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PERI: Living Wages
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PERI Research

>>Click here for all PERI living wage research

Brenner, Mark, The Economic Impact of Living Wage Ordinances, PERI Working Paper No. 80, Amherst, Mass., 2004. (pdf)

Brenner, Mark, Defining and Measuring Living Wages in a Global Context, Paper prepared for the Global Labor Standards and Living Wages Working Group Meeting, Amherst, Mass., April 19-20, 2002. (pdf)

Brenner, Mark, Jeannette Wicks-Lim, and Robert Pollin, Measuring the Impact of Living Wage Laws: A Critical Appraisal of David Neumark's How Living Wage Laws Affect Low-Wage Workers and Low-Income Families, PERI Working Paper No. 43, Amherst, Mass., 2002. (pdf)

Brenner, Mark, and Stephanie Luce, Living Wage Laws in Practice: The Boston, New Haven and Hartford Experiences, PERI, Amherst, Mass., 2005.

Heintz, James, Jeannette Wicks-Lim, and Robert Pollin, Decent Work in America: Work Environment Index, PERI, Amherst, Mass., 2005.

Luce, Stephanie, and Robert Pollin, "Can U.S. Cities Afford Living Wage Programs? An Examination of Alternatives," The Review of Radical Political Economics , Vol. 31, No. 1, 1999.

Luce, Stephanie, "Living Wage Campaigns: Analyzing Their Strengths and Weaknesses," Against the Current , September/October and November/December 1998.*

Luce, Stephanie, "Building Political Power and Community Coalitions: The Role of Central Labor Councils in the Living Wage Movement," in Immanuel Ness and Stuart Eimer, eds., Central Labor Councils and the Revival of American Unionism, Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe, 2001.*

Pollin, Robert, "Living Wage, Live Action," The Nation , November 23, 1998.

Pollin, Robert, Living Wages, Poverty, and Basic Needs: Evidence from Santa Monica, CA, PERI Working Paper No. 33, Amherst, Mass., 2002. (pdf)

Pollin, Robert, Evaluating Living Wage Laws in the United States: Good Intentions and Economic Reality in Conflict?, PERI Working Paper No. 61, Amherst, Mass., 2003. (pdf)

Pollin, Robert, Testimony on Proposed Santa Fe, New Mexico Living Wage Ordinance, PERI Research Report No. 6, Amherst, Mass., 2003. (pdf)

Pollin, Robert, The Albuquerque Living Wage Proposal: Rough Estimates of How Workers and Businesses Will Be Affected by the Measure,  PERI, , Amherst, Mass., September 2005.

Pollin, Robert, and Mark Brenner, Economic Analysis of Santa Monica Living Wage Proposal, PERI, Amherst, Mass., August 2000.

Pollin, Robert, Stephanie Luce, and Mark Brenner, Economic Analysis of the New Orleans Minimum Wage Proposal, PERI, Amherst, Mass., August 1999.

Pollin, Robert, and Stephanie Luce, The Living Wage: Building a Fair Economy, The New Press, New York, 2000.

Pollin, Robert, Stephanie Luce, and Mark Brenner, Intended vs. Unintended Consequences: Evaluating the New Orleans Living Wage Proposal,  PERI, Amherst, Mass., January 2001.

Pollin, Robert, and Jeannette Wicks-Lim, "An Economic Analysis of the Nashville Living Wage Proposals,"  Amherst, Mass., 2009.

Pollin, Robert, and Jeannette Wicks-Lim, Comments on Aaron Yelowitz, "Santa Fe's Living Wage Ordinance and the Labor Market," PERI Working Paper No. 108, Amherst, Mass., 2005.

Wicks-Lim, Jeannette, Mandated Wage Floors and the Wage Structure: New Estimates of the Ripple Effects of Minimum Wage Laws, PERI Working Paper No. 116, Amherst, Mass., 2006.

Other Living Wage Research

Benner, Chris, and Rachel Rosner, Living Wage: An Opportunity for San Jose, Working Partnerships USA, San Jose, Calif., August 1998.

Bernstein, Jared, "The Living Wage Movement: Pointing the Way Toward the High Road," Community Action Digest, Vol. 1, No.1, Spring 1999.

Bernstein, Jared, "Higher Wages Lead to More Efficient Service Provision -- The Impact of Living Wage Ordinances on the Public Contracting Process," Economic Policy Institute, Washington, D.C., 2000.

Bernstein, Jared, Chauna Brocht, and Maggie Spade-Aguilar, How Much Is Enough? Basic Family Budgets for Working Families, Economic Policy Institute, Washington, D.C., 2000.

Brocht, Chauna, "The Forgotten Workforce: More than One in 10 Federal Contract Workers Earn Less Than a Living Wage," Economic Policy Institute, Washington, D.C., November 2000.

Business Week , "What's So Bad About a Living Wage?" September 4, 2000.

Business Week , "What Exactly Is a 'Living Wage?'" May 28, 2001.

Choosing the High Road: Businesses that Pay a Living Wage and Prosper, by United for a Fair Economy.

Chyleck, John, The Living Wage: Follow an Oregon Family From Welfare to Living Wage Employment

Ciscel, David H., "The Living Wage Movement: Building a Political Link From Market Wages to Social Institutions," Journal of Economic Issues, Vol. 34, No. 2, June 2000.*

Fairris, David, et. al., Examining the Evidence: The Impact of the Los Angeles Living Wage Ordinance on Workers and Business, Los Angeles Living Wage Study, Los Angeles, CA, June 2005.

