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Conquering the Arctic Ice (work by Mikkelsen)
...his sledge journey of several hundred miles over the ice of the Beaufort Sea established that, contrary to previous reports, there was no land north of Alaska. He described this expedition in Conquering the Arctic Ice (1909)....
Conqueror (British tank)
...but in 1948 was rearmed with an 83.8-mm gun and in 1959 with an even more powerful 105-mm gun. Moreover, during the 1950s the capabilities of British tank units were augmented by a small number of Conqueror heavy tanks armed with 120-mm guns, and in the early 1970s the Centurions were entirely replaced by Chieftains armed with new and more-effective 120-mm guns....
Conqueror (British submarine)
...formidable weapons, not only in the sinking of an obsolescent pre-World War II cruiser (the General Belgrano, formerly the USS Phoenix) by a nuclear-powered attack submarine (HMS Conqueror) on May 2 but, less obviously, in the harrying of the whole British fleet by one Argentine diesel-electric submarine. Second, the nature, if not the full extent, of the threat of modern.....
Conqueror, The (novel by Atherton)
...set in those locales or in old California, and the information she accumulated in her travels lent vividness to her writing. Her work generally drew mixed reviews, with the notable exception of The Conqueror (1902), a novelized account of the life of Alexander Hamilton. Atherton did extensive research for this book, and the result won her critical acclaim and made the book a......
“Conqueror Worm, The” (film by Reeves [1968])
British horror film, released in 1968, that is noted for Vincent Price’s sinister portrayal of its main character....
Conqueror’s Albums (Persian art)
...a Kalila wa Dimna (book of animal fables) and a book of the Miʿrāj (the miraculous journey of the Prophet Muhammad), which are probably now preserved in part in the “Conqueror’s Albums” of the imperial Ottoman library at the Topkapı Palace at Istanbul. Aḥmad Mūsā’s most famous pupil was Shams al-Dīn, who p...
conquest (international law)
in international law, the acquisition of territory through force, especially by a victorious state in a war at the expense of a defeated state. An effective conquest takes place when physical appropriation of territory (annexation) is followed by “subjugation” (i.e., the legal process of transferring title)....
Conquest of Bread, The (work by Kropotkin)
...from which everyone would be allowed to take whatever he wished on the basis of the formula “From each according to his means, to each according to his needs.” In The Conquest of Bread (1892), Kropotkin sketched a vision of a revolutionary society organized as a federation of free communist groups. He reinforced this vision in Mutual......
Conquest of Canaan, The (work by Dwight)
In Connecticut, Dwight began to write poetry, such as Greenfield Hill (1794)—a popular history of and tribute to the village—and epics, including The Conquest of Canaan (1785)—a Biblical allegory of the taking of Connecticut from the British, which some critics regard as the first American epic poem. The poems are grandiose but morally inspiring. Dwight’s....
Conquest of Constantinople (work by Villehardouin)
French soldier, chronicler, marshal of Champagne, and one of the leaders of the Fourth Crusade (1201–04), which he described in his Conquest of Constantinople. He was the first serious writer of an original prose history in Old French....
Conquest of Granada, The (work by Dryden)
...were exalted ideals of love, honour, and courage. The heroic play was based on the traditional epic and romance. The most popular writer of heroic plays was John Dryden, whose Conquest of Granada, in two parts (1670, 1671), had all the requisite elements of poetry, battle, courage, death, and murder. George Villiers, 2nd duke of Buckingham, satirized the heroic play......
Conquest of the Desert (Argentine history)
...until the mid-19th century, when European settlements encroached and warfare erupted. The Indian wars in northern Patagonia and the southern and western Pampas culminated in a campaign known as the Conquest of the Desert, which ended in 1879 with the smashing of the last major Indian resistance. Argentines, Chileans, and Europeans began to colonize Patagonia, with soldiers and financial......
Conquest, Robert (British poet)
...away soon after World War II. In its place emerged what came to be known with characteristic understatement as The Movement. Poets such as D.J. Enright, Donald Davie, John Wain, Roy Fuller, Robert Conquest, and Elizabeth Jennings produced urbane, formally disciplined verse in an antiromantic vein characterized by irony, understatement, and a sardonic refusal to strike attitudes or make......
