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rufous fantail (bird)
...to forest clearings, riverbanks, and beaches from southern Asia to New Zealand; some have become tame garden birds. Most of the two dozen species are coloured in shades of gray, black, brown, or rufous, often accented with areas of white, especially on the belly, eyebrows, and tail. They are named from their habit of constantly wagging and spreading their long, rounded tails. They build......
rufous hummingbird (bird)
...Only the ruby-throated hummingbird (Archilochus colubris) breeds in eastern North America, where it is found from Nova Scotia to Florida. The northernmost hummingbird is the rufous (Selasphorus rufus), which breeds from southeastern Alaska to northern California. The broad-tailed hummingbird (S. platycercus) breeds in the western United States and Central......
rufous rat kangaroo (marsupial)
The rufous rat kangaroo (Aepyprymnus rufescens) is the largest of the rat kangaroos and has a whitish but not distinct hip stripe. The tail attains a length of 35 centimetres (14 inches) or more....
rufous scrub-bird (bird)
...scrub-bird (Atrichornis clamosus), discovered in dry brushlands of Western Australia in the 1840s, was believed extinct after 1889 but was rediscovered in 1961. The 18-centimetre (7-inch) rufous scrub-bird (A. rufescens), discovered in the 1860s in wet forests of New South Wales, 2,500 miles (4,000 km) away from the other species, is now known to range to Queensland, where it......
rufous songlark (bird)
...of the two species of the Australian genus Cinclorhamphus, of the songbird family Sylviidae. Both are drab and vaguely larklike; males of both species are much larger than females. The rufous songlark (C. mathewsi), 20 cm (8 inches) long, lives in open forests and has a lively song; the 30-cm (12-inch) brown, or black-breasted, songlark (C. cruralis) lives in open......
rufous-collared sparrow (bird)
...skulkers in woodlands; and the white-crowned sparrow (Zonotrichia leucophrys) and the white-throated sparrow (Z. albicollis), larger species with black-and-white crown stripes. The rufous-collared sparrow (Z. capensis) has an exceptionally wide breeding distribution: from Mexico and Caribbean islands to Tierra del Fuego. A great many emberizid sparrows are native to......
rufous-necked sandpiper (bird)
...America and northern Europe, and winters as far north as Greenland and Great Britain. It is grayish with yellow legs and bill and is easily approached in the field. Another Old World species is the rufous-necked sandpiper (C. ruficollis), which breeds in Siberia and winters as far south as New Zealand and Tasmania. The white-rumped sandpiper (C. fuscicollis), which breeds in......
rufous-sided towhee (bird)
bird species also known as the rufous-sided towhee. See towhee....
rufous-tailed jacamar (bird)
...a long, graduated tail; some have square tails. Most are iridescently blue, green, or bronze on back and breast; males are white-throated, females brown-throated. The commonest species is the rufous-tailed jacamar (Galbula ruficauda), 25 cm (10 inches) long, found from southern Mexico to Argentina....
Rufst du, mein Vaterland (work by Wyss)
...Erzählungen aus der Schweiz (1815). He also edited the Alpenrosen almanac (1811–30), with the collaboration of the best Swiss writers of his time. He wrote Rufst du, mein Vaterland (1811), the Swiss national anthem until the second half of the 20th century....
Rufus, James (American civil rights activist)
American civil rights activist (b. Oct. 4, 1928, Chicago, Ill.—d. Jan. 10, 2005, Washington, D.C.), served as executive secretary of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (1961–66). In that position he was a pivotal figure in the struggle for racial equality, especially in the organization of the Freedom Rides in the South and of the 1963 March on Washington....
Rufus, Lucius Verginius (Roman governor)
Roman provincial governor and distinguished official, known for his repeated refusal of the imperial throne....
