Chapters

21.0 Learning aims, what you should already know, introduction, delving deeper

• Learning aims
  
• What you should already know
  
• Introduction
• Delving deeper

21.1 Genetic factors and hormones that determine gender

• Genetic factors: introduction
• History and function of the SRY gene
• The other genes involved in gender differentiation
• Hormonal factors: introduction
• Leydig's interstitial cells: function, mode of operation and hormonal secretion
• Sertoli's supporting cells: function, mode of operation and hormonal secretion

21.2 Embryo with undifferentiated gonads

• Anatomic relationship between the genital and urinary systems

21.3 Differentiation of the gonads

• Gonads: indifferent stage
• Testes: differentiation
  • Development of the parenchyma
  • Development of the stroma
  • Summary
• Ovaries: differentiation
  • Development of the stroma
  • Development of the parenchyma
  • Summary
• Descent of the testes
• Displacement of the ovaries

21.4 Development of the internal genital organs

• Indifferent stage
• In males:
  • Differentiation of the canal system in the genital organ
  • Differentiation of the accessory sex glands
  • Differentiation of the urogenital sinus
• In females:
  • Differentiation of the canal system in the genital organ
  • Differentiation of the accessory sex glands
  • Differentiation of the urogenital sinus
• Summary: Development of the internal genital organs

21.5 The external genitalia

• Indifferent stage
• Differentiated stage of the male genitalia
• Differentiated stage of the female genitalia

21.6 Pathology

• Introduction
• Pathology of sexual differentiation conditioned by genetic or hormonal causes
  • True hermaphroditism
  • Pseudohermaphroditism in males
  • Pseudohermaphroditism in females
  • Turner's syndrome
  • Klinefelter's syndrome
• Abnormalities of male genitalia
  • Hypospadia
  • Epispadia
  • Agenesis of the penis / clitoris
  • Bifid penis or clitoris / micropenis
  • Cryptorchidism / ectopia of the testicles
  • Inguinal hernia / hydrocele / cysts
  • Testicular torsion
• Abnormalities of female genitalia
  • Utero-vaginal abnormalities
  • Endometriosis
  • Absent perforation of the hymen
• Tumors arising from the germ cells
  • Germinoma
  • Embryonic carcinoma
  • Teratoma
  • Tumors arising from the yolk sac
  • Choriocarcinoma

21.7 Quiz

• Test your knowledge

21.8 Brief summary

• Summarized

21.9 Bibliography

• References