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Conversion Charts

Unit of Measure Conversion Factor

Percent Parts per Million Parts per Billion Parts per Trillion
.001% = 10 ppm = - -
.0001% = 1 ppm = 1,000 ppb = 1,000,000 ppt
.00001% = .1 ppm = 100 ppb = 100,000 ppt
.000001% = .01 ppm = 10 ppb = 10,000 ppt
- .001 ppm = 1 ppb = 1,000 ppt
- .0001 ppm = 1 ppb = 100 ppt
- - .01 ppb = 10 ppt
- - .001 ppb = 1 ppt

Temperature Conversion Formula

°C to °F °F to °C
(°C x 9/5) + 32 = °F (°F–32) x 5/9 = °C

Weight Conversion Table

Swipe to scroll
From / To g kg M.Ton grain oz lb
g 1 0.001 1 x 10-6 15.43 0.03527 0.00220
kg 1000 1 0.001 1.54 x 104 35.27 2.205
Metric Ton 1 x 106 1000 1 1.54 x 107 3.53 x 104 2205
grain 6.48 x 10–2 6.48 x 10–5 6.48 x 10–5 1 2.29 x 10–3 1.43 x 10–4
oz 28.35 0.02835 2.83 x 10–5 437.5 1 0.06250
lb 453.6 0.4536 4.54 x 104 7000 16 1

To convert from a unit shown in the left column, multiply by the factor listed in the column for the desired unit.

Volume Conversion Table

Swipe to scroll
From / To cm3 liter m3 in3 ft3 yd3 fl oz fl pt fl qt gal
cm3 1 0.001 1 x 10-6 0.06102 3.53x10 –5 1.31x10–6 0.03381 0.00211 0.00106 2.64x10 –4
liter 1000 1 0.001 61.02 0.03532 0.00131 33.81 2.113 1.057 0.2642
m3 1 x 106 1000 1 6.10x104 35.31 1.308 3.38x104 2113 1057 264.2
in3 16.39 0.01639 1.64x10–5 1 5.79x10–4 2.14x10–5 0.5541 0.03463 0.01732 0.00433
ft3 2.83x104 28.32 0.02832 1728 1 0.03704 957.5 69.84 29.92 7.481
yd3 7.65x105 764.5 0.7646 4.67x104 27 1 2.59x104 1616 807.9 202.0
fl oz 29.57 0.02957 2.96x10-5 1.805 0.00104 3.87x10–5 1 0.06250 0.03125 0.00781
fl pt 473.2 0.4732 473x10–4 28.88 0.01671 619x10–4 16 1 0.6000 0.1250
fl qt 946.4 0.9463 9.46x10–4 57.75 0.03342 0.00124 32 2 1 0.2500
gal 3785 3.786 0.00379 231.0 0.1337 0.00495 128 8 4 1

To convert from a unit shown in the left column, multiply by the factor listed in the column for the desired unit.

Length Conversion Table

Swipe to scroll
From / To cm m km in ft mile
cm 1 100 1 x 10-5 0.3937 0.03281 6.214 x 10–6
m 100 1 0.001 39.37 3.281 6.214 x 10–4
km 1 x 105 1000 1 3.94 x 104 3281 0.6214
in 2.540 0.02540 2.540 x 10–5 1 0.08333 1.578 x10–5
ft 30.48 0.3048 3.048 x 10–4 12 1 18.94 x 10–4
mile 1.609 x 105 1609 1.609 6.336 x 104 5280 1

To convert from a unit shown in the left column, multiply by the factor listed in the column for the desired unit.

Flow Rate Conversion Table

Swipe to scroll
From/To lit/sec gal/min ft3/sec ft3/min bbl/hr bbl/day
lit/sec 1 15.85 2.228 x 10–3 2.119 22.66 543.8
gal/min 6.308 x 10–2 1 3.532 x 10–2 0.1337 1.429 34.30
ft3/sec 28.32 448.8 1 60 641.1 1.54 x 104
ft3/min 0.4719 7.481 1.667 x 10–2 1 10.69 256.5
bbl/hr 4.415 x 10–2 0.6997 1.56 x 10–3 9.359 x 10–2 1 24
bbl/day 1.84 x 10–3 2.917 x 10–2 6.50 x 10–5 3.90 x 10–3 4.167 x 10–2 1

To convert from a unit shown in the left column, multiply by the factor listed in the column for the desired unit.