Rufus, Marcus Caelius (Roman politician)
Roman politician and close friend of Cicero. He is possibly also the Rufus whom the poet Catullus accused of stealing his mistress Clodia. At her instigation Caelius, who had deserted her, was prosecuted for vis (“violent acts”) in 56, but Cicero and Marcus Licinius Crassus spoke in Caelius’ defense and he was acq...
Rufus, Publius Sulpicius (Roman orator)
Roman orator and politician whose attempts, as tribune of the plebs, to enact reforms against the wishes of the Senate led to his downfall and the restriction of the powers of the tribunes....
Rufus, Rutilius (Roman consul)
...invasion of the Cimbri and Teutones, who had defeated a succession of Roman armies in the north, the last in disgraceful circumstances in 105. For this war, Marius used fresh troops raised by Rutilius Rufus, consul in 105, and excellently trained in commando tactics by gladiatorial instructors. With them, Marius defeated the Teutones at Aquae Sextiae (modern Aix-en-Provence, Fr.) in 102......
Rufus, Servius Sulpicius (Roman jurist)
Roman jurist who wrote nearly 180 treatises on law. While none of them are extant, many are referred to in the works of other authors that are excerpted in the Digest of Justinian I....
Rufus, William (king of England)
son of William I the Conqueror and king of England from 1087 to 1100; he was also de facto duke of Normandy (as William III) from 1096 to 1100. He prevented the dissolution of political ties between England and Normandy, but his strong-armed rule earned him a reputation as a brutal, corrupt tyrant. Rufus (“the Red”—so named for his ruddy complexion) was William’s third ...
rug
any decorative textile normally made of a thick material and now usually intended as a floor covering. Until the 19th century the word carpet was used for any cover, such as a table cover or wall hanging; since the introduction of machine-made products, however, it has been used almost exclusively for a floor...
rug and carpet
any decorative textile normally made of a thick material and now usually intended as a floor covering. Until the 19th century the word carpet was used for any cover, such as a table cover or wall hanging; since the introduction of machine-made products, however, it has been used almost exclusively for a floor...
Ruganzu I Bwimba (Tutsi leader)
...5th and the 11th century and then by the Tutsi beginning in the 14th century. The Tutsi, a pastoral people, established dominance over the Hutu, who were agriculturalists. According to tradition, Ruganzu I Bwimba, a Tutsi leader, founded a kingdom in the Bwanacambwe region near Kigali in the 15th or 16th century. What is now central Rwanda was absorbed in the 16th century, and outlying Hutu......
Rugby (England, United Kingdom)
town and borough (district), administrative and historic county of Warwickshire, central England. The town of Rugby was not of great importance until the coming of the railways in the 19th century. It then became a railway junction and attracted a wide range of industry, including especially the production of electrical equi...
rugby (sport)
football game played with an oval ball by two teams of 15 players (in rugby union play) or 13 players (in rugby league play). Both rugby union and rugby league have their origins in the style of football played at Rugby School in England. According to the sport’s lore, in 1823 William Webb Ellis, a pupil at Rugby School, defied the conventions of the day (that the ball may only be kicked fo...
Rugby (district, England, United Kingdom)
town and borough (district), administrative and historic county of Warwickshire, central England. The town of Rugby was not of great importance until the coming of the railways in the 19th century. It then became a railway junction and attracted a wide range of industry, including especially the production of electrical equipment. Rugby School, a famous public (i.e., fee-paying) school, was......
Rugby (North Dakota, United States)
city, seat (1889) of Pierce county, north-central North Dakota, U.S. It lies about 140 miles (225 km) northwest of Grand Forks. Rugby, founded in 1885 as a Great Northern Railway junction and named for the English town (see Rugby, England), was settled by Scandinavian and German immigrants. It is in an agricultural ...
Rugby fives (sport)
The Rugby fives court has four plain composition walls and a hard composition floor. The front wall has a board running across its lower portion. The sidewalls decrease in height from the front wall, sloping down from 15 feet (about 4.8 m) to 6 feet (about 1.8 m), the height of the back wall....