Fernandes, Adrienne, "Making Ends Meet: How Much Does It Cost to Raise a Family in California?" California Budget Project, November 2005. (.pdf)

Glickman, Lawrence B., A Living Wage: American Workers and the Making of Consumer Society, Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1997.

Gourevitch, Alexander, "Awakening the Giant: How The Living Wage Movement Can Revive Progressive Politics," The American Prospect (Online Edition), May 30, 2001.

Nichols, Leslie, A Living Wage for Santa Cruz and Watsonville, CA, (.pdf) Working Partnerships USA, San Jose, Calif., March 2000.

Martin, Issac, "Dawn of the Living Wage: The Diffusion of a Redistributive Municipal Policy," Urban Affairs Review , Vol. 36, No. 4, March 2001.

Merrifield, Andy, "The Urbanization of Labor: Living-Wage Activism in the American City," Social Text, Vol. 18, No. 1, 2000.

Moberg, David, "Martha Jernegon's New Shoes," American Prospect , Vol. 11, No. 15, June 19-July 3, 2000.

Murray, Bobbi, "Living Wage Comes of Age," The Nation , July 23, 2001.

Mutari, Ellen, "The Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 and Competing Visions of the Living Wage," Review of Radical Political Economics , Vol. 32, No. 3, September 2000.

Neumark, David, and Scott Adams, Do Living Wage Ordinances Reduce Urban Poverty?  National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass., March 2000.

Niedt, Christopher, Greg Ruiters, Dana Wise, and Erica Schoenberger, The Effects of the Living Wage in Baltimore,  Economic Policy Institute, Washington, D.C., 1999. (.pdf)

Nissen, Bruce, The Impact of a Living Wage Ordinance on Miami-Dade County,  (.pdf) Center for Labor Research and Studies, Florida International University, Miami, Fla., October 1998.

Nissen, Bruce, "Living Wage Campaigns From a 'Social Movement' Perspective: The Miami Case," Labor Studies Journal, Vol. 25, No. 3, Fall 2000.*

Osterman, Paul, Report on the Impact of the Valley Interfaith Living Wage Campaign,  Cambridge, Mass., 2000.*

Reich, Michael, Peter Hall, and Fiona Hsu, Living Wages and the San Francisco Economy: The Benefits and Cost,  Institute for Industrial Relations, University of California, Berkeley, Calif., June 1999.

Reynis, Lee A., Myra Segal, and Molly J. Bleecker, "Preliminary Analysis of the Impacts of the $8.50 Minimum Wage On Santa Fe Businesses, Workers, and the Santa Fe Economy," University of New Mexico, Bureau of Business and Economic Research. December 2005. (.pdf)

Reynolds, David, The Impact of Detroit's Living Wage Ordinance, (.pdf) Labor Studies Center, Wayne State University, Detroit, Mich., 1999.

Reynolds, David, "Coalition Politics: Insurgent Union Political Action Builds Ties Between Labor and the Community," Labor Studies Journal , Vol. 24, No. 3, Fall 1999.*

Reynolds, David, and Jean Vortkamp, Impact of Detroit's Living Wage Law on Non-Profit Organizations,  Center for Urban Studies & Labor Studies Center, Wayne State University, Detroit, Mich., June 2000.*

Rubenstein, Ariel, "Ten Comments on Transparency," first published in Hebrew in Bashaar , Spring 2000. (.pdf)

Samuel, Leah, "Living Wage Movement Grows," Labor Notes , July 1999.

Schoenberger, Erica, "The Living Wage in Baltimore: Impacts and Reflections," Review of Radical Political Economics , Vol. 32, No. 3, September 2000.

Swope, Christopher, "The Living Wage Wars," Governing , December 1998.*

Tolley, George, Peter Bernstein, and Michael D. Lesage, Economic Analysis of a Living Wage Ordinance, Chicago, Ill., 1996, revised 1999.

Uchitelle, Lou, "Minimum Wages Are Being Set, City by City," New York Times , November 19, 1999, C1.*

Weisbrot, Mark, and Michelle Sfroza-Roderick, Baltimore's Living Wage Law: An Analysis of the Fiscal and Economic Costs of Baltimore City Ordinance 442,  Preamble Center, Washington, D.C., 1996.

Zabin, Carol, "Assessing the Costs and Benefits of the 'Living Wage Ordinance': A Review of the Evidence." Policy Brief No. 1, Labor Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Calif., 1996.*

Zabin, Carol, Michael Reich, and Peter Hall, Living Wages at the Port of Oakland,  (.pdf) Institute for Industrial Relations, University of California, Berkeley, Calif., December 1999.

Zabin, Carol, "Living Wage Campaigns in the Economic Policy Arena: Four Case Studies in California," Center for Labor Research and Education, Berkeley, Calif., 1999. (.pdf)

Note: Municipal staff in many cities have prepared short reports or fiscal memoranda to estimate the costs of proposed ordinances. For more information, contact the cities directly.

Data and Resources

Census - Poverty Thresholds

CEPR Data - Uniform Data Extracts from the Center for Economic and Policy Research (Washington, DC):

  • SIPP data - Survey of Income and Program Participation (US Census)
  • CPS data - Current Population Survey (US Census and US Bureau of Labor Statistics)
  • PUMS data - Public Use Microsample of the US Census


DOL - Minimum Wage Laws in the States

DOL - History of Federal Minimum Wage Rates Under the Fair Labor Standards Act, 1938 - 1996

EPI - Basic Family Budget Calculator

EPI - Living Wage Ordinances In Effect