Common Molecular Biology Conversion Factors

Factor Value
Molecular weight (ave.) of DNA base pair 649 Da
Molecular weight (ave.) of amino acid 110 Da
1 g/ml DNA 3.08 µM phosphate
1 g/ml of 1 kb DNA 3.08 nM 5’ ends
1 mol pBR322 (4363 bp) 2.83 g
1 pmol linear pBR322 5’ ends 1.4 g
1 A260 double-stranded DNA 50 µg/ml
1 A260 single-stranded DNA 37 µg/ml

1 kb DNA: 333 amino acids of coding capacity = 36,000 Da

6.5 x 105 Da of double-stranded DNA (sodium salt)

3.3 x 105 Da of single-stranded DNA (sodium salt)

3.4 x 105 Da of single-stranded RNA (sodium salt)

10 kDa protein = 91 amino acids = 273 nucleotides

Acid Base Concentrations

Composition of concentrated reagent-grade acids, ammonium hydroxide, and sodium and potassium hydroxide solutions (with dilution directions to 1M and 1N solutions)
Swipe to scroll
Chemical Formula Weight of Reagentaa Approximate Density Approximate Strength of Concd. Reagentb Assay Limits % w/w Molarity of Concd. Reagent Milliliters of Concd. Reagent Necessary to Prepare 1 Liter of 1 Molar Solutionc Normality of Concd. Reagent Milliliters of Concd. Reagent Necessary to Prepare 1 Liter of 1 Normal Solutionc
Acetic Acid(CH3COOH) 60.052 1.05 99.8 99.7 - 99.9 17.4 57.5 17.4 57.5
Formic Acid (HCOOH) 46.026 1.13 90 88.0 - 92.0 23.6 42.5 23.6 42.5
Hydrochloric Acid (HCI) 36.461 1.18 37.2 36.5 - 38.0 12.1 82.5 12.1 82.5
Hydrofluoric Acid (HF) 20.006 1.19 49 48.0 - 51.0 28.9 34.5 28.9 34.5
Nitric Acid (HNO3) 63.013 1.41 69.6 69.0 - 70.0 15.6 64 15.6 63
Perchloric Acid (HCIO4) 100.458 1.67 70.5 70.0 - 72.0 11.7 85.5 11.7 85.5
Perchloric Acid (HCIO4) 100.458 1.67 61.3 60.0 - 62.0 9.5 105.5 9.5 105.5
Phosphoric Acid (H3PO4) 97.995 1.71 85.5 85.0 - 87.0 14.8 67.5 44.4 22.5
Sulfuric Acid (H2SO4) 98.073 1.84 96 95.0 - 98.0 18 55.5 36 28
Ammonium Hydroxide (NH4OH) 35.046 0.90 56.6d - 14.5 69 14.5 69
Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) 39.997 1.53 50.5 50.0 - 52.0 19.4 51.5 19.4 51.5
Potassium Hydroxide (KOH) 56.105 1.45 45 45.0 - 46.0 11.7 85.5 11.7 85.5
  • Based on Atomic Weight Table (32C = 12).
  • Representative value, w/w %.
  • Rounded to nearest 0.5 ml.
  • Equivalent to 28.0 % w/w NH3.

Atomic Weights

The atomic weights of many elements are not invariant but depend on the origin and treatment of the material. The footnotes to this table elaborate the types of variation to be expected for individual elements. The values of Ar(E) given here apply to elements as they exist naturally on earth and to certain artificial elements. When used with due regard to the footnotes they are considered reliable to ±1 in the last digit, unless otherwise stated. Values in parentheses are used for radioactive elements whose atomic weights cannot be quoted precisely without knowledge of the origin of the elements; the value given is the atomic mass number of the isotope of that element of longest known half-life.

Pure & Applied Chemistry 63, pp. 975–990 (1991); Pure & Applied Chemistry 64, pp. 1519–1534 (1992); Chemistry International 16, p. 68 (1994).

Atomic Weights of the Elements, 1991 - Scaled to the relative atomic mass, Ar(12C) = 12

  • Element for which the value of Ar is that of the radioisotope of longest half-life. .
  • Element for which range in isotopic composition of normal terrestrial material prevents a more precise Ar(E) being given; the listed value should be applicable to any normal material. .
  • Element for which geologically exceptional specimens are known in which the element has an isotopic composition outside the limits for normal material. The difference between the atomic weight of the element in such specimens and that given in the table may exceed considerably the implied uncertainty. .
  • Element for which modified isotopic compositions may be found in commercially available material because it has been subjected to an undisclosed or inadvertent isotopic separation. Substantial deviations in atomic weight of the element from that given in the table can occur.

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