Rugby Football League (British sports organization)
governing body of rugby league football (professional rugby) in England, founded in 1895. Originally called the Northern Rugby Football Union (popularly Northern Union), it was formed when 22 clubs from Yorkshire, Lancashire, and Cheshire left the Rugby Football Union over the question of compensation for ...
Rugby Football Union (British sports organization)
governing body of rugby union football (amateur rugby) in England, formed in 1871 to draw up rules for the game first played at Rugby School in 1823. Similar unions were organized during the next few years in Ireland, Wales, Scotland, New Zealand, Australia, France, Canada, ...
Rugby League (British sports organization)
governing body of rugby league football (professional rugby) in England, founded in 1895. Originally called the Northern Rugby Football Union (popularly Northern Union), it was formed when 22 clubs from Yorkshire, Lancashire, and Cheshire left the Rugby Football Union over the question of compensation for ...
Rugby League World Cup
international rugby event that is considered to be the foremost competition in the “league” variant of the sport....
Rugby School (school, Rugby, England, United Kingdom)
...until the coming of the railways in the 19th century. It then became a railway junction and attracted a wide range of industry, including especially the production of electrical equipment. Rugby School, a famous public (i.e., fee-paying) school, was founded for boys in 1567 by Laurence Sheriff, a local resident, and was endowed with sundry estates including Sheriff’s own house. The......
rugby sevens (sport)
Another popular form of rugby, a variation of rugby union, is rugby sevens. It is played on a standard-sized rugby union field but with only seven players on each side. At 15 minutes, the length of a rugby sevens match is also much shorter than its 80-minute rugby union counterpart. Rugby sevens originated in Melrose, Scot., in 1883; today it is played in dozens of countries, with its principal......
rugby, underwater (sport)
Another popular form of rugby, a variation of rugby union, is rugby sevens. It is played on a standard-sized rugby union field but with only seven players on each side. At 15 minutes, the length of a rugby sevens match is also much shorter than its 80-minute rugby union counterpart. Rugby sevens originated in Melrose, Scot., in 1883; today it is played in dozens of countries, with its principal......
Rugby Union (British sports organization)
governing body of rugby union football (amateur rugby) in England, formed in 1871 to draw up rules for the game first played at Rugby School in 1823. Similar unions were organized during the next few years in Ireland, Wales, Scotland, New Zealand, Australia, France, Canada, ...
Rugby Union World Cup
quadrennial union-rules rugby competition that is the sport’s premier international contest....
Rugby World Cup
quadrennial union-rules rugby competition that is the sport’s premier international contest....
Ruge, Arnold (German political philosopher)
...his newspaper’s circulation and making it a leading journal in Prussia. Nevertheless, Prussian authorities suspended it for being too outspoken, and Marx agreed to coedit with the liberal Hegelian Arnold Ruge a new review, the Deutsch-französische Jahrbücher (“German-French Yearbooks”), which was to be published in Paris....
Rügen (island, Germany)
largest island of Germany, in the Baltic Sea opposite Stralsund and separated from the German mainland by the Strelasund (Strela Sound) and the Bodden Strait. It is administered as part of Mecklenburg–West Pomerania Land (state). Its length from north to south is 32 miles (51 k...
Rügendamm (embankment, Rügen, Germany)
...base of the deep-sea fishery and the terminus of the ferry to Trelleborg, Sweden. Rügen is connected to the mainland, over the Strelasund, by a 1.5-mile (2.4-km) road and rail embankment, the Rügendamm (opened 1936)....