Conquête allemande, La (essay by Valéry)
...politics, and cultural values, and two remarkably prescient youthful essays on the Sino-Japanese conflict (“Le Yalou,” written 1895) and the threat of German aggression (“La Conquête allemande,” 1897) reveal the same anxious awareness of the forces menacing Western civilization as his very last public lecture on Voltaire (delivered in 1944)....
“Conquête de Constantinople” (work by Villehardouin)
French soldier, chronicler, marshal of Champagne, and one of the leaders of the Fourth Crusade (1201–04), which he described in his Conquest of Constantinople. He was the first serious writer of an original prose history in Old French....
“Conquête du pain, La” (work by Kropotkin)
...from which everyone would be allowed to take whatever he wished on the basis of the formula “From each according to his means, to each according to his needs.” In The Conquest of Bread (1892), Kropotkin sketched a vision of a revolutionary society organized as a federation of free communist groups. He reinforced this vision in Mutual......
conquian (card game)
card game played only in the western United States, where it is popular as a gambling game in many clubs. It developed from conquian, the ancestor of rummy games....
Conquista (Brazil)
city, south-central Bahia estado (state), northeastern Brazil. It is situated in the Batalha Mountains at 3,040 feet (928 metres) above sea level. Elevated to city status in 1891 and formerly called Conquista, the city is the trade and transportation centre for an...
conquista de Santa Fé de Bogotá, La (play by Orbea)
...of America. Fernando de Orbea, whose family occupied government positions throughout the Viceroyalty of Peru, wrote one of the few surviving plays from what is today Colombia. In La conquista de Santa Fé de Bogotá (“The Conquest of Santa Fé de Bogotá [an early name for the city of Bogotá],” which may have been first......
Conquista dello stato, La (Italian periodical)
Malaparte was a volunteer in World War I and then became active in journalism. In 1924 he founded the Roman periodical La Conquista dello stato, and in 1926 he joined Massimo Bontempelli in founding 900, an influential, cosmopolitan literary quarterly whose foreign editorial board included James Joyce and Ilya Ehrenburg; he later became coeditor of Fiera Letteraria, then......
conquistador (Spanish history)
any one of the leaders in the Spanish conquest of America, especially of Mexico and Peru, in the 16th century....
Conquistador (poem by Hope)
...including Sydney Teachers’ College and Melbourne University, until his retirement in 1972. Though traditional in form, his poetry is thoroughly modern, two outstanding examples being “Conquistador” (1947) and “The Return from the Freudian Isles” (1944). Both poems are typical in their satirical approach and striking clarity of diction. Hope also wrote religiou...
conquistadores (Spanish history)
any one of the leaders in the Spanish conquest of America, especially of Mexico and Peru, in the 16th century....
Conrad (king of the Germans)
duke of Lower Lorraine (1076–89), eldest son of the emperor Henry IV, who had him crowned king of the Germans in 1087 in an attempt to confirm the imperial succession in the Salian line. During Henry’s struggles with the papacy, however, Conrad turned against his father, joined the papal party, and was crowned king of Italy (1093). In return for fealty, Pope ...
Conrad (German noble)
duke of Lotharingia (Lorraine) from 944 to 953 and ancestor of the Salian dynasty of German kings....
Conrad (Bavarian duke)
In 1054–55 the dukes Conrad of Bavaria and Welf III of Carinthia attempted to overthrow Henry’s rule through a widely spread conspiracy, and only their demise saved him from great trouble. Conrad, who had fled to Hungary, managed to subvert that country to such an extent that German influence remained permanently weakened. Although resistance against him stiffened with time, Henry......
Conrad, Charles, Jr. (American astronaut)
American astronaut, copilot on the Gemini 5 spaceflight (1965), command pilot of Gemini 11, spacecraft commander of the Apollo 12 flight to the Moon, and commander of the Skylab 2 mission....
Conrad, Charles P., Jr. (American astronaut)
American astronaut, copilot on the Gemini 5 spaceflight (1965), command pilot of Gemini 11, spacecraft commander of the Apollo 12 flight to the Moon, and commander of the Skylab 2 mission....
