衝動 (性格 )
舉個
概念 定義
[延 遲 折 扣
[- ,
當 中
-
係 折 扣因素 (discount factor;指折 扣之後 淨 低 原本 數 值嘅幾多 百分比 ,呢個數 值愈細 反映 件 嘢嘅主觀 價 值跌得 愈 勁), -
係 延 遲 (要 等 幾 耐 先 可 以得到 件 事物 ),而 - 呢個
參 數 就主宰 咗個個體 嘅折扣程度 ,呢個參 數 大 致反映 咗個個體 有 幾 衝動 [14][15]。
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抑制 控 制
[每 當 盞燈閃綠色 光 (去 訊號;go signal)嗰陣,隻 大 鼠 就要喺 1秒 內去撳個掣,撳啱咗嘅話 就有嘢食;而經驗 顯示 ,隻 大 鼠 好 快 就會學識 一見到盞燈閃綠色光就去撳掣。- 跟住
想像 加 一條 新 嘅規則 ,由 而家開始 ,每次 盞燈閃綠色 光 嗰陣,都 有 若干 機 率 (,)會 係 盞燈喺 0.2秒 之 後 閃紅色 光 (唔去訊號;no-go signal),如果出現 咗唔去訊號,噉隻大 鼠 就要唔好去 撳掣,而如果 佢冇做到抑制 自己 撳掣嘅行動 嘅話,就會受到懲罰 ,例 如個籠 會 有 電流 通過 電 佢,令 佢有痛 嘅感覺 ;
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延 遲 滿足
[研究 員 會 將 一個細路帶入去一間實驗 室 入 面 ,俾個細 路 喺張檯前面 坐 低 ,檯上面 有 一 隻 碟,碟上面 擺咗粒 望 落好好 食 嘅棉花 糖 喺度;- 跟住
個 研究 員 會同 個 細 路 講 ,話 自己 要 行 開 15分 鐘 ,再 同 個 細 路 (如實 噉)話 如果佢可以一路忍住唔去食粒糖,一路忍到個研究員返嚟為止嘅話,噉個研究 員 就會送 一大包同一樣樣嘅糖(或 者 第 樣 個 細 路 鍾意想 要 嘅嘢)俾佢; - 喺個
研究 員 行 開 咗嗰 15分 鐘 期間 ,個 研究 員 嘅同事 會 一路監察住個細路,睇吓個 細 路 可 以抗拒 「郁 手 去 食 粒 綿花 糖 嘅慾望 」抗拒 到 幾 耐 ,最後 會得 出 一 個 數 值 -即 係 「個 細 路 能 夠忍到 幾 耐 」。
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認知 偏向
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唔 |
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神經 底 質
[杏仁 核
[前額 皮 層
[有 研究 者 試 過 一路用神經造影技術監察受試者嘅腦 活動 ,一路要佢哋做延 遲 折 扣決 策 ,叫 佢哋做若干 次 「喺一嚿細嘅短期得益同一嚿大嘅延遲得嗌之間二揀一」噉嘅決 擇 ,發覺 前額 皮 層 某 幾 橛嘅活動 同 個體 嘅有 顯著 嘅相關 ,又 同 嚿延遲 得 益 嘅量有正 相關 [39][40];- 簡化噉講,
前額 皮 層 嘅神經 細胞 會 運算 每 個 選 項 嘅價值(睇埋效 益 ),然 後 按每個 選 項 嘅主觀 價 值嚟傳 訊號去 腦 嘅其餘部 份,調 控 嗰啲部 份嘅活動 ,例 如家陣 前額 皮 層 決定 咗「短期 快感 嗰個選 項 冇長期 利益 嗰個咁好」,佢就會 傳 訊號阻止 杏仁 核 產 生 「會 引導 個人 去 追求 短期 快感 」嘅情緒 變化 [33]。
第 啲腦區
[...
精神 醫學 研究
[過度 活躍 症 (ADHD):ADHD係 一 種 心理 病 ,特徵 係 個人 專 注力 唔夠而且鍾意係 噉郁(坐 唔定);有 ADHD 嘅細路 好 多 時 因 為 佢哋喺學校 難 以集中 精神 聽書或 者 做功課 ,而喺學習 上 遇 到 障礙 ,所以 呢種病 相當 受心理 學界 關 注 ;高 嘅衝動 性 係 ADHD 嘅其中 一 個 重要 症狀 [43],而有 ADHD 嘅細路 喺棉花 糖 實驗 當 中 嘅表現 明 顯 差 過 一般 嘅細路 [27]。躁鬱 症 (bipolar disorder,BPAD):BPAD 嘅患者 特徵 係 會 一 時 情緒 低落 一時 又 會 情緒 好 高 漲 ,情緒 低落 嗰陣成 個人 會 冇嗮心機 做嘢,而喺高 漲 階段 嗰陣個人 通常 會 變 到 異常 咁衝動 ,容易 因 此做出 啲唔理性 嘅行為 [9]。物質 濫用 (substance abuse):物質 濫用 泛指一個人係噉勁吸一啲對身體有害(但 好 多 時 能 夠帶嚟短期 快感 )嘅物質 ,包括 咗酗酒同 吸毒等 嘅行為 -呢啲物質 好 多 時 都 係長 遠 嚟講會 傷 身 ,甚至搞到個人 上 癮嘅,所以 物質 濫用 嘅問題 相當 受關注 ;研究 指 ,衝動 嘅人比較 容易 有 物質 濫用 嘅行為 [44][45]。暴飲 暴食 :暴飲 暴食 係 指 一個人响短時間之內勁喺度食 嘢,好 多 時 會 搞到自己 體重 失 控 並 且影響 健康 ;暴飲 暴食 好 多 時 都 係 源 於個人 嘅自 控 能力 失 靈 ,搞到個 患者 喺短時間 內衝動 程度 大 升 ,從 而忍唔住走去 勁搵啲令 自己 爽嘅嘢(嘢食)[21],而研究 指 ,性格 衝動 嘅人比較 容易 出現 暴飲 暴食 嘅行為 [46]。衝動 買 嘢:衝動 買 嘢係指 個人 成 日 一見到想要嘅嘢就買,而且買 起 上 嚟唔諗後果 (即 係 例 如就算 碌 爆 咗張信用 咭都 照 買 ),容易 會 搞到個人 喺財政 上 出現 問題 [47];有 一部 份嘅市場 學 工作 者 會 專 登 靠 引消費 者 衝動 買 嘢嚟圖利 [48]。心理 病態 (psychopathy):心理 病態 係 一 種 性格 上 嘅問題 ,涉 及個人 唔識驚 -心理 學 研究 發現 ,一般人喺見到自己以外嘅人痛 或 者 驚 嗰陣,都會 或 多 或 少 噉出現 驚 嘅反應 (同 理 心 ),所以 唔會想 做出令 其他人 痛 或 者 驚 嘅行為 ;相 比 之 下 ,心理 病態 嘅人缺 少 咗呢種 反應 -佢哋咩都唔驚,就算明知 自己 做緊嘅嘢(例 如係操縱 人 、攻擊 人 甚至殺人 )會 令 其他人 受苦 或 者 驚 ,佢哋都 唔會有 咩感覺 ;呢啲人 亦 都 傾向 因 為 唔識要 「驚 有 後 果 」而有衝動 嘅行為 [49]。
...
相關 性格 測 驗
[(Barratt Impulsiveness Scale,BIS) |
30 |
|
(Eysenck Impulsiveness Scale) |
54 |
|
(Dickman Impulsivity Inventory) |
63 |
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(Behavioral Inhibition System / Behavioral Activation System) |
24 |
註釋
[睇埋
[文獻