Rugendas, Johann Moritz (German artist)
...who were eager to see for themselves the distant lands that had captured world attention by breaking away from their weakened colonial European masters after the Napoleonic wars. Bavarian artist Johann Moritz Rugendas began his South American journey in Brazil (1821–23). From 1831 to 1834 he lived in Mexico, and he then settled in Chile from 1834 to 1845, when he also painted in......
rugger (sport)
football game played with an oval ball by two teams of 15 players (in rugby union play) or 13 players (in rugby league play). Both rugby union and rugby league have their origins in the style of football played at Rugby School in England. According to the sport’s lore, in 1823 William Webb Ellis, a pupil at Rugby School, defied the conventions of the day (that the ball may only be kicked fo...
Ruggieri, Michele (Jesuit missionary)
...the Jesuit missions in East Asia. (A visitor is the official responsible for making sure the religious and temporal affairs of all the houses of an institute in an area are properly followed.) First Michele Ruggieri and then Ricci were called to the Portuguese province of Macau to prepare to evangelize China; Ruggieri, however, returned to Italy in November 1588, leaving to his younger......
Ruggiero (fictional character)
fictional character, a heroic Saracen knight beloved by Bradamante, a female Christian knight in Ludovico Ariosto’s Orlando furioso (1532)....
Ruggiero (work by Hasse)
...(c. 1700–81), he became music director of the Dresden Opera (1731). He resided in Dresden from 1739 to 1763, when he retired and went to Vienna. His last work for the stage was Ruggiero (1771), written for the wedding of the archduke Ferdinand at Milan....
Ruggiero, Renato (Italian diplomat)
Italian diplomat who served as the first director-general (1995–99) of the World Trade Organization (WTO)....
Ruggles, Carl (American composer)
American composer and painter whose musical works, small in number, are characterized by highly dissonant, nonmetric melodies, wide dynamic range, and rich colouring....
Ruggles, Charlie (American actor)
Katharine Hepburn (Susan Vance)Cary Grant (Dr. David Huxley)Charlie Ruggles (Maj. Horace Applegate)Walter Catlett (Constable Slocum)Barry Fitzgerald (Aloysius Gogarty)May Robson (Aunt Elizabeth Random)...
Ruggles, Marmaduke (fictional character)
fictional character, the protagonist of the humorous novel Ruggles of Red Gap (1915) by American author Harry Leon Wilson....
Ruggles, Mercy (American physician and educator)
American physician and educator, a pioneer in the struggle for the admission of women to the practice of medicine....
Ruggles of Red Gap (film by McCarey)
It was not until Ruggles of Red Gap (1935) that McCarey directed a film bearing many of his trademarks: a comic sense that blended reality and farce, a glorification of the American character concurrent with a condemnation of American materialism and naïveté, a reflection of McCarey’s own Roman Catholic values, and a warm sentimentality that usually transcended cloying....
Ruggles of Red Gap (novel by Wilson)
fictional character, the protagonist of the humorous novel Ruggles of Red Gap (1915) by American author Harry Leon Wilson....
Ruggles-Brise, Sir Evelyn John (British prison reformer)
prison reformer who was instrumental in the founding and development of England’s Borstal system for the treatment of young offenders....
Rugi (people)
Germanic tribe that migrated from southwest Norway to Pomerania around ad 100 and from there to the Danube River valley. They were allies of Attila until his death (453) and then settled in what is now Austria. They then joined with the Ostrogothic army of Theodoric in its campaign to take o...
rugola (herb)
(species Eruca vesicaria sativa), Mediterranean annual herb, of the mustard family (Brassicaceae), naturalized in parts of North America. Arugula grows to about 70 cm (2.5 feet) tall. Four-petaled, white, purple-veined flower...
Rugosa (fossil order)
any coral of the order Rugosa, which first appeared in the geologic record during the Ordovician Period, which began 488 million years ago; the Rugosa persisted through the Permian Period, which ended 251 million years ago. Horn corals, which are named...
