Muammar al-Qadafi

Muammar al-Qadafi
Colonel; Muammar al-Qadafi
	معمر القذافي
	; Gaddafi, pictured shortly after his seizure of power, on a visit to Yugoslavia in 1970
Brotherly Leader and Guide of the Revolution of Libya
	Jīm-kî; 2 March 1979 – 20 October 2011
Chóng-thóng	See list Abdul Ati al-Obeidi; Muhammad az-Zaruq Rajab; Mifta al-Usta Umar; Abdul Razzaq as-Sawsa; Muhammad az-Zanati; Miftah Muhammed K'eba; Imbarek Shamekh; Mohamed Abu al-Qasim al-Zwai; ;
Siú-siòng	See list Mahmud Suleiman Maghribi; Abdessalam Jalloud; Abdul Ati al-Obeidi; Jadallah Azzuz at-Talhi; Muhammad az-Zaruq Rajab; Jadallah Azzuz at-Talhi; Abuzed Omar Dorda; Abdul Majid al-Qa′ud; Muhammad Ahmad al-Mangoush; Imbarek Shamekh; Shukri Ghanem; Baghdadi Mahmudi; ;
Chêng-jīm	Position established
Kè-jīm	Position abolished
Chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council of Libya
	Jīm-kî; 1 September 1969 – 2 March 1977
Siú-siòng	See list Mahmud Suleiman Maghribi; Abdessalam Jalloud; Abdul Ati al-Obeidi; ;
Chêng-jīm	Idris I (As King of Libya)
Kè-jīm	Himself (As Secretary General of the GPC)
Secretary General of the General People's Congress
	Jīm-kî; 2 March 1977 – 2 March 1979
Siú-siòng	Abdul Ati al-Obeidi
Chêng-jīm	Himself (As Chairman of the RCC)
Kè-jīm	Abdul Ati al-Obeidi
Prime Minister of Libya
	Jīm-kî; 16 January 1970 – 16 July 1972
Chêng-jīm	Mahmud Suleiman Maghribi
Kè-jīm	Abdessalam Jalloud
Chairperson of the African Union
	Jīm-kî; 2 February 2009 – 31 January 2010
Chêng-jīm	Jakaya Kikwete
Kè-jīm	Bingu wa Mutharika
Kò-jîn chu-sìn
Chhut-sì	Muammar Muhammad Abu Minyar al-Gaddafi; c. 1942; Qasr Abu Hadi, Sirte, Italian Libya
Kòe-sin	2011 nî 10 goe̍h 20 ji̍t (69 hòe); Sirte, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (now Libya)
Bōng	In an unknown location in the Libyan Desert
Kok-che̍k	Libyan
Chèng-tóng	Arab Socialist Union (1971–1977); Independent (1977–2011)
Phoè-ngó͘	Fatiha al-Nuri; (m. 1969 nî; div. 1970 nî) ; Safia el-Brasai (m. 1970 nî);
Kiáⁿ-jî	10 Sons (8) Muhammad; Saif al-Islam; Al-Saadi; Mutassim (deceased); Hannibal; Saif al-Arab (deceased); Khamis (deceased); Milad (adopted); ; Daughters (2) Ayesha; Hana (adopted); ;
Toà	Bab al-Azizia
Bú-hāu	University of Libya; Benghazi Military University Academy; Royal Military Academy;
Chhiam-miâ
Pō͘-tūi ho̍k-e̍k
Hāu-tiong	Kingdom of Libya (1961–1969); Libyan Arab Republic (1969–1977); Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (1977–2011);
Ho̍k-e̍k/hun-chi	Libyan Army
Ho̍k-e̍k sî-kan	1961–2011
Kun-hâm	Colonel
Su-lēng-pō͘	Libyan Armed Forces
Chham-ka chiàn-tàu	1969 Libyan coup d'état; Egyptian–Libyan War; Chadian–Libyan conflict; Uganda–Tanzania War; First Liberian Civil War; 1986 United States bombing of Libya; First Libyan Civil War;

Muammar Muhammad Abu Minyar al-Gaddafi (1942 nî 6 goe̍h 7 ji̍t - 2011 nî 10 goe̍h 20 ji̍t) sī Libya ê léng-tō-chiá. I tī 1969 nî ê chèng-piàn tit-tio̍h chèng-kôan.