Conrad der Leutnant (work by Spitteler)
...and Bell Songs”). He also wrote two masterly stories—Die Mädchenfeinde (1907; Two Little Misogynists, 1922), a childhood idyll derived from his own experience; and Conrad der Leutnant (1898), a dramatically finished Novelle in which he approached the Naturalism he otherwise hated. His novel Imago (1906) so sharply reflected his inner confl...
Conrad, Frank (American electrical engineer and inventor)
American electrical engineer whose interest in radiotelephony led to the establishment of the first commercial radio station....
Conrad I (king of Germany)
German king from 911 to 918 and member of the powerful Franconian dynasty known as the Conradines....
Conrad I (burgrave of Nürnberg)
Frederick III of Zollern (d. c. 1200), husband of the heiress of the former burgraves of Nürnberg, himself became burgrave in 1192 as Frederick I. Between his two sons, Conrad and Frederick, the first dynastic division of lasting consequence took place: that between the line later known as Franconian (burgraves of Nürnberg, later electors of Brandenburg, kings in Prussia, king...
Conrad II (Holy Roman emperor)
German king (1024–39) and Holy Roman emperor (1027–39), founder of the Salian dynasty. During his reign, he proved that the German monarchy had become a viable institution. Since the survival of the monarchy was no longer primarily dependent on a compact between sovereign and territorial nobles, it was henceforth invulnerable to prolonged rebellion on their part....
Conrad III (king of Germany)
German king from 1138 to 1152, the first king of the Hohenstaufen family....
Conrad IV (king of Germany)
German king from 1237 and king of Sicily from 1251....
Conrad, Joseph (British writer)
English novelist and short-story writer of Polish descent, whose works include the novels Lord Jim (1900), Nostromo (1904), and The Secret Agent (1907) and the short story “Heart of Darkness” (1902). During his lifetime Conrad was admired for the richness of his prose and his renderings of ...
Conrad of Cologne (German archbishop)
...of a ruler powerful enough to threaten their growing independence as territorial princes; nor did they single out a German candidate, who might prove to be as uncontrollable as William. Archbishop Conrad of Cologne approached Richard, earl of Cornwall, brother of Henry III of England. Richard’s gifts and assurances of future favour bought him the votes of the archbishops of Cologne and M...
Conrad of Marburg (German inquisitor)
first papal inquisitor in Germany, whose excessive cruelty led to his own death. In 1214 he was commissioned by Pope Innocent III to press his crusade against the Albigenses, a heretical Christian sect flourishing in western Europe. The results of Konrad’s efforts were a succession of bloody massacres. By 1226 he held an influential position at the cour...
Conrad of Mazovia (duke of Mazovia)
...granted extensive rights of autonomy; but the knights’ demands became so excessive that they were expelled from Hungary in 1225. By that time, however, a new opportunity was opening: a Polish duke, Conrad of Mazovia, with lands on the lower reaches of the Vistula River, needed help against the pagan Prussians....
Conrad of Montferrat (king of Jerusalem)
...with Philip II, who returned to France after the fall of Acre. Richard’s candidate for the crown of Jerusalem was his vassal Guy de Lusignan, whom he supported against the German candidate, Conrad of Montferrat. It was rumoured, unjustly, that Richard connived at Conrad’s murder. After a year’s unproductive skirmishing, Richard (September 1192) made a truce for three years ...
Conrad of Waldhauser (Bohemian theologian)
...which dominated the towns by virtue of its economic power and cultural influence. The luxury and immorality of the Bohemian clergy were castigated by a series of religious reformers such as Conrad of Waldhauser, Thomas of Štítný, John Milíč of Kroměříž (Kremsier), and Matthew of Janov. The teachings of Conrad and......
Conrad, Paul Francis (American editorial cartoonist)
June 27, 1924Cedar Rapids, IowaSept. 4, 2010Rancho Palos Verdes, Calif.American editorial cartoonist who garnered both praise and scorn for his political cartoons, which skewered dozens of politicians, including 11 U.S. presidents (notably Richard M. Nixon) and several other public figures....
Conrad, Pete (American astronaut)
American astronaut, copilot on the Gemini 5 spaceflight (1965), command pilot of Gemini 11, spacecraft commander of the Apollo 12 flight to the Moon, and commander of the Skylab 2 mission....
Conrad the Red (German noble)
duke of Lotharingia (Lorraine) from 944 to 953 and ancestor of the Salian dynasty of German kings....