Rugova, Ibrahim (Kosovar writer and politician)
Kosovar nationalist writer and politician (b. Dec. 2, 1944, Cerrce, Kosovo, Yugos. [now in Serbia]—d. Jan. 21, 2006, Pristina, Kosovo, Serbia and Montenegro), devoted his public life to peaceful attempts to gain independence for ethnic Albanians in Kosovo. After completing his education in Pristina and Paris, Rugova taught literature at the Institute for Albanian Studies in Pristina and wro...
Rugrats (cartoon series)
...Nickelodeon began to air original cartoons, namely, Doug (1991–94), The Ren & Stimpy Show (1991–96), and Rugrats (1991–2004). By the mid-1990s the network had become the number one cable channel as measured by total daily viewers, and later programs, such as the animated ......
rugs and carpets
any decorative textile normally made of a thick material and now usually intended as a floor covering. Until the 19th century the word carpet was used for any cover, such as a table cover or wall hanging; since the introduction of machine-made products, however, it has been used almost exclusively for a floor...
Ruguru (people)
a Bantu-speaking people of the hills, Uluguru Mountains, and coastal plains of east-central Tanzania. The Luguru are reluctant to leave the mountain homeland that they have occupied for at least 300 years, despite the relatively serious population pressure in their area and the employment opportunities in the city and on est...
Ruhā, Ar- (Turkey)
city, southeastern Turkey. It lies in a fertile plain and is ringed by limestone hills on three sides. The city is very old and controls a strategic pass to the south through which runs a road used since antiquity to travel between Anatolia and northern Mesopotamia. The modern name derives from the early Aramaic name, Urhai, which was changed to Edessa when the town was refounde...
Ruhe ist die erste Bürgerpflicht (work by Alexis)
...Alexis reveals qualities as a humorist, though the concluding section, describing the elector Joachim’s ineffectual opposition to Luther’s teaching, strikes a more serious note. In Ruhe ist die erste Bürgerpflicht (1852; “To Remain Calm Is the First Civic Duty”), the activities of criminals are presented as symptomatic of Prussian degeneracy in 1806. Th...
Rühmann, Heinz (German actor)
German actor (b. March 7, 1902, Essen, Germany--d. Oct. 4, 1994, Berg, near Starnberg, Germany), had a motion-picture career that spanned more than 60 years and 100 films and was one of his country’s most beloved stars. Specializing in roles as the little man whose optimism and humour enable him to defeat adversity, he came to be considered a comic institution and was voted most popular act...
Ruhmkorff coil (electronics)
German mechanic who invented the Ruhmkorff coil, a type of induction coil that could produce sparks more than 1 foot (30 centimetres) in length....
Ruhmkorff, Heinrich Daniel (German inventor)
German mechanic who invented the Ruhmkorff coil, a type of induction coil that could produce sparks more than 1 foot (30 centimetres) in length....
Ruhr (river and region, Germany)
river and major industrial region along its course, North Rhine-Westphalia Land (state), western Germany. The river, an important tributary of the lower Rhine, rises on the north side of Winterberg and flows 146 mi (235 km) west past Witten (the head of navigation), Essen, and Mülheim to enter the Rhine at Duisburg. The Ruhr functions chiefly as a supplier of water and is dammed in m...
Ruhr occupation (European history)
(1923–25) occupation of the industrial Ruhr River valley region in Germany by French and Belgian troops. The action was provoked by German deficiencies in the coal and coke deliveries to France required by the reparations agreement after World War I. French occupation of Düsseldorf, Duisburg, and Ruhrort in 192...
Ruhr-100 process (chemical technology)
...increasing the operating temperature. This allows the system to accommodate higher-rank coals that require higher temperatures for complete gasification. Another version of the Lurgi gasifier is the Ruhr-100 process, with operating pressures about three times those of the basic Lurgi process. Developmental work on the Winkler process has led to the pressurized Winkler process, which is aimed at...