tsù-sik[siu-kái | kái goân-sí-bé]

↑
For purposes of this article, 20 October 2011—the date on which Gaddafi died^[1]—is considered to be the date he left office. Other dates might have been chosen:
- On 15 July 2011, at a meeting in Istanbul, more than 30 governments, including the United States, withdrew recognition from Gaddafi's government and recognized the National Transitional Council (NTC) as the legitimate government of Libya。^[2]
- On 23 August 2011, during the Battle of Tripoli, Gaddafi lost effective political and military control of Tripoli after his compound was captured by rebel forces.^[3]
- On 25 August 2011, the Arab League proclaimed the anti-Gaddafi National Transitional Council to be "the legitimate representative of the Libyan state".^[4]
- On 16 September 2011, the United Nations General Assembly sat the representatives of the National Transitional Council as Libya's official delegation.^[5]

Tsù-kái[siu-kái | kái goân-sí-bé]

↑ "Muammar Gaddafi: How He Died". BBC News. 31 October 2011. goân-loē-iông tī 24 March 2016 hőng khó͘-pih. 6 October 2017 khòaⁿ--ê.
↑ Vela, Justin (16 July 2011). "West Prepares to Hand Rebels Gaddafi's Billions". The Independent. London. goân-loē-iông tī 12 May 2012 hőng khó͘-pih. 16 July 2011 khòaⁿ--ê.
↑ Staff (23 August 2011). "Tuesday, 23 August 2011 – 16:19". Libya Live Blog. Al Jazeera. Retrieved 23 August 2011.
↑ "Arab League Gives Its Full Backing to Libya's Rebel Council". The Taipei Times. 26 August 2011. goân-loē-iông tī 3 March 2016 hőng khó͘-pih. 1 September 2011 khòaⁿ--ê.
↑ "After Much Wrangling, General Assembly Seats National Transitional Council of Libya as Country's Representative for Sixty-Sixth Session". United Nations. 16 September 2011. 20 October 2020 khòaⁿ--ê.

Tsham-khó bûn-hèn[siu-kái | kái goân-sí-bé]