Conrad the Younger (duke of Swabia)
the last of the German Hohenstaufen dynasty, duke of Swabia, king of the Romans, and claimant to the throne of Sicily. The leading hope of the antipapal Italian Ghibellines, he led an expedition into Italy in 1267 in an unsuccessful attempt to regain Sicily from Charles ...
Conrad V (duke of Swabia)
the last of the German Hohenstaufen dynasty, duke of Swabia, king of the Romans, and claimant to the throne of Sicily. The leading hope of the antipapal Italian Ghibellines, he led an expedition into Italy in 1267 in an unsuccessful attempt to regain Sicily from Charles ...
Conrad von Hötzendorf, Franz, Graf (Austrian military strategist)
a controversial military strategist and one of the most influential conservative propagandists of Austria-Hungary, who planned the Habsburg monarchy’s campaigns during World War I....
Conrad von Hötzendorf, Franz Xaver Josef, Graf (Austrian military strategist)
a controversial military strategist and one of the most influential conservative propagandists of Austria-Hungary, who planned the Habsburg monarchy’s campaigns during World War I....
Conrad-Martius, Hedwig (German philosopher)
...work on problems of value and obligation. A Polish philosopher, Roman Ingarden, did major work in structural ontology and analyzed the structures of various works of art in its light; Hedwig Conrad-Martius, a cosmic realist at the University of Munich, worked intensively in the ontology of nature; and others made comparable contributions in other fields of philosophy. None of......
Conrade family (Italian pottery manufacturer)
French tin-glazed earthenware introduced from Italy to Nevers in 1565, by two brothers named Corrado. As the Conrade family, they and their descendants dominated Nevers faience manufacture for more than a century. The earliest authenticated piece of Nevers, dated 1589, is a large oval polychrome dish depicting a mythological subject, the triumph of Galatea....
Conradh na Gaeilge (Irish organization)
...and first president of the Republic of Ireland (Éire). He was the outstanding figure in the struggle for the preservation and extension of the Irish language from 1893, when he founded the Gaelic League (a nationalistic organization of Roman Catholics and Protestants), until 1922, when the founding of the Irish Free State accorded the Irish language equal status with English....
Conradin (duke of Swabia)
the last of the German Hohenstaufen dynasty, duke of Swabia, king of the Romans, and claimant to the throne of Sicily. The leading hope of the antipapal Italian Ghibellines, he led an expedition into Italy in 1267 in an unsuccessful attempt to regain Sicily from Charles ...
Conrady, August (German scholar)
...initial stops alternate in the same root in many Sino-Tibetan languages, including Chinese, Burmese, and Tibetan (voiced in intransitive, voiceless in transitive verbs). The German Oriental scholar August Conrady linked this morphological system to the causative s- prefix, which was supposed to have caused devoicing of voiced stops. (Voicing is the vibration of the vocal cords, as......
Conrail (American company)
publicly owned American railroad company established by the federal government under the Regional Rail Reorganization Act of 1973 to take over six bankrupt northeastern railroads. Conrail commenced operations on April 1, 1976, with major portions of the Central Railroad Company of New Jersey, Erie Lackawanna Railway Company,...
Conran, Sir Terence (British designer and entrepreneur)
...on home furnishings, such as Williams-Sonoma, Pottery Barn, Crate and Barrel, IKEA, and the EXPO Design Centers created by Home Depot. Those stores owed an enormous debt to the design mogul Sir Terence Conran and his pioneering designs for the Habitat Stores (1964 and later)....
Conrart, Valentin (French scholar)
man of letters and authority on grammar and style, known as the practical inaugurator of Classicism in French literature through his leading role in the founding of the Académie Française....
Conraua goliath (amphibian)
...than 1.5 metres (5 feet). Frogs and toads (order Anura) are easily identified by their long hind limbs and the absence of a tail. They have only five to nine presacral vertebrae. The West African goliath frog, which can reach 30 cm (12 inches) from snout to vent and weigh up to 3.3 kg (7.3 pounds), is the largest anuran. Some of the smallest anurans include the South American brachycephalids,.....
Conroy, Frank (American author)
American author (b. Jan. 15, 1936, New York, N.Y.—d. April 6, 2005, Iowa City, Iowa), was revered as both a sensitive writer of nonfiction and a demanding yet inspiring teacher of the literary arts. He first came to prominence with the publication of Stop-Time (1967), a memoir of his nomadic childhood. A talent...
Conroy, Jack (American author)
leftist American writer best known for his contributions to “proletarian literature,” fiction and nonfiction about the life of American workers during the early decades of the 20th century....
Conroy, John Wesley (American author)
leftist American writer best known for his contributions to “proletarian literature,” fiction and nonfiction about the life of American workers during the early decades of the 20th century....
Conroy, Sir John (British politician)
Victoria’s childhood was made increasingly unhappy by the machinations of the Duchess of Kent’s advisor, Sir John Conroy. In control of the pliable duchess, Conroy hoped to dominate the future queen of Britain as well. Persuaded by Conroy that the royal dukes, “the wicked uncles,” posed a threat to her daughter, the duchess reared Victoria according to “the Kensi...
Cons, Emma (British theatrical manager)
...she performed in concert with her parents, who were singers. In 1890 the family moved to South Africa, where Baylis later became a music teacher. She returned to England in 1898 to assist her aunt, Emma Cons, who had turned the Victoria Theatre (originally the Royal Coburg Theatre) into a temperance hall under the name of the Royal Victoria Hall and Coffee Tavern (1880–1912)....
Consalvi, Ercole (Italian cardinal)
Italian cardinal and statesman, who played the leading role in Vatican politics during the first quarter of the 19th century; he sought a modus vivendi between the new principles of the French Revolution and the traditions of the papacy....
consanguineal kin (kinship)
kinship characterized by the sharing of common ancestors. The word is derived from the Latin consanguineus, “of common blood,” which implied that Roman individuals were of the same father and thus shared in the right to his inheritance....
consanguinity (kinship)
kinship characterized by the sharing of common ancestors. The word is derived from the Latin consanguineus, “of common blood,” which implied that Roman individuals were of the same father and thus shared in the right to his inheritance....
Conscience (work by Ames)
...(1622–33). Among his more important works are Medulla Theologiae (1623; The Marrow of Sacred Divinity, 1642) and De Conscientia et Ejus Jure vel Casibus (1632; Conscience, 1639). The latter text was considered for many years by the Dutch Reformed Church to be a standard treatise on Christian ethics and the variety of ethical situations faced by......
Conscience (work by Ogunmola)
...well-known novel The Palmwine Drunkard. Although there were some claims that the adaptation lost much of the story’s original meaning, Omuti Apa Kini was immensely popular. Conscience was another moralistic social satire that showed refinement in its use of music and dancing....
conscience
a personal sense of the moral content of one’s own conduct, intentions, or character with regard to a feeling of obligation to do right or be good. Conscience, usually informed by acculturation and instruction, is thus generally understood to give intuitively authoritative judgments regarding the moral quality of single actions....
Conscience, Hendrik (Belgian novelist)
Belgian romantic novelist who so dominated the birth and development of the Flemish novel that it was said he “taught his people to read.”...
Conscience Whig (United States history)
By the mid-1840s, Hoar was an antislavery Whig member of the state senate. It was there that he described himself as a “Conscience Whig,” in contrast to the proslavery “Cotton Whigs.” These designations were henceforth widely used, and Hoar became a recognized spokesman of the Conscience Whigs. As such, he opposed the Whigs’ nomination of Zachary Taylor for presi...
conscientious objector
one who opposes bearing arms or who objects to any type of military training and service. Some conscientious objectors refuse to submit to any of the procedures of compulsory conscription. Although all objectors take their position on the basis of conscience, they may have varying religious, philosophical, or political reaso...
Conscious Lovers, The (comedy by Steele)
...with parliamentary duties and, more erratically, with his part in the management of Drury Lane. One of his main contributions to that theatre’s prosperity was his last and most successful comedy, The Conscious Lovers (1722)—one of the most popular plays of the century and perhaps the best example of English sentimental comedy....
consciousness
a psychological condition defined by the English philosopher John Locke as “the perception of what passes in a man’s own mind.”...
