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A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z | ![]() |
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First Edition Preface Second Edition Preface Acknowledgments
Section S S index 1321-1329 of 1376 terms
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surface wetness durationSame as leaf wetness duration.
surface wetnessSame as leaf wetness.
surface wind stressThe force per unit area on a surface due to the airflow above it. For a mean wind speed Ur at a reference height zr, drag coefficient CD(zr) for that same reference height, and air density , the surface wind stress τ is given byτ = CD(zr)Ur2.
surface windThe wind measured at a surface observing station. This wind is customarily measured at a standard distance above the ground to minimize the distorting effects of local obstacles and terrain. See anemometer, wind vane, instrument exposure, winds aloft.
surfactant filmA thin film on the water surface, usually due to long-chain molecules with one hydrophilic end and one hydrophobic end. Such a film has a surface tension that varies with the surfactant concentration, and the resulting effect on the near-surface viscous boundary layer causes considerably enhanced damping of centimeter-scale waves.
surficial creepSame as soil creep.
surge currentA short-duration, high-amperage, electric current impulse that may sweep through an electrical network, as a power transmission network, when some portion of it is strongly influenced by the electrical activity of a thunderstorm. This activity may take the form of a direct lightning strike, or it may be simply the release of previously induced charge on the line when a thundercloud overhead suddenly discharges itself. Such current surges flow rapidly through the lines until they find a path to the ground through arc-over at a weak insulator or by entering terminal equipment at the end of the line. Use of grounded guard wires above the power lines of a transmission system reduces the frequency of surge current difficulties, and installation of lightning arresters at sensitive terminal equipment protects the system against damage there.
surge lineIn meteorology, a line along which a discontinuity in the wind speed occurs. Usually, but not always, the wind speed is strongest upstream from the surge line. Sometimes it is also accompanied by a change in wind direction.
surge1. See storm surge. 2. See surge current. 3. See surge line. 4. In hydrology, a sudden change in discharge resulting from the opening or closing of a gate that controls the flow in a channel, or by the sudden introduction of additional water into the channel. 5. The fore and aft movement of the center of gravity of a ship. See heave, sway, ship motion. 6. Water transported up a beach by breaking waves.
suroetA persistent, rain-bearing, southwest (sud-ouest) wind on the west coast of France.
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