Ruhrgebiet (river and region, Germany)
river and major industrial region along its course, North Rhine-Westphalia Land (state), western Germany. The river, an important tributary of the lower Rhine, rises on the north side of Winterberg and flows 146 mi (235 km) west past Witten (the head of navigation), Essen, and Mülheim to enter the Rhine at Duisburg. The Ruhr functions chiefly as a supplier of water and is dammed in m...
Ruhrkohle AG (German company)
German company that was created in order to consolidate all coal-mining activities in the Ruhr region. Company headquarters are in Essen....
Ruhuhu River (river, Tanzania)
river in southern Tanzania, eastern Africa. It rises in the Kipengere Range south of Njombe and flows about 100 miles (160 km) southeast and southwest to enter Lake Nyasa just south of Manda....
Ruidi (emperor of Qing dynasty)
reign name (nianhao) of the fifth emperor of the Qing dynasty (1644–1911/12), during whose reign (1796–1820) a partial attempt was made to restore the flagging state of the empire....
Ruidi (emperor of Ming dynasty)
reign name (nianhao) of the sixth and eighth emperor (reigned 1435–49 and 1457–64) of the Ming dynasty (1368–1644), whose court was dominated by eunuchs who weakened the dynasty by a disastrous war with Mongol tribes. In 1435 ...
Ruimte (Flemish literary review)
...over romanticism. But a trend first revealed during the German occupation found its most direct outlet in revolutionary Expressionism, as seen in the manifesto of the review Ruimte (1920–21; “Space”): ethics must take priority over aesthetics, and the art of the community over that of the individual. Expressionism was most apparent in lyrical......
Ruin, the (Ukrainian history)
Khmelnytsky’s successor, Hetman Ivan Vyhovsky, broke with Moscow and in 1658 concluded the new Treaty of Hadyach with Poland. By its terms, central Ukraine (attempts to include Volhynia and Galicia were unsuccessful) was to constitute—under the hetman and a ruling elite of nobles and officers—the self-governing grand duchy of Rus, joined with Poland and Lithuania as an equal m...
Ruina, Jack (American researcher)
...particular, DARPA is renowned for funding “revolutionary” ideas, in line with DARPA’s overall strategy of making high-risk, high-return investments. For example, DARPA’s third director, Jack Ruina (1961–63), recognized that the problem of command, control, and communication of the nation’s military forces was one that computer technology might affect. T...
Ruined Castle, The (work by Taki)
...music, the major Japanese forces in this direction came from young men who studied in Europe. The most famous surviving composition of this era is Kojo no tsuki (The Ruined Castle), written in 1901 by Taki Rentarō after his training in Germany. The first line, shown in notation XV, reveals, with its use of E or E♯, a conflict....
Ruined Cottage, The (work by Wordsworth)
...Excursion and consisted of nine long philosophical monologues spoken by pastoral characters. The first monologue (Book I) contained a version of one of Wordsworth’s greatest poems, “The Ruined Cottage,” composed in superb blank verse in 1797. This bleak narrative records the slow, pitiful decline of a woman whose husband had gone off to the army and never returned. F...
Ruines des plus beaux monuments de la Grèce, Les (work by LeRoy)
...since any two disciplines that are inseparably complementary can at the same time be logically distinguishable, it may be asserted that this particular distinction first became manifest in Les Ruines des plus beaux monuments de la Grèce (“The Ruins of the Most Beautiful Monuments of Greece”), written in 1758 by a French architecture student, Julien-David LeRoy.......
“Ruines, ou méditations sur les révolutions des empires, Les” (work by Volney)
..., 2 vol. (1787; Travels Through Syria and Egypt . . .). In 1791 his most influential work appeared, Les Ruines, ou méditations sur les révolutions des empires (The Ruins: or a Survey of the Revolutions of Empires). Seeking the origins of civil society and the causes for its dissolution, he saw revolution as a result of the abandoning of the principles.....
ruins of Windsor (historical site, Mississippi)
...to burn,” said as he marched his Union troops through to Vicksburg after a victory (known as the Battle of Port Gibson) on May 1, 1863, over the Confederates at nearby Magnolia Church. The ruins of Windsor (23 Corinthian columns) are all that remain of what was considered to be the state’s most extravagant Greek Revival mansion (1859–61; burned 1890). Grand Gulf State Park ...
Ruins: or a Survey of the Revolutions of Empires, The (work by Volney)
..., 2 vol. (1787; Travels Through Syria and Egypt . . .). In 1791 his most influential work appeared, Les Ruines, ou méditations sur les révolutions des empires (The Ruins: or a Survey of the Revolutions of Empires). Seeking the origins of civil society and the causes for its dissolution, he saw revolution as a result of the abandoning of the principles.....
Ruisdael, Jacob Isaakszoon van (Dutch painter)
Baroque artist, often considered the greatest Dutch landscape painter....
Ruiter, L. de (Dutch biologist)
...signal receiver. If the mimetic signal does not release any reaction in the receiver, the mimic is said to exhibit mimesis. This distinction is illustrated by the experiments of the Dutch biologist L. de Ruiter with stick caterpillars, which, by virtue of their close resemblance to twigs, are protected against insect-eating birds. As soon as the number of “twigs” becomes too large...
Ruivo de Santana, Mount (mountain, Madeira Island, Portugal)
Madeira Island, the largest of the group, is 34 miles (55 km) long and has a maximum width of 14 miles (22 km) and a coastline of about 90 miles (144 km) and rises in the centre to the Ruivo Peak (6,106 feet [1,861 metres]). The greater part of the interior above 3,000 feet (900 metres) is uninhabited and uncultivated; communities of scattered huts are usually built either at the mouths of......
Ruivo Peak (mountain, Madeira Island, Portugal)
Madeira Island, the largest of the group, is 34 miles (55 km) long and has a maximum width of 14 miles (22 km) and a coastline of about 90 miles (144 km) and rises in the centre to the Ruivo Peak (6,106 feet [1,861 metres]). The greater part of the interior above 3,000 feet (900 metres) is uninhabited and uncultivated; communities of scattered huts are usually built either at the mouths of......
Ruiz, Bartolomé (Spanish explorer)
...voyage of discovery and conquest down the west coast of South America. Many hardships were endured along the Colombian coast during the first (1524–25) and second (1526–28) expeditions. Bartolomé Ruiz, who joined Pizarro and Almagro for the latter, sailed ahead and crossed the Equator, encountering a trading raft carrying embroidered fabrics and precious metals from Peru. H...
Ruiz Cortines, Adolfo (president of Mexico)
...the change of its name from the Party of the Mexican Revolution to the Institutional Revolutionary Party (Partido Revolucionario Institucional; PRI). Suffrage in Mexico doubled when President Adolfo Ruiz Cortines enfranchised women with a constitutional amendment in 1953, though they did not actually vote until 1958. Electoral reform laws broadened the political base, but opposition......
Ruiz de Alarcón y Mendoza, Juan (Spanish dramatist)
Mexican-born Spanish dramatist of the colonial era who was the principal dramatist of early 17th-century Spain after Lope de Vega and Tirso de Molina....
Ruiz de Santayana, Jorge Augustín Nicolás (Spanish philosopher)
Spanish-American philosopher, poet, and humanist who made important contributions to aesthetics, speculative philosophy, and literary criticism. From 1912 he resided in Europe, chiefly in France and Italy....
Ruiz García, Samuel (Mexican Roman Catholic bishop and activist)
Nov. 3, 1924Irapuato, Guanajuato state, Mex.Jan. 24, 2011Mexico City, Mex.Mexican Roman Catholic bishop and activist who championed the indigenous Maya in the Mexican state of Chiapas while serving (1960–99) as bishop in San Cristóbal de las Casas and was instrumental in helpi...
Ruiz, John (American boxer)
...and WBA titleholder David Haye (U.K.). After protracted negotiations to arrange a match with one of the Klitschkos were unsuccessful, Haye tallied a ninth-round knockout of former WBA titlist John Ruiz (P.R.) on April 3 in Manchester, Eng. Then, on November 13, in front of a sold-out crowd of 20,000 fans at the MEN Arena in Manchester, Haye scored a third-round knockout of former Olympic......
Ruiz, José Martínez (Spanish literary critic)
novelist, essayist, and the foremost Spanish literary critic of his day. He was one of a group of writers who were engaged at the turn of the 20th century in a concerted attempt to revitalize Spanish life and letters. Azorín was the first to identify this group as the Generation of ’98—a name that prevails....
Ruiz, Juan (Spanish poet)
poet and cleric whose masterpiece, the Libro de buen amor (1330; expanded in 1343; The Book of Good Love) is perhaps the most important long poem in the literature of medieval Spain....
Ruiz, Mount (volcano, Colombia)
volcano in the Cordillera Central of the Andes, west-central Colombia, noted for its two eruptions on Nov. 13, 1985, which were among the most destructive in recorded history. Located about 80 miles (130 km) west of Bogotá, it is the northernmost of some two dozen active volcanoes scattered along the Cordillera Central and reaches an elevation of 17,717 feet (5,400 m). Although eruptions of...
Ruiz Pino, Raúl Ernesto (Chilean-born French motion-picture director, screenwriter, and playwright)
July 25, 1941Puerto Montt, ChileAug. 19, 2011Paris, FranceChilean-born French motion-picture director, screenwriter, and playwright who combined his love of classic literature with his fondness for movies in more than 100 films that showcased his gifts as a superb directorial storyteller; h...
Ruiz, Raoul (Chilean-born French motion-picture director, screenwriter, and playwright)
July 25, 1941Puerto Montt, ChileAug. 19, 2011Paris, FranceChilean-born French motion-picture director, screenwriter, and playwright who combined his love of classic literature with his fondness for movies in more than 100 films that showcased his gifts as a superb directorial storyteller; h...
Ruiz Soler, Antonio (Spanish dancer and choreographer)
("ANTONIO"; "EL BAILARÍN"), Spanish flamenco dancer and choreographer who was known for his artistry, showmanship, and technique and who brought the male back to prominence in Spanish dance (b. Nov. 4, 1921--d. Feb. 5, 1996)....
Ruizong (emperor of Tang dynasty)
temple name (miaohao) of the sixth emperor of the Tang dynasty of China. He was placed on the throne by his mother, the future empress Wuhou, in 684, before she decided to set him aside and rule the country herself in 690. This was the first such usurpation in Chinese history. Although Ruizong had been made Wuhou’...
rujia (Chinese philosophy)
...may have initiated a cultural process known in the West as Confucianism, but he and those who followed him considered themselves part of a tradition, later identified by Chinese historians as the rujia, “scholarly tradition,” that had its origins two millennia previously, when the legendary sages Yao and Shun created a civilized world through moral persuasion....
Rukavishnikov, Nikolay Nikolayevich (Soviet cosmonaut)
Russian cosmonaut (b. Sept. 18, 1932, Tomsk, Siberia, U.S.S.R.—d. Oct. 19, 2002, Moscow, Russia), on his third trip into space, became the first cosmonaut to land a spacecraft manually. Rukavishnikov trained as an engineer at the Moscow Physical Engineering Institute and joined the Soviet space program in 1967. He was test engineer on t...
Rukeyser, Louis (American author and television personality)
American author and television personality (b. Jan. 30, 1933, New York, N.Y.—d. May 2, 2006, Greenwich, Conn.), was the dapper host of PBS’s breakthrough financial television program Wall $treet Week, which featured a panel of experts giving their predictions on the movement of the stock market, from 1970 to 2002. He then hosted Louis Rukeyser’s Wall Street on CN...