Consciousness and the Physical World (edited proceedings by Josephson and Ramachandran)
...mysticism to scientific understanding. In 1980 he and V.S. Ramachandran published their edited proceedings of a 1978 interdisciplinary symposium on consciousness at Cambridge under the title Consciousness and the Physical World. He became a controversial figure for his support of research into parapsychology, cold fusion, and homeopathy. He retired from his professorship in 2007....
Consciousness and the Urban Experience (work by Harvey)
...inner cities) for it. Again, these new urban locales represent the larger capitalist society, in that they are locales for profit making as well as arenas of class resistance. Harvey in Consciousness and the Urban Experience (1985) argues, for example, that the suburbanization process typical of American cities, especially after World War II, was motivated by the need to foster......
consciousness of kind (sociology)
Giddings was noted for his doctrine of the “consciousness of kind,” which he derived from Adam Smith’s conception of “sympathy,” or shared moral reactions. In Giddings’s view, consciousness of kind fostered a homogeneous society and resulted from the interaction of individuals and their exposure to common stimuli. Some critics regarded consciousness of kin...
Consciousness Only (Buddhist school)
school of Chinese Buddhism derived from the Indian Yogācāra school. See Yogācāra....
conscription (military service)
compulsory enrollment for service in a country’s armed forces. It has existed at least from the time of the Egyptian Old Kingdom (27th century bce), but there have been few instances—ancient or modern—of universal conscription (calling all those physically capable between certain ages). The usual form—even during ...
consecratio (religion)
elevation to the status of a god. The term (from Greek apotheoun, “to make a god,” “to deify”) implies a polytheistic conception of gods while it recognizes that some individuals cross the dividing line between gods and men....
consecration (religion)
In preparation for battle, in danger from wild animals, in the hour of death, and at other special times, anointment is used to endow an ordinary person with special holiness. He is “set aside” for a particular relation to that which is regarded as holy and good. Anointment as consecration is frequently applied not only to persons but also to objects. Altars, sacred vessels,......
consecutive reaction (chemistry)
...behaviour but does not prove it; other, more complicated schemes could be devised, but, until there is further evidence, it is expedient to accept the simple mechanism. This is an example of a consecutive reaction, which occurs in two steps, with the intermediate playing a role....
consecutive sexuality (biology)
...makeup of an entire oyster population also has a seasonal aspect; in harmony with the group, an individual may undergo several alterations in the course of a year. A similar phenomenon, called consecutive sexuality, occurs in limpets. These gastropods stack themselves in piles, with the younger animals on top. The animals on top are males with well-developed testes and copulatory organs;......
Conseil de Cinq-Cents (French political history)
It included a bicameral legislature known as the Corps Législatif. The lower house, or Council of Five Hundred (Conseil de Cinq-Cents), consisted of 500 delegates, 30 years of age or over, who proposed legislation; the Council of Ancients (Conseil des Anciens), consisted of 250 delegates, 40 years of age or over, who held the power to accept or veto the proposed legislation. The Ancients......
Conseil de l’Entente (French-West African organization)
(French: “Entente Council”), French West African organization founded in 1959 and designed to promote the economic development of the region by raising funds, guaranteeing loans, and encouraging trade and investment. It operates through the Mutual Aid and Loan Guarantee Fund headquartered in Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire (I...
Conseil des Anciens (French history)
...known as the Corps Législatif. The lower house, or Council of Five Hundred (Conseil de Cinq-Cents), consisted of 500 delegates, 30 years of age or over, who proposed legislation; the Council of Ancients (Conseil des Anciens), consisted of 250 delegates, 40 years of age or over, who held the power to accept or veto the proposed legislation. The Ancients also picked the......
Conseil d’État (highest court in France)
(French: “Council of State”), highest court in France for issues and cases involving public administration. Its origin dates back to 1302, though it was extensively reorganized under Napoleon and was given further powers in 1872. It has long had the responsibility of deciding or advising on s...
Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire (European research laboratory)
international scientific organization established for the purpose of collaborative research into high-energy particle physics. Founded in 1954, the organization maintains its headquarters near Geneva and operates expressly for research of a “pure scientific and fundamental character.” Article 2 of the CERN Convention, emphasizing the atmosphere o...
Conseil Mondiale de l’Alimentation (UN)
United Nations (UN) organization established by the General Assembly in December 1974 upon the recommendation of the World Food Conference. Headquartered in Rome, Italy, the WFC was designed as a coordinating body for national ministries of agriculture to help alleviate malnutrition and hunger and to facilitate the development of new agricultural techniques to increase food prod...
Conseil National de la Résistance (French history)
...and in southern France (ruled by the puppet Vichy regime) other resistance groups were formed by former army officers, socialists, labour leaders, intellectuals, and others. In 1943 the clandestine National Council of the Resistance (Conseil National de la Résistance) was established as the central organ of coordination among all French groups. Early the following year, various......
Conseil National de Transition (Guinean government)
...CNDD). The president, succeeded by an interim president from December 2009, of the junta governed the country with the assistance of the CNDD, led by a civilian prime minister. The National Transitional Council (Conseil National de Transition; CNT), a legislative-like body, was formed in February 2010. One of the duties of the CNT was drafting a new constitution, which was......
Conseil National pour la Défense de Démocratie-Forces pour la Défense de Démocratie (political party, Burundi)
...fraught from the start. The former rebel National Liberation Forces (FNL) claimed that the only voters who had been registered in January by the UN-supported process were supporters of the ruling National Council for the Defense of Democracy–Forces for the Defense of Democracy (CNDD-FDD). In February international observers as well as opposition parties voiced concern over increased......
Conseil National pour la Démocratie et le Développement (political organization, Guinea)
Within hours of Pres. Lansana Conté’s death on Dec. 22, 2008, a military coup led by Capt. Moussa Dadis Camara dissolved Guinea’s civilian government. On Jan. 6, 2009, the newly formed National Council for Democracy and Development (CNDD) officially took over all functions of the state. Despite Camara’s promise to hold elections within a year, Guinea was suspended from ...
Conseil Privé (French government)
...like the High Council, were presided over by the king in person. But the royal council also met without the king under three further titles to deal with judicial and administrative matters. The Privy Council (Conseil Privé) judged disputes between individuals or bodies and dispensed the king’s supreme and final judgments. The State Council for Finances (Conseil d’Éta...
Conseil Royal des Finances (French political body)
...for Dispatches (Conseil des Dépêches), or, more loosely, the Council for the Interior, had particular responsibility for home affairs, including the activities of the intendants; the Royal Council for Finances (Conseil Royal des Finances) supervised important matters affecting financial aspects of the king’s domain lands. These two councils, like the High Council, were pres...
Consejo de Indias (Spanish history)
supreme governing body of Spain’s colonies in America (1524–1834). Composed of between 6 and 10 councillors appointed by the king, the council prepared and issued all legislation governing the colonies in the king’s name, approved all important acts and expenditures by colonial officials, and acted as a court of last resort...
consejo real (Spanish advisory council)
medieval Spanish advisory council consisting of nobles and church prelates. Initially created at the request of the Cortes (parliament) to serve as its permanent representative, the consejo real evolved into a body controlled by the monarch. John I of Castile formally determined the first council’s structure in 13...
Conselheiro Lafaiete (Brazil)
city, southeastern Minas Gerais estado (state), southern Brazil. It lies in the highlands at 3,054 feet (931 metres) above sea level. Formerly known as Lueluz, the settlement was made the seat of a municipality in 1790 and given city status in 1886. Agriculture (c...
Conselho da Revolução (Portuguese government)
The role of the military as the watchdog of the 1974 revolution and the subsequent transition to democracy was enshrined by the 1976 constitution in the Council of the Revolution. A constitutional committee operated in conjunction with the Council of the Revolution, which determined the constitutionality of legislation. Revisions made to the constitution in 1982 abolished the Council of the......
Conselho Nacional do Petróleo (Brazilian government organization)
...in 1953 as a government-owned monopoly to prospect, extract, and refine domestic petroleum and to transport that oil and its derivatives. Petrobrás is an operating company overseen by the National Petroleum Council (Conselho Nacional do Petróleo), a government agency established in 1938 to set national policies and control the overall development of Brazil’s oil industry......
consensual contract (Roman law)
...be transferred from one party to the other and that the obligation arising should be for the return of that thing. Real contracts included loans of money, loans of goods, deposits, and pledges. Consensual contracts needed nothing except verbal or written agreement between the parties, and though there were only four such contracts known to the law, they were the most important in ordinary......