Bearman, Jonathan (1986). Qadhafi's Libya. London: Zed Books. ISBN 978-0-86232-434-6.
Bianco, Mirella (1975). Gadafi: Voice from the Desert. Translated by Lyle, Margaret. London: Longman. ISBN 978-0-582-78062-0.
Blundy, David; Lycett, Andrew (1987). Qaddafi and the Libyan Revolution. Boston: Little Brown & Co. ISBN 978-0-316-10042-7.
Boyd-Judson, Lyn (2005). "Strategic Moral Diplomacy: Mandela, Qaddafi, and the Lockerbie Negotiations". Foreign Policy Analysis. 1: 73–97. doi:10.1111/j.1743-8594.2005.00004.x.
Castro, Jose Esteban (2011). "Gaddafi and Latin America". Soc. 48 (4): 307–311. doi:10.1007/s12115-011-9442-7.
Cojean, Annick (2013). Gaddafi's Harem: The Story of a Young Woman and the Abuses of Power in Libya. New York: Grove Press. ISBN 978-1-611-85610-1.
Davis, J. (1982). "Qaddafi's Theory and Practice of Non-Representative Government". Government and Opposition. 17 (1): 61–79. doi:10.1111/j.1477-7053.1982.tb00679.x. JSTOR 44483404.
El-Khawas, Mohamed (1984). "The New Society in Qaddafi's Libya: Can It Endure?". Africa Today. 31 (3): 17–44. JSTOR 4186243.
First, Ruth (1974). Libya: The Elusive Revolution. Harmondsworth: Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-041040-2.
Gardell, Matthias (2003). Gods of the Blood: The Pagan Revival and White Separatism. Durham and London: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0822330714.
Hajjar, Sami G. (1982). "The Marxist Origins of Qadhafi's Economic Thought". The Journal of Modern African Studies. 20 (3): 361–375. doi:10.1017/s0022278x00056871. JSTOR 160522.
Harris, Lillian Craig (1986). Libya: Qadhafi's Revolution and the Modern State. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. ISBN 978-0-8133-0075-7.
Haynes, Jeff (1990). "Libyan Involvement in West Africa: Qadhaffi's 'Revolutionary' Foreign Policy". Paradigms. 4 (1): 58–73. doi:10.1080/13600829008442987.
Hinnebusch, Raymond A. (1984). "Charisma, Revolution, and State Formation: Qaddafi and Libya". Third World Quarterly. 6 (1): 59–73. doi:10.1080/01436598408419755.
Human Rights Watch (2012). Death of a Dictator: Bloody Vengeance in Sirte. ISBN 978-1-56432-952-3.
Kamel, Amir M. (2016). "Trade and Peace: The EU and Gaddafi's Final Decade" (PDF). International Affairs. 92 (3): 683–702. doi:10.1111/1468-2346.12602.
Karniel, Yuval; Lavie-Dinur, Amit; Azran, Tal (2015). "Broadcast Coverage of Gaddafi's Final Hours in Images and Headlines: A Brutal Lynch or the Desired Death of a Terrorist?". The International Communication Gazette. 77 (2): 171–188. doi:10.1177/1748048514562686.
Kawczynski, Daniel (2011). Seeking Gaddafi: Libya, the West and the Arab Spring. London: Biteback. ISBN 978-1-84954-148-0.
Martin, Guy (2002). Africa in World Politics: A Pan-African Perspective. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press. ISBN 978-0-865-43858-3.
Pargeter, Alice (2012). Libya: The Rise and Fall of Qaddafi. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-13932-7.
Ronen, Yehudit (1986). "Libya". Chū Shaked, Haim; Dishon, Daniel. Middle East Contemporary Survey. Volume VIII: 1983–84. Tel Aviv: Moshe Dayan Center for Middle Eastern and African Studies. pp. 578–603. ISBN 978-965-224-006-4.
Ramutsindela, Maano (2009). "Gaddafi, Continentalism and Sovereignty in Africa". South African Geographical Journal. 91 (1): 1–3. doi:10.1080/03736245.2009.9725324.
Sacerdoti, Giorgio; Acconci, Pia (2011). "The Security Council's Asset Freeze against Gaddafi's Libya and its Implementation in Libya". The Italian Yearbook of International Law Online. 21 (1): 61–84. doi:10.1163/22116133-90000210.
Simons, Geoff (1996). Libya: The Struggle for Survival (second pán.). Houndmills and London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-23038-011-0.
Simons, Geoff (2003). Libya and the West: From Independence to Lockerbie. Oxford: Centre for Libyan Studies. ISBN 978-1-86064-988-2.
St. John, Ronald Bruce (1983). "The Ideology of Muammar al-Qadhdhafi: Theory and Practice". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 15 (4): 471–490. doi:10.1017/S0020743800051394. JSTOR 163557.
St. John, Ronald Bruce (1987). Qaddafi's World Design: Libyan Foreign Policy, 1969–1987. London: Saqi Books. ISBN 978-0-86356-161-0.
St. John, Ronald Bruce (2008). "Redefining the Libyan Revolution: The Changing Ideology of Muammar al-Qaddafi". The Journal of North African Studies. 13 (1): 91–106. doi:10.1080/13629380701742819.
St. John, Ronald Bruce (2012). Libya: From Colony to Revolution (rev. pán.). Oxford: Oneworld. ISBN 978-1-85168-919-4.
Sykes, Alan (2005). The Radical Right in Britain: Social Imperialism to the BNP. Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0333599242.
Tandon, Yash (2011). "Whose Dictator Is Qaddafi? The Empire and Its Neo-Colonies". Insight on Africa. 3 (1): 1–21. doi:10.1177/0975087814411129.
Vandewalle, Dirk (2006). A History of Modern Libya. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-61554-9.
Vandewalle, Dirk (2008a). "From International Reconciliation to Civil War: 2003–2011". Chū Vandewalle, Dirk. Libya Since 1969: Qadhafi's Revolution Revisited. Basingstoke, England: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 215–237. doi:10.1007/978-0-230-61386-7_10. ISBN 978-0-230-33750-3.
Vandewalle, Dirk (2008b). "Libya's Revolution in Perspective: 1969–2000". Chū Vandewalle, Dirk. Libya Since 1969: Qadhafi's Revolution Revisited. Basingstoke, England: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 9–53. doi:10.1007/978-0-230-61386-7_2. ISBN 978-0-230-33750-3.
Zoubir, Yahia H. (2009). "Libya and Europe: Economic Realism at the Rescue of the Qaddafi Authoritarian Regime". Journal of Contemporary European Studies. 17 (3): 401–415. doi:10.1080/14782800903339354.

