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Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad Company (American railway)
American railway company founded in 1859 by John Murray Forbes, who combined several smaller Midwestern railroads. It grew until it extended from the Great Lakes to the Rocky Mountains. In 1901 James J. Hill bought control and sought to combine it with his Great Northern Railway and with J.P. Morgan’s Northern Pacific...
Chicago Cardinals (American football team)
American professional gridiron football team based in Phoenix. The Cardinals are the oldest team in the National Football League (NFL), but they are also one of the least successful franchises in league history, having won just two NFL championships (1925, 1947) since the team’s founding in 1898....
Chicago Catholics and the Struggles Within Their Church (study by Greeley)
...Priestly Sins (2004) and Home for Christmas (2009). In October 2008 Greeley suffered a severe head injury that resulted in his hospitalization for several months. In 2010 Chicago Catholics and the Struggles Within Their Church, a study that Greeley had nearly finished by late 2007, was completed and published by his colleagues at NORC....
Chicago City Ballet (American ballet company)
...Tallchief’s most highly acclaimed. She retired from the NYCB in 1965. She then served as artistic director of the Lyric Opera Ballet in Chicago and occasionally taught. In 1980 Tallchief founded the Chicago City Ballet and was artistic director until the company folded in 1987. In 1996 she was inducted into the National Women’s Hall of Fame, and that year she also received a Kenne...
Chicago Colts (American baseball team)
American professional baseball team that plays its home games at Chicago’s Wrigley Field. Despite limited success—the team has not won a World Series championship since 1908—the Cubs have one of the most loyal fan bases and are among the most popular franchises in baseball. The Cubs play in the National League (NL) and h...
Chicago Convention on International Civil Aviation (international law)
...sovereignty was unequivocally affirmed in the Paris Convention on the Regulation of Aerial Navigation (1919) and subsequently by various other multilateral treaties. The principle is restated in the Chicago Convention on International Civil Aviation (1944). Airspace is now generally accepted as an appurtenance of the subjacent territory and shares the latter’s legal status. Thus, under t...
Chicago critics (American literature)
group of pluralist, essentially formalist American literary critics—including Richard McKeon, Elder Olson, Ronald Salmon Crane, Bernard Weinberg, and Norman Maclean—who exerted a significant influence on the development of American criticism during the second half of the 20th century....
Chicago Cubs (American baseball team)
American professional baseball team that plays its home games at Chicago’s Wrigley Field. Despite limited success—the team has not won a World Series championship since 1908—the Cubs have one of the most loyal fan bases and are among the most popular franchises in baseball. The Cubs play in the National League (NL) and h...
Chicago Cultural Center (building, Chicago, Illinois, United States)
...its present site; it surveys world art and is notable for its large collection of French Impressionist paintings. Just to the north is the old Chicago Public Library (1897) building, since 1991 the Chicago Cultural Center; graced with marble and mosaic interiors and a large Tiffany stained-glass dome, it provides a variety of spaces for performances and temporary art exhibits. The Cultural......
“Chicago Daily Defender” (American newspaper)
the most influential African American newspaper during the early and mid-20th century. The Defender, published in Chicago with a national editorial perspective, played a leading role in the widespread Great Migration of African Americans from...
Chicago Daily News (American newspaper)
evening daily newspaper published in Chicago between 1876 and 1978. In its heyday, it was famed for the excellence of its international coverage, which was widely syndicated throughout the United States. It was generally regarded as one of the great American dailies of its time....
Chicago Defender (American newspaper)
the most influential African American newspaper during the early and mid-20th century. The Defender, published in Chicago with a national editorial perspective, played a leading role in the widespread Great Migration of African Americans from...
Chicago Edison Company (American company)
By 1907 all of Chicago’s electricity was provided by Insull’s firm, now the Commonwealth Edison Company. Use of central power stations brought extension of his electrical power system to most of Illinois and parts of neighbouring states by 1917. His systems grew rapidly during the 1920s, not only because of central stations but also as a result of his formation of holding companies, ...
Chicago Eight (American anarchists)
...suppression by police. Although the identity of the bomb thrower was never determined, eight anarchist leaders were arrested and charged with murder and conspiracy. Four members of the “Chicago Eight” were hanged on November 11, 1887; one committed suicide in his cell; and three others were given long prison sentences. Excoriating the trial as unjust, Illinois Governor John......
Chicago Fire Department
...is of about 125-foot length by 26-foot beam and 7-foot draft (38 by 8 by 2 metres) and travels at about 14 knots (nautical miles per hour). A high-speed, shallow-draft fireboat introduced in Chicago in 1961 is propelled and steered by underwater hydraulic jets....
Chicago fire of 1871 (American history)
conflagration that began on Oct. 8, 1871, and burned until early October 10, devastating an expansive swath of the city of Chicago....
Chicago Heights (Illinois, United States)
city, Cook county, northeastern Illinois, U.S. It is a suburb of Chicago, about 30 miles (50 km) south of downtown. The city’s name derives from its proximity to Chicago and its elevation, which averages 95 feet (29 metres) above the surrounding area. The site was the intersection of two trails, the Hubbard (from Vincennes, Indiana, t...
Chicago Historical Society Museum (museum, Chicago, Illinois, United States)
city, Cook county, northeastern Illinois, U.S. It is a suburb of Chicago, about 30 miles (50 km) south of downtown. The city’s name derives from its proximity to Chicago and its elevation, which averages 95 feet (29 metres) above the surrounding area. The site was the intersection of two trails, the Hubbard (from Vincennes, Indiana, t...
Chicago Hope (American television program)
...1992. The drama about a small town was a popular and critical success and twice won the Emmy Award for outstanding drama series (1993, 1994). In 1994 he created the medical show Chicago Hope. Juggling the scripts for Chicago Hope and Picket Fences became a difficult task, however, and at the end of the......
Chicago Institute (private school, Chicago, Illinois, United States)
In 1901 the University of Chicago combined the Laboratory School with the Chicago Institute, a private progressive normal school that had been founded by Francis W. Parker. As part of the university’s new School of Education, secondary schools were established in 1902 and under Dewey’s leadership were merged in 1903 into a set of laboratory schools. The schools marked the beginning o...
Chicago Institute for Psychoanalysis (organization, Illinois, United States)
Alexander returned to Chicago in 1932 to establish the Chicago Institute for Psychoanalysis, which he directed until 1956. Under his leadership, the institute attracted many analysts and students who conducted extensive research on emotional disturbance and psychosomatic disease, identifying various disorders with particular unconscious conflicts. This work is represented in his book......
Chicago International Film Festival (American film festival)
Alexander returned to Chicago in 1932 to establish the Chicago Institute for Psychoanalysis, which he directed until 1956. Under his leadership, the institute attracted many analysts and students who conducted extensive research on emotional disturbance and psychosomatic disease, identifying various disorders with particular unconscious conflicts. This work is represented in his book.........
Chicago, Judy (American artist)
American feminist artist whose complex and focused installations created some of the visual context of the women’s liberation movement in the 1970s and beyond....
Chicago, Lake (ancient lake, North America)
...Glacial Stage because it left many fresh landforms and sediments in that state. As the ice sheet melted and receded about 14,000 years ago, the first segments of the Great Lakes were created. Lake Chicago, in what is now the southern Lake Michigan basin, and Lake Maumee, in present-day western Lake Erie and its adjacent lowlands, originally drained southward into the Mississippi River......
Chicago Legal News (American newspaper)
In October 1868 Myra Bradwell launched her own distinguished career with the establishment of the first weekly edition of the Chicago Legal News, of which she was both editorial and business manager. It soon became the most important legal publication in the western United States. In 1869 she helped organize Chicago’s first woman suffrage convention, and she and her husband were acti...
Chicago literary renaissance (literary period)
the flourishing of literary activity in Chicago during the period from approximately 1912 to 1925. The leading writers of this renaissance—Theodore Dreiser, Sherwood Anderson, Edgar Lee Masters, and ...
Chicago Marathon (sports)
annual 26.2-mile (42.2-km) footrace through Chicago that is held each October. Along with the Berlin, Boston, London, and New York City marathons, the Chicago Marathon is one of the world’s five major marathons....
Chicago Metropolitan Area (metropolitan area, United States)
Chicago sprawls in all directions from the curving lakefront. The vast public-transportation and expressway networks have allowed the metropolitan area, popularly called Chicagoland, to stretch from Kenosha, Wis., around the south end of the lake through northwestern Indiana to the Michigan state line. Early suburban development gave the appearance of a wagon wheel. On the outer rim is a broad......
Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad Company (American railway)
U.S. railway operating in central and northern states. It began in 1863 as the Milwaukee and St. Paul Railway Company. It added Chicago to its route and name in 1863, and in 1927 it was incorporated under its present name....
Chicago Orchestra (American orchestra)
American symphony orchestra based in Chicago, Ill., renowned for its distinctive tone and its recordings under such conductors as Fritz Reiner and Sir Georg Solti. It was founded by Theodore Thomas in 1891 as the Chi...
Chicago Orphans (American baseball team)
American professional baseball team that plays its home games at Chicago’s Wrigley Field. Despite limited success—the team has not won a World Series championship since 1908—the Cubs have one of the most loyal fan bases and are among the most popular franchises in baseball. The Cubs play in the National League (NL) and h...
Chicago Packers (American basketball team)
American professional basketball team based in Washington, D.C. The Wizards (then known as the Washington Bullets) made four trips to the National Basketball Association (NBA) finals in the 1970s and won an NBA championship in the 1977–78 season....
Chicago Park District (city agency, Chicago, Illiniois, United States)
...a ring of major parks linked together by broad boulevards. Growth led to a patchwork of neighbourhood green spaces. In 1934 the city consolidated 22 smaller park administrations to create the Chicago Park District, which operates more than 500 parks covering some 7,000 acres (2,800 hectares). Beyond the city, county forest preserve districts and the federal government have set aside......
Chicago Pile No. 1 (nuclear engineering)
...production facilities already existed in Canada. Fermi’s work led the way, and on Dec. 2, 1942, he reported having produced the first self-sustaining chain reaction. His reactor, later called Chicago Pile No. 1 (CP-1), was made of pure graphite in which uranium metal slugs were loaded toward the centre with uranium oxide lumps around the edges. This device had no cooling system, as it wa...
Chicago Race Riot of 1919 (United States history)
most severe of approximately 25 race riots throughout the U.S. in the “Red Summer” (meaning “bloody”) following World War I; a manifestation of racial frictions intensified by large-scale African American migration to the North, industrial labo...
Chicago River (river, Illinois, United States)
navigable stream that originally flowed into Lake Michigan after being formed by the north and south branches about 1 mile (1.6 km) west of the lake, in Chicago, northeastern Illinois, U.S. The Chicago River system flows 156 miles (251 km) from Park City (north) to Loc...
Chicago, Rock Island, and Pacific Railroad Company (American railway)
U.S. railroad company founded in 1847 as the Rock Island and La Salle Railroad Company to build a line from Rock Island to La Salle, Ill. By 1866 its lines extended from Chicago to Council Bluffs, Iowa....
Chicago Rush (American football team)
When the Chicago Rush defeated the Orlando Predators 69–61, the Arena Football League’s 20th season brought the first championship to the city where the indoor game was invented....
Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal (waterway, United States)
U.S. waterway linking the south branch of the Chicago River with the Des Plaines River at Lockport, Illinois. It has a length of 30 miles (48 km), a minimum width of 160 feet (50 metres), a minimum depth of 9 feet (2.7 metres), and 2 locks....
Chicago School (architecture)
group of architects and engineers who, in the late 19th century, developed the skyscraper. They included Daniel Burnham, William Le Baron Jenney, John Root, and the firm of Dankmar Adler and Louis Sullivan....
Chicago school (American literature)
group of pluralist, essentially formalist American literary critics—including Richard McKeon, Elder Olson, Ronald Salmon Crane, Bernard Weinberg, and Norman Maclean—who exerted a significant influence on the development of American criticism during the second half of the 20th century....
Chicago school (economics)
American economist who is considered the main founder of the “Chicago school” of economics....
Chicago school (social science)
...of politics had no initial consequence, other movements toward this goal enjoyed more immediate success. The principal impetus came from the University of Chicago, where what became known as the Chicago school developed in the mid-1920s and thereafter. The leading figure in this movement was Charles E. Merriam, whose New Aspects of Politics (1925) argued for a reconstruction of......
Chicago school (religion)
...and practices. He established the discipline known as the comparative study of religion (Religionswissenschaft) at the University of Chicago and is considered the founder of the so-called Chicago School, from which emerged such influential scholars as Mircea Eliade....
Chicago School of Analysis (mathematics)
...decades of teaching included more than 80 Ph.D. students and hundreds of second-generation mathematical descendants. In 1986 he received the U.S. National Medal of Science for creating the so-called Chicago School of Analysis, which focused on Fourier analysis and its applications to partial differential equations. He wrote Trigonometric Series (1935 and later editions), Analytic......
Chicago school of critics (American literature)
group of pluralist, essentially formalist American literary critics—including Richard McKeon, Elder Olson, Ronald Salmon Crane, Bernard Weinberg, and Norman Maclean—who exerted a significant influence on the development of American criticism during the second half of the 20th century....
Chicago Seven (architecture)
Perhaps more so than his buildings, Tigerman’s activism had the greatest impact on the American architectural scene. He was a founder of the so-called Chicago Seven movement in architecture, a group of seven Chicago architects who, playfully adopting the name of a group of late-1960s political dissidents, protested against the dominance of Ludwig Mies van der Rohe’s Modernism in post...
Chicago Seven trial (United States history [1969])
...Jerry Rubin unveiled Pigasus, a boar hog that would serve as the Yippies’ presidential candidate in 1968. These exploits, among others, led to Hoffman’s being named a defendant in the so-called Chicago Seven trial (1969), in which he was convicted of crossing state lines with intent to riot at the Democratic convention; the conviction was later overturned....
Chicago soul (American music)
Berry Gordy, Jr., and his Motown Records, based in Detroit, Michigan, overshadowed the Windy City during the 1960s. But several black music producers—including Roquel (“Billy”) Davis and Carl Davis (who were not related), Johnny Pate (who also was an arranger), and Curtis Mayfield—developed a recognizable Chicago sound that flourished from the late 1950s to the......
Chicago Spire (skyscraper design, Chicago, Illinois, United States)
...former site of the World Trade Center in New York City in 2004. The following year he was awarded the Gold Medal of the American Institute of Architects. Plans to build Calatrava’s design for the Chicago Spire, to have been the world’s tallest residential building (2,000 feet [610 metres]), did not come to fruition....
Chicago Stadium (stadium, Chicago, Illinois, United States)
...of the first U.S. expansion franchises by the NHL and subsequently purchased the defunct Portland Rosebuds of the Western Hockey League to form the nucleus of his team. In 1929 the team moved into Chicago Stadium, which was then the largest indoor sporting venue in the world, and it would serve as the team’s home until 1994. Originally known as the Black Hawks (the spelling was changed t...
Chicago Staleys (American football team)
American professional gridiron football team based in Chicago that plays in the National Football Conference (NFC) of the National Football League (NFL). The Bears are one of football’s most successful franchises, having won eight NFL championships and one Super Bowl. The Bears have more former players in the ...
Chicago State University (university, Chicago, Illinois, United States)
public, coeducational institution of higher learning in Chicago, Illinois, U.S. The university was established in 1867 as an experimental teacher-training school. It offers bachelor’s degree programs in health sciences, business, education, and arts and sciences. Master’s degree programs are a...
Chicago Stock Exchange (historical building, Chicago, Illinois, United States)
...back to the Egyptians, proved to be inadequate to resist settlement due to the heavy loads of the many floors, and timber piles (a Roman invention) were driven down to bedrock. For the 13-story Stock Exchange Building (1892), the engineer Dankmar Adler employed the caisson foundation used in bridge construction. A cylindrical shaft braced with board sheathing was hand-dug to bedrock and......
Chicago Stock Exchange (stock exchange, Chicago, Illinois, United States)
largest of the regional stock exchanges in the United States. The Chicago Stock Exchange was founded in 1882 to trade primarily local securities, particularly stocks and bonds of utility, banking, and railroad companies. In 1949 the exchange merged with those of St. Louis, Cleveland, and Minneapolis–St. Paul to form t...
Chicago stockyards (Chicago, Illinois, United States)
...himself by journalistic writing. The Jungle (1906), his sixth novel and first popular success, was written when he was sent by the socialist weekly newspaper Appeal to Reason to Chicago to investigate conditions in the stockyards. Though intended to create sympathy for the exploited and poorly treated immigrant workers in the meat-packing industry, The Jungle instead......
Chicago style (jazz)
approach to jazz group instrumental playing that developed in Chicago during the 1920s and moved to New York City in the ’30s, being preserved in the music known as Dixieland. Much of it was originally produced by trumpeter Jimmy McPartland, tenor saxophonist Bud Freeman...
Chicago Sun-Times (American newspaper)
Meanwhile, investigations by new management at Hollinger revealed that circulation at the Chicago Sun-Times had been overstated, and tens of millions of dollars had to be reimbursed to advertisers whose rates were based on the audited circulation numbers. Similar investigations in the United States found Tribune properties in New York, Newsday and Hoy, as well as Belo......
Chicago Symphony Chorus (American chorus)
In 1957, at Reiner’s request, Margaret Hillis created and became director of the Chicago Symphony Chorus, the first such ensemble in the United States to be permanently affiliated with a major symphony orchestra. Duain Wolfe succeeded Hillis as director in 1994. CSO composers in residence have included John Corigliano (1987–91) and Shulamit Ran (1990–97), among others. In 2010...
Chicago Symphony Orchestra (American orchestra)
American symphony orchestra based in Chicago, Ill., renowned for its distinctive tone and its recordings under such conductors as Fritz Reiner and Sir Georg Solti. It was founded by Theodore Thomas in 1891 as the Chi...
Chicago Training School for City, Home, and Foreign Missions (school, Chicago, Illinois, United States)
In 1885 Rider married Josiah S. Meyer, a Chicago businessman who shared her deep interest in the Methodist church and its work. Later that year they opened the Chicago Training School for City, Home, and Foreign Missions. The time and place were opportune for such a school, and theirs grew rapidly and quickly gained the support of official Methodist bodies. Wesley Memorial Hospital, the Chicago......
Chicago Transit Authority (American rock group)
rock band, among the most popular American recording artists of all time, with sales of more than 100 million records. Initially a jazz-rock unit, Chicago thrived as it moved toward a lighter, ballad-oriented rock style. Its original members were Terry Kath (b. Jan. 31, 1946...
Chicago Transit Authority (public-transit agency, Chicago, Illinois, United States)
...the core of a network of rapid-transit rail lines that came to include service to O’Hare and Midway. Meanwhile, in 1945 the Illinois state legislature, the General Assembly, created the Chicago Transit Authority (CTA) to take over operation of the “L” carriers; independent bus companies were absorbed in 1952....
Chicago Tribune (American newspaper)
daily newspaper published in Chicago, one of the leading American newspapers and long the dominant, sometimes strident, voice of the Midwest. It formed the basis of what would become the Tribune Company, an American media conglomerate....
Chicago, University of (university, Chicago, Illinois, United States)
private, coeducational university, located on the south side of Chicago, Illinois, U.S. One of the United States’s most outstanding universities, the University of Chicago was founded in 1890 with the endowment of John D. Rockefeller. William Rainey Harper, president of the university from 1891 to 1906, did much to ...
Chicago White Sox (American baseball team)
American professional baseball team based in Chicago that plays in the American League (AL). The White Sox won three World Series titles, two in the early 1900s (1906, 1917) and the third 88 years later, in 2005. They are often referred to as the ...
Chicago White Stockings (American baseball team)
American professional baseball team that plays its home games at Chicago’s Wrigley Field. Despite limited success—the team has not won a World Series championship since 1908—the Cubs have one of the most loyal fan bases and are among the most popular franchises in baseball. The Cubs play in the National League (NL) and h...
Chicago White Stockings (American baseball team)
American professional baseball team based in Chicago that plays in the American League (AL). The White Sox won three World Series titles, two in the early 1900s (1906, 1917) and the third 88 years later, in 2005. They are often referred to as the ...
Chicago window (architecture)
...at the end of a great hall opposite the entrance and behind the raised dais on which the lord of the manor was served. In modern architecture the bay window emerged as a prominent feature of the Chicago School. The utilitarian program of William Le Baron Jenney, one goal of which was maximum admission of natural light, resulted in the creation of the cellular wall and a new emphasis on bay......
Chicago Woman’s Club (organization, Chicago, Illinois, United States)
In 1894 Williams was proposed for membership in the prestigious Chicago Woman’s Club. Debate within the club raged for more than a year; one of Williams’s stoutest supporters was Dr. Sarah Stevenson, the first woman member of the American Medical Association. In 1895 Williams became the club’s first African American member. She wrote regularly for the Chicago Record-Herald...
Chicago Zoological Park (zoo, Brookfield, Illinois, United States)
zoo located in Brookfield, Illinois, U.S., a western suburb of Chicago. Brookfield Zoo, opened in 1934, is known for its extensive use of open-air, unbarred enclosures. It is owned by the Forest Preserve District of Cook County and is operated by the Chicago Zoological Society. Brookfield Zoo receives some 2 million visitors annually....
Chicagoland (metropolitan area, United States)
Chicago sprawls in all directions from the curving lakefront. The vast public-transportation and expressway networks have allowed the metropolitan area, popularly called Chicagoland, to stretch from Kenosha, Wis., around the south end of the lake through northwestern Indiana to the Michigan state line. Early suburban development gave the appearance of a wagon wheel. On the outer rim is a broad......
Chicama (archaeological site, Peru)
pre-Columbian site of the Late Preceramic Period (c. 3500–1800 bc) in northern Peru, located at the mouth of the Chicama River. Archaeological excavations have revealed subterranean pit dwellings there. The inhabitants of these dwellings did not cultivate maize (corn) or make pottery but did grow squash, chilies, and cotton, caught fish, and wove baskets and coarse clot...
Chicamba Real (dam, Revuè River, Mozambique)
city, south-central Mozambique. Centrally located, it is also a commercial and industrial centre. The Chicamba Real hydroelectric-power plant on the nearby Revuè River provides power for the city’s cotton, steel, and saw mills and for the manufacture of coarse textiles and processing of other agricultural and mineral products. Chimoio is connected by road and railway southeast to the...
Chicaneau, Pierre (French artist)
A factory at Saint-Cloud, founded by Pierre Chicaneau in the 1670s, made faience and a soft-paste porcelain that were yellowish in tone and heavily potted. Much use was made of molded decoration, which included sprigs of prunus blossom copied from the blanc de Chine of Tehua (see below China: Ming dynasty). Particularly common was a molded pattern of overlapping scales. Most examples are......
Chicanel culture (Mesoamerican history)
...since the earliest prototypes for these stelae—as mentioned above—have been found in Pacific-littoral and highland Guatemala. The Late Formative culture of Petén is called Chicanel, evidence of which has been found at many Maya centres. Chicanel pottery includes dishes with wide-everted and grooved rims, bowls with composite silhouette, and vessels resembling ice......
chicha (beverage)
Sacrifice, human or animal, was offered on every important occasion; guinea pigs (more properly cui), llamas, certain foods, coca leaves, and chicha (an intoxicant corn beverage) were all used in sacrifices. Many sacrifices were daily occurrences for the ritual of the sun’s appearance. A fire was kindled, and corn was thrown on the coals and toasted. “Eat this, Lord......
Chichagof Island (island, Alaska, United States)
...range in elevation from 2,000–3,500 feet in the southern Prince of Wales Mountains to more than 4,000–7,500 feet in the Chilkat Range and the mountains of Admiralty, Baranof, and Chicagof islands. These islands have small glaciers and rugged coastlines indented by fjords. The archipelago is composed of southeast–northwest-trending belts of Paleozoic and Mesozoic......
Chichagov, Vasily Yakovlevich (Russian explorer)
...in the existence of an open polar sea. Implementing Lomonosov’s plan, in 1764 the Russian Admiralty dispatched an expedition to establish an advance base at Bellsund in Svalbard under the command of Vasily Yakovlevich Chichagov. The next year, with three ships, Chichagov pushed north to 80°26′ N before being forced by ice to retreat. Seven years later Captain John Constanti...
Chichén Itzá (ancient city, Mexico)
ruined ancient Maya city occupying an area of 4 square miles (10 square km) in south-central Yucatán state, Mexico. It is located some 90 miles (150 km) east-northeast of Uxmal and 75 miles (120 km) east-southeast of the modern city of Mérida. The only source of water in the arid region aro...
Chicherin, Boris Nikolayevich (Russian historian)
liberal Russian historian and philosopher who argued vigorously for social change. Although widely regarded as a brilliant scholar, Chicherin’s advocacy of the peaceful legislative reform of tsarist autocratic rule blighted his public career and led to his neglect by Soviet historiographers....
Chicherin, Georgy Vasilyevich (Soviet diplomat)
diplomat who executed Soviet foreign policy from 1918 until 1928....
Chichester (England, United Kingdom)
city, Chichester district, administrative county of West Sussex, historic county of Sussex, England. It lies on the coastal plain of the English Channel at the...
Chichester (district, England, United Kingdom)
district, administrative county of West Sussex, historic county of Sussex, England. It comprises the smaller City of Chichester plus a wide rural area. The district is mainly residential and agricultural with most of the land designated as Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty and Great Landscape Value. Chic...
Chichester Cathedral (cathedral, Chichester, England, United Kingdom)
...connected by canal. The basic plan of the Roman town (Noviomagus Regnensium) is preserved in the modern city, and the elaborate octagonal Market Cross (1501) marks the town centre. Alongside is the cathedral, founded when the see was transferred from nearby Selsey in 1075 and dedicated in 1108. There are examples of the Norman and the Early English styles of architecture. It is unique among......
Chichester, George Forrest, Jr. (American songwriter)
American songwriter who enjoyed a fruitful 72-year partnership with Robert Wright; the two composed songs for such Broadway musicals as Gypsy Lady (1946), Magdalena (1948), Kismet (1953), notably “Stranger in Paradise” and “Baubles, Bangles and Beads,” and Grand Hotel (1989), as well as the lyrics and music of more than 2,000 compositions, 16...
Chichester of Belfast, Arthur Chichester, Baron (English lord deputy of Ireland)
English lord deputy of Ireland from 1604 to 1614, who developed the plan for colonizing Ulster with English and Scottish settlers....
Chichester, Sir Francis Charles (British adventurer)
adventurer who in 1966–67 sailed around the world alone in a 55-foot sailing yacht, the “Gipsy Moth IV.”...
