Other areas include the Manila Zoological and Botanical Gardens, the Mehan Garden, and Paco Park. Athletic facilities include the Rizal Memorial Stadium and the Jai-Alai Fronton, both located in Manila, and......
Rizalist cult (Filipino religion)
any of numerous ethnic religious groups in the Philippines that believe in the divinity of José Rizal, the national hero martyred by the Spanish in 1896. Among many peasant cults it is commonly believed that he is still alive and will return to deliver his followers from poverty and oppression. Rizal has been identified as God, as the second, or Filipino, Christ, and as the god of the pre-...
Rize (Turkey)
city, northeastern Turkey, on the Black Sea. The city lies on wooded hills stretching down to the sea, with its commercial section on the narrow strip of flat land around a small bay. Rize enjoys a mild climate and luxuriant vegetation. It is linked by road with Trabzon (41 miles [66 km] west), Hopa (55 miles [88 km] east, near the Georgia f...
Rizhsky Zaliv (Baltic Sea)
large gulf of the Baltic Sea, bounded by the northern coast of Latvia and the western coast of Estonia, about 7,000 sq mi (18,000 sq km) in area. The gulf is separated from the Baltic Sea proper by Estonia’s Muhu archipelago, but navigation is possible through seve...
Rizvanbegović, Ali-aga (Bosnian kapetan)
...autonomy for Bosnia and an end to the reform process there. But the grand vizier stirred up a rivalry between Husein and the leading kapetan of Herzegovina, Ali-aga Rizvanbegović, and in the following year Husein’s support melted away when a large Ottoman army entered Bosnia. Rizvanbegović’s reward was that Herzegovina was separa...
Rizvi, Athar Husain (Indian poet)
Indian poet and lyricist (b. about 1920, Mijwan, United Provinces [now Uttar Pradesh], India—d. May 10, 2002, Mumbai [Bombay], India), sought to inspire social change through his passionate Urdu-language verse, as well as through the lyrics (and...
Rizzio, Davide (Italian royal secretary)
secretary to Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots; he helped to arrange her marriage to Henry Stewart, Lord Darnley....
Rizzo, Frank (American politician)
During the late 1960s Philadelphia, like other major American cities, was shaken by race riots. This led, in 1971, to a backlash in the election of Frank Rizzo, a tough former police commissioner oriented toward “law and order,” as mayor. In 1979, however, Philadelphians turned toward more moderate rule by rejecting the attempt of Rizzo to alter the city charter and thereby win......
Rizzuto, Fiero Francis (American baseball player and broadcaster)
American professional baseball player and broadcaster who played and worked for the New York Yankees for over 50 years....
Rizzuto, Phil (American baseball player and broadcaster)
American professional baseball player and broadcaster who played and worked for the New York Yankees for over 50 years....
Rizzuto, Phillip Francis (American baseball player and broadcaster)
American professional baseball player and broadcaster who played and worked for the New York Yankees for over 50 years....
Rizzuto, Scooter (American baseball player and broadcaster)
American professional baseball player and broadcaster who played and worked for the New York Yankees for over 50 years....
RJR Nabisco, Inc. (American corporation)
former conglomerate corporation formed by the merger in 1985 of R.J. Reynolds Industries, Inc. (a diversified company specializing in tobacco and food products), and Nabisco Brands, Inc., an international manufacturer of snack foods. In what was the biggest merger of its time, RJR Nabisco became privately owned in 1989 when it was merged into investment firm K...
RKK Energia (Russian company)
Russian aerospace company that is a major producer of spacecraft, launch vehicles, rocket stages, and missiles. It built the world’s first intercontinental ballistic missile and the first artificial satellite, Sputnik, and pioneered the development and operation of Soviet ...
RKO Radio Pictures, Inc. (American film company)
American motion-picture studio that made some notable films in the 1930s and ’40s. Radio-Keith-Orpheum originated in 1928 from the merger of the Radio Corporation of America, the Keith-Albee-Orpheum theatre chain, and the American Pathé production firm. Th...
RLS (pathology)
condition characterized by an uncontrollable urge to move the legs that usually appears during periods of rest, especially while sitting or lying down. Many experience symptoms immediately before the onset of sleep. A person with restless legs syndrome experiences various sensations in the legs, such as pressure, pins and needles, pulling, crawling, or pinching, but rarely pain; occasional involun...