Ên-sin ua̍t-to̍k[siu-kái | kái goân-sí-bé]

Cooley, John K. (1983). Libyan Sandstorm. London: Sidgwick & Jackson. ISBN 978-0-283-98944-5.
Davis, Brian Lee (1990). Qaddafi, Terrorism, and the Origins of the U.S. Attack on Libya. New York: Praeger. ISBN 0-275-93302-4.
El-Khawas, Mohamad A. (1986). Qaddafi: His Ideology in Theory and Practice. Amana. ISBN 978-0-915597-24-6.
Forte, Maximilian (2012). Slouching Towards Sirte: NATO's War on Libya and Africa. Baraka Books. ISBN 978-1926824529.
Hilsum, Lindsey (2012). Sandstorm: Libya in the Time of Revolution. London: Faber and Faber. ISBN 978-0-571-28803-8.
Monti-Belkaoui, Janice; Monti-Belkaoui, Ahmed (1996). Qaddafi: The Man and His Policies. Avebury. ISBN 978-1-85972-385-2.

Guā-pōo lên-ket[siu-kái | kái goân-sí-bé]

U.S. Policy Towards Qaddafi from the Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives
Muammar al-Qadafi collected news and commentary at Al Jazeera English
The Muammar Gaddafi story at BBC Online
Muammar al-Qadafi collected news and commentary at The Guardian
Muammar al-Qadafi collected news and commentary at The New York Times
YouTube téng ê 2009 UN Security council speech from Al jazeera (English) ê iáⁿ-phìⁿ

[6] For purposes of this article, 20 October 2011—the date on which Gaddafi died^[1]—is considered to be the date he left office. Other dates might have been chosen:
On 15 July 2011, at a meeting in Istanbul, more than 30 governments, including the United States, withdrew recognition from Gaddafi's government and recognized the National Transitional Council (NTC) as the legitimate government of Libya。^[2]

On 23 August 2011, during the Battle of Tripoli, Gaddafi lost effective political and military control of Tripoli after his compound was captured by rebel forces.^[3]

On 25 August 2011, the Arab League proclaimed the anti-Gaddafi National Transitional Council to be "the legitimate representative of the Libyan state".^[4]

On 16 September 2011, the United Nations General Assembly sat the representatives of the National Transitional Council as Libya's official delegation.^[5]

[2] On 15 July 2011, at a meeting in Istanbul, more than 30 governments, including the United States, withdrew recognition from Gaddafi's government and recognized the National Transitional Council (NTC) as the legitimate government of Libya。^[2]

[3] On 23 August 2011, during the Battle of Tripoli, Gaddafi lost effective political and military control of Tripoli after his compound was captured by rebel forces.^[3]

[4] On 25 August 2011, the Arab League proclaimed the anti-Gaddafi National Transitional Council to be "the legitimate representative of the Libyan state".^[4]

[5] On 16 September 2011, the United Nations General Assembly sat the representatives of the National Transitional Council as Libya's official delegation.^[5]

[1] "Muammar Gaddafi: How He Died". BBC News. 31 October 2011. goân-loē-iông tī 24 March 2016 hőng khó͘-pih. 6 October 2017 khòaⁿ--ê.

[INDtncofficialgov-2] Vela, Justin (16 July 2011). "West Prepares to Hand Rebels Gaddafi's Billions". The Independent. London. goân-loē-iông tī 12 May 2012 hőng khó͘-pih. 16 July 2011 khòaⁿ--ê.

[liveblog23811-3] Staff (23 August 2011). "Tuesday, 23 August 2011 – 16:19". Libya Live Blog. Al Jazeera. Retrieved 23 August 2011.

[taipeitimmes20110826-4] "Arab League Gives Its Full Backing to Libya's Rebel Council". The Taipei Times. 26 August 2011. goân-loē-iông tī 3 March 2016 hőng khó͘-pih. 1 September 2011 khòaⁿ--ê.

[5] "After Much Wrangling, General Assembly Seats National Transitional Council of Libya as Country's Representative for Sixty-Sixth Session". United Nations. 16 September 2011. 20 October 2020 khòaⁿ--ê.

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