Chichester-Clark, Major James Dawson (prime minister of Northern Ireland)
Northern Irish politician (b. Feb. 12, 1923, Moyola Park, Castledawson, County Londonderry, N.Ire.—d. May 17, 2002, London, Eng.), was the moderate Unionist prime minister of Northern Ireland who, in August 1969, reluctantly called in the first ...
Chichewa (language)
...people living in the extreme eastern zone of Zambia, northwestern Zimbabwe, Malaŵi, and Mozambique. They share many cultural features with their Bemba kinsmen to the west. Their language, Chewa, is also called Chichewa, Nyanja, or Chinyanja and is important in Malaŵi....
Chichi rug
small, handmade floor covering woven in a cluster of villages in the vicinity of the Azerbaijanian city of Kuba. Most rugs labeled as Chichi in the West are characterized by a particular border in which large rosettes are flanked by diagonal bars, while the field is ordinarily dark blue and covered with small, repeating geom...
Chichibu (Japan)
city, Saitama ken (prefecture), north-central Honshu, Japan. It is located on the Ara River in the eastern part of the Chichibu Basin. During the late 19th century silk textile mills were established, and there are now about 450 mills in the city and surrounding villages. The rich limestone quarries of Mount Bukō, to the south, support a large cement...
Chichibu Mountains (mountains, Japan)
The range may be divided into two distinct sections, which are separated by the Katsura River, a tributary of the Sagami River. The Chichibu Mountains in the north are the highest mountains of northeastern Japan, containing Mount Kimpō, which rises to 8,514 feet (2,595 m). The mountains are dissected by narrow, canyonlike valleys and are dominated by steep slopes. River terraces provide......
Chichicastenango (Guatemala)
town, west-central Guatemala, 6,447 feet (1,965 metres) above sea level. It was a market centre for the Cakchiquel Maya before the Spanish conquest. Chichicastenango still boasts one of the largest markets in Guatemala, serving Indian villages in the neighbouring highlands. It is one of Guatemala’s ...
Chichimec (people)
any of several groups of Indians who invaded central Mexico from the north in the 12th and 13th centuries ad and ended the Toltec hegemony in the region. Their language, also called Chichimec, is of the Oto-Pamean language stock. It is uncertain to what extent these Chichimec peoples were hunters and gatherers and to what extent ...
Chichimec language
The Oto-Pamean stock contains four groups and complexes, Chichimec, Pamean, Matlatzinca, and Otomían, of which only the last two are spoken within Mesoamerica. The exact number of languages within the Otomí complex is not yet determined, though there seem to be several. Oto-Pamean was first correctly identified in 1892....
chick brooder (shelter)
...Some of the breeding phases no longer take place in farms but in specialized plants; the farmer buys either chicks for broiler production or young layers for egg production. The typical modern broiler house holds from 10 to 100,000 birds, with automated feeding. Two types of facilities can be used. The broilers can be put on the ground on a deep litter of wood shavings, on wire mesh above......
chick-pea (plant)
(species Cicer arietinum), annual plant of the pea family (Fabaceae), widely grown for its nutritious seeds. The bushy, 60-centimetre (2-foot) plants bear pinnate l...
chickadee (bird)
any of 13 North American bird species of the genus Poecile of the family Paridae (order Passeriformes). The name imitates their call notes. Old World members of the genus are called tits, or titmice. Found across North America is the black-capped chickadee (Poecile atricapillus), 13 cm (5 inches) long, with dark cap and bib. See also ...
Chickahominy (people)
...in the urban environs of Washington, D.C., the Norfolk–Virginia Beach–Newport News region, and Roanoke—the only other concentration in Virginia is that of the Chickahominy, clustering near the Chickahominy River, a tributary of the James River, in the central Tidewater region. The Pamunkey, Mattaponi, and Chickahominy all are Algonquian-speaking peoples....