RL’s Dream (novel by Mosley)
Mosley’s other novels include RL’s Dream (1995), the story of a dying former blues guitarist (based on Robert Johnson) who is befriended by a young woman, and The Man in My Basement (2004), an examination of wealth, power, manipulation, and shifting relationships. Always Outnumbered, Always Outgunned (1997; filmed as Always....
rmel (pedology)
...basin. A silt-rich alluvial soil, it provides the foundation for much of Morocco’s modern irrigated agriculture. Other major soil types, less suitable for agriculture, are rmel, a sandy soil found in the Mamora Forest region east of Rabat and along much of the northern coast, and haroucha, a rocky soil found th...
rmos-’debs (bird)
...bya-long (birds about the size of a duck), and skya-ka (black-and-white crow-sized birds). The calls of the rmos-’debs—a small gray bird that inhabits agricultural regions—signal the opening of the planting season....
rms voltage (electronics)
The root-mean-square (rms) voltage of a sinusoidal source of electromotive force (Vrms) is used to characterize the source. It is the square root of the time average of the voltage squared. The value of Vrms is V0/2, or, equivalently, 0.707V0. Thus, the 60-hertz, 120-volt alternating current,......
RN (British naval force)
naval military organization of the United Kingdom, charged with the national defense at sea, protection of shipping, and fulfillment of international military agreements....
Rn (chemical element)
chemical element, a heavy radioactive gas of Group 18 (noble gases) of the periodic table, generated by the radioactive decay of radium. (Radon was originally called ...
RNA (biochemistry)
complex compound of high molecular weight that functions in cellular protein synthesis and replaces DNA (deoxyribonucleic aci...
RNA cleavage (biology)
Following synthesis by transcription, most RNA molecules are processed before reaching their final form. Many rRNA molecules are cleaved from much larger transcripts and may also be methylated or enzymatically modified. In addition, tRNAs are usually formed as longer precursor molecules that are cleaved by ribonuclease P to generate the mature 5′ end and often have extra residues added to.....
RNA editing (biology)
Some RNA molecules, particularly those in protozoan mitochondria, undergo extensive editing following their initial synthesis. During this editing process, residues are added or deleted by a posttranscriptional mechanism under the influence of guide RNAs. In some cases as much as 40 percent of the final RNA molecule may be derived by this editing process, rather than being coded directly in the......
RNA interference (biochemistry)
regulatory system occurring within eukaryotic cells (cells with a clearly defined nucleus) that controls the activity of genes. RNAi functions specifically to silence, or deactivate, genes....
RNA polymerase (biochemistry)
The synthesis of RNA is performed by enzymes called RNA polymerases. In higher organisms there are three main RNA polymerases, designated I, II, and III (or sometimes A, B, and C). Each is a complex protein consisting of many subunits. RNA polymerase I synthesizes three of the four types of rRNA (called 18S, 28S, and 5.8S RNA); therefore it is active in the nucleolus, where the genes encoding......
RNA splicing (biochemistry)
In prokaryotes the protein coding sequence occupies one continuous linear segment of DNA. However, in eukaryotic genes the coding sequences are frequently “split” in the genome—a discovery reached independently in the 1970s by Richard J. Roberts (the author of this article) and Phillip A. Sharp, whose work won them a Nobel Prize in 1993. The segments of DNA or RNA coding for.....
RNA world hypothesis (biochemistry)
...in the synthesis of RNA nucleotides (nitrogen-containing compounds [bases] linked to sugar and phosphate groups) can form from prebiotic starting materials. The latter evidence may support the RNA world hypothesis, the idea that on early Earth there existed an abundance of RNA life produced through prebiotic chemical reactions. In fact, in addition to carrying and translating genetic......
RNA-directed DNA polymerase (enzyme)
an enzyme encoded from the genetic material of retroviruses that catalyzes the transcription of retrovirus RNA (ribonucleic acid) into DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). This catalyzed transcription is the reverse process of normal cellular transcription of DNA into RNA, hence the names reverse transcriptase and ...
RNA-induced silencing complex (biochemistry)
...transcript (pre-miRNA). After the pre-miRNA migrates from the nucleus into the cytoplasm, it is cleaved into a mature miRNA by an enzyme known as DICER. The mature miRNA molecule then binds to an RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), which contains multiple proteins, including a ribonuclease enzyme. The miRNA nucleotide sequence directs the protein complex to bind to a complementary sequence......
RNAi (biochemistry)
regulatory system occurring within eukaryotic cells (cells with a clearly defined nucleus) that controls the activity of genes. RNAi functions specifically to silence, or deactivate, genes....
Rnam-par-snang-mdzad (Buddha)
the supreme Buddha, as regarded by many Mahayana Buddhists of East Asia and of Tibet, Nepal, and Java....
Rnam-snang (Buddha)
the supreme Buddha, as regarded by many Mahayana Buddhists of East Asia and of Tibet, Nepal, and Java....
Rnam-thos-sras (Buddhist and Hindu mythology)
in Hindu mythology, the king of the yakṣas (nature spirits) and the god of wealth. He is associated with the earth, mountains, all treasures such as minerals and jewels that lie underground, and riches in general. According to most accounts he first lived in Laṅkā (...
RNAS (British military)
...on Salisbury Plain. The specialized aviation requirements of the navy made it appear, however, that separate organization was desirable, and on July 1, 1914, the naval wing of the RFC became the Royal Naval Air Service (RNAS), the military wing retaining the title Royal Flying Corps....
RNase P (enzyme)
...the amino acids are linked into proteins. He isolated and characterized a precursor molecule in the biochemical pathway leading to the synthesis of tRNA and subsequently identified an enzyme called ribonuclease P (RNase P), which cleaved a specific bond within the precursor molecule. This enzymatic cleavage enabled the tRNA synthetic pathway to advance to the next step. During purification of.....
RNASEL (gene)
Several studies have revealed an association between hereditary susceptibility to prostate cancer and sequence variations in a gene called RNASEL (ribonuclease L), which plays a role in maintaining immunity against viral infections. The most common RNASEL variant is a mutation that results in decreased activity of the encoded ribonuclease L protein, thereby......
RNC (American political organization)
...nominee and adopting the party platform, the national convention formally chooses a national committee to organize the next convention and to govern the party until the next convention is held. The Republican National Committee (RNC) consists of about 150 party leaders representing all U.S. states and territories. Its chairman is typically named by the party’s presidential nominee and th...
RND (political party, Algeria)
...was approved by a majority of the voters, although claims of manipulation were made by the opposition parties. The main change, however, took place in early 1997 when a new government party, the National Democratic Rally (Rassemblement National et Démocratique; RND), was formed. Benefiting from unlimited government support, including the use of official buildings and funds, the RND......
RNE (Russian paramilitary organization)
The Russian National Unity (Russkoe Natsionalnoe Edinstvo; RNE), a paramilitary organization founded in 1990 by Aleksandr Barkashov, claimed to have an extensive network of local branches, but its electoral support was significantly less than that of the LDPR. Barkashov, a former commando in the Russian army, touted his blackshirts as a reserve force for the Russian army and the Ministry of......
RNE (Spanish government station)
Radio broadcasting began on a small scale in the 1920s. A government station, Radio Nacional de España (RNE), was set up by the Nationalists during the Spanish Civil War, but the government never established the same kind of monopoly over radio that it held over television. The number of privately owned radio stations increased markedly during the 1980s and ’90s, such that there were...
RNII (Soviet institution)
...the Moscow and Leningrad branches of GIRD were combined with the Gas Dynamics Laboratory to form the military-controlled Rocket Propulsion Research Institute (RNII), which five years later became Scientific-Research Institute 3 (NII-3). In its early years, the organization did not work directly on space technology, but ultimately it played a central role in Soviet rocket development....
Rnying-ma-pa (Tibetan Buddhist sect)
(Tibetan: “The Old Order”), second largest Buddhist sect in Tibet; it claims to transmit the original teachings of the celebrated Indian Vajrayāna (Tantric Buddhism) master Padmasambhava, who visited Tibet in the 8th century and, with Śāntirakṣita (another Indian ...
rō-iro (Japanese lacquerwork)
in Japanese lacquerwork, technique of coating with black lacquer, involving two major methods. Hana-nuri (or nuritate-mono) uses black lacquer that contains oil in order to impart a glossy finish to the article....
rō-iro nuri (Japanese lacquerwork)
in Japanese lacquerwork, technique of coating with black lacquer, involving two major methods. Hana-nuri (or nuritate-mono) uses black lacquer that contains oil in order to impart a glossy finish to the article....
Roa Bastos, Augusto (Paraguayan writer)
Latin American novelist, short-story writer, and film scriptwriter of national and international fame....
Roa Bastos, Augusto Antonio (Paraguayan writer)
Latin American novelist, short-story writer, and film scriptwriter of national and international fame....
roach (fish)
(Rutilus rutilus), common European sport fish of the carp family, Cyprinidae, widely distributed in lakes and slow rivers. A high-backed, yellowish green fish with red eyes and reddish fins, the roach is about 15–40 cm (6–16 inches) long and weighs ...