[- Brown, P. M., George, A. M., & Rickwood, D. J. (2021). Rash impulsivity, reward seeking and fear of missing out as predictors of texting while driving: Indirect effects via mobile phone involvement (PDF). Personality and individual differences, 171, 110492.
- Evenden, J. L. (21 October 1999). "Varieties of impulsivity". Psychopharmacology. 146 (4): 348–361. doi:10.1007/PL00005481. PMID 10550486. S2CID 5972342.
- Hollander, E.; Rosen, J. (March 2000). "Impulsivity". Journal of Psychopharmacology. 14 (2_suppl1): S39–S44. doi:10.1177/02698811000142S106. PMID 10888030.
- Moeller, F. Gerard; Barratt, Ernest S.; Dougherty, Donald M.; Schmitz, Joy M.; Swann, Alan C. (November 2001). "Psychiatric Aspects of Impulsivity" (PDF). American Journal of Psychiatry. 158 (11): 1783–1793. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.158.11.1783. PMID 11691682.
- Chamberlain, Samuel R; Sahakian, Barbara J (May 2007). "The neuropsychiatry of impulsivity". Current Opinion in Psychiatry. 20 (3): 255–261. doi:10.1097/YCO.0b013e3280ba4989. PMID 17415079. S2CID 22198972.
攷
[- ↑ andenBos, G. R. (2007). APA dictionary of psychology. Washington, DC: APA. p. 470.
- ↑ Dickman, Scott J. (1990). "Functional and dysfunctional impulsivity: Personality and cognitive correlates". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 58 (1): 95-102.
- ↑ Daruna, J. H.; Barnes, P. A. (1993). "A neurodevelopmental view of impulsivity". In McCown, William George; Johnson, Judith L.; Shure, Myrna B. (eds.). The Impulsive Client: Theory, Research, and Treatment. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. pp. 23-37.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Madden, Gregory J.; Johnson, Patrick S. (2010). "A Delay-Discounting Primer". In Madden, Gregory Jude; Bickel, Warren K. (eds.). Impulsivity: The Behavioral and Neurological Science of Discounting. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. pp. 11-37.
- ↑ Rachlin, Howard (2000). "Self-Control as an Abstraction of Environmental Feedback". The Science of Self-Control. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. p. 183.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Lane, Scott D.; Cherek, Don R.; Rhoades, Howard M.; Pietras, Cynthia J.; Tcheremissine, Oleg V. (2003). "Relationships Among Laboratory and Psychometric Measures of Impulsivity: Implications in Substance Abuse and Dependence". Addictive Disorders & Their Treatment. 2 (2): 33–40.
- ↑ Lucas, M., & Koff, E. (2014). The role of impulsivity and of self-perceived attractiveness in impulse buying in women. Personality and Individual Differences, 56, 111-115.
- ↑ Nigg, Joel T. (2001). "Is ADHD a disinhibitory disorder?". Psychological Bulletin. 127 (5): 571–98.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Henry, Chantal; Mitropoulou, Vivian; New, Antonia S; Koenigsberg, Harold W; Silverman, Jeremy; Siever, Larry J (2001). "Affective instability and impulsivity in borderline personality and bipolar II disorders: Similarities and differences". Journal of Psychiatric Research. 35 (6): 307-12.
- ↑ Horn, N.R.; Dolan, M.; Elliott, R.; Deakin, J.F.W.; Woodruff, P.W.R. (2003). "Response inhibition and impