Extraterritoriality

Extraterritoriality can also be applied to physical places, such as foreign embassies, military bases of foreign countries, or offices of the United Nations.

The UN is headquartered on international territory in New York City; other main offices are in Geneva, Nairobi, Vienna and The Hague.

Before the Treaty of Nanjing, which ended the First Opium War, foreign merchants were not satisfied with the state of the Qing dynasty's legal system.

In 1842, the Qing dynasty was forced to sign the Treaty of Nanking—the first of what the Chinese later called the unequal treaties—which granted an indemnity and extraterritoriality to Britain, opened five treaty ports to foreign merchants, and ceded Hong Kong Island to the British Empire.

Extraterritoriality can also be applied to physical places, such as foreign embassies, military bases of foreign countries, or offices of the United Nations.

Contrary to popular belief, most diplomatic missions do not enjoy full extraterritorial status and – in those cases – are not sovereign territory of the represented state.

Similar courts were established for treaty countries, e.g. the United States Court for China.

The United States Court for China was a United States district court that had extraterritorial jurisdiction over U.S. citizens in China.

The Sino-British Treaty of Tianjin, which ended the Second Opium War, expanded the rights of western visitors, their being permitted to enter the Chinese interior after passporting.

In 1842, the Treaty of Nanjing—the first of what the Chinese later called the unequal treaties—granted an indemnity and extraterritoriality to Britain, the opening of five treaty ports, and the cession of Hong Kong Island.

A more formal declaration of extraterritoriality was concluded in the 1843 Supplementary Treaty of the Bogue, which established that "Britons were to be punished according to English law and Chinese were to be 'tried and punished by their own laws'".

The treaty's key provisions granted extraterritoriality and most favored nation status to Britain.

This was done to ensure that the newborn would derive her citizenship from her mother only, thus making her solely Dutch, which could be very important had the child been male, and as such, the heir of Princess Juliana.

When her third child, Princess Margriet, was born on 19 January 1943, the Governor General of Canada Lord Athlone granted Royal Assent to a special law declaring Princess Juliana's rooms at the Ottawa Civic Hospital as extraterritorial in order that the infant would have exclusively Dutch, not dual nationality.

The most famous cases of extraterritoriality in East Asia are those of 19th century China, Japan, and Siam, emerging from what is termed the "unequal treaties".

In addition, foreign residents in the port cities were afforded trials by their own consular authorities rather than the Chinese legal system, a concept termed extraterritoriality.

It was in this context of competition for Chinese support that both the United States and the United Kingdom ended relinquished extraterritorial rights via bilateral treaties in 1943, with the Treaty for Relinquishment of Extraterritorial Rights in China and the Sino-British Treaty for the Relinquishment of Extra-Territorial Rights in China.

After the United States declared war upon Japan on Dec. 8, 1941, the governments of the United States and United Kingdom mutually decided that it would be advantageous to end extraterritoriality and the unilateral privileges in China that had been granted by the "unequal treaties."

Most countries exercised extraterritorial jurisdiction through consular courts.

Consular courts were law courts established by foreign powers in countries where they had extraterritorial rights.

Britain established the British Court for Japan in 1879.

The British Court for Japan (formally Her Britannic Majesty's Court for Japan) was a court established in Yokohama in 1879 to try cases against British subjects in Japan, under the principles of extraterritoriality.

It was in this context of competition for Chinese support that both the United States and the United Kingdom ended relinquished extraterritorial rights via bilateral treaties in 1943, with the Treaty for Relinquishment of Extraterritorial Rights in China and the Sino-British Treaty for the Relinquishment of Extra-Territorial Rights in China.

Since the Treaty of Nanjing, concluded in 1842, the British government enjoyed extra-territorial rights in China, which included mainly commercial rights for British companies and extra-territorial rights for British nationals in China.

The seat of the order was moved to Ferrara in 1826 and to Rome in 1834, the interior of Palazzo Malta being considered extraterritorial sovereign territory of the order.

Having convinced the Western powers that its legal system was "sufficiently modern", Japan succeeded in reforming its unequal status with Britain through the 1894 Anglo-Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation, in which London would relinquish its Japanese extraterritorial rights within five years.

The Anglo-Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation signed by Britain and Japan, on July 16, 1894, was a breakthrough agreement; it heralded the end of the unequal treaties and the system of extraterritoriality in Japan.

For example, the United States would negotiate the Treaty of Wangxia, which stated in article 21:

The Sino-British Treaty of Tianjin, which ended the Second Opium War, expanded the rights of western visitors, their being permitted to enter the Chinese interior after passporting.

The VIC is an extraterritorial area, exempt from the jurisdiction of local law.

Princess Margriet of the Netherlands was born on 19 January 1943 in Ottawa Civic Hospital, Ottawa, Ontario, as the family had been living in Canada since June 1940 after the occupation of the Netherlands by Nazi Germany.

The premises of the European Patent Office enjoy a form of extraterritoriality.

The two main courts judging extraterritorial cases were the Mixed Court in the International Settlement and the British Supreme Court for China.

The British Supreme Court for China (originally the British Supreme Court for China and Japan) was a court established in the Shanghai International Settlement to try cases against British subjects in China, Japan and Korea under the principles of extraterritoriality.

King Mongkut (Rama IV) of Siam signed the Bowring Treaty granting extraterritorial rights to Britain in 1855.

Due to the horror of the Nakorn Bala methods of torture in judicial proceedings, the British chose not to be tried under the Siamese system, securing a grant of extraterritoriality; British subjects in Siam were therefore subject only to British law, while the Siamese in Britain enjoyed no reciprocal privilege.

It does not benefit from extraterritoriality, and is thus still French soil.

It opened the ports of Kanagawa and four other Japanese cities to trade and granted extraterritoriality to foreigners, among a number of trading stipulations.

The other three are geographically located in Italian territory, but enjoy extraterritorial status under the Lateran Treaty.

Sir Robert Hermann Schomburgk, British Consul-General from 1859 to 1864, gives an account of his judicial training and responsibilities in a letter to his cousin dated 6 September 1860.

In 1857, he was promoted to the position of British Consul-General of Siam, where Britain exercised extraterritorial jurisdiction through consular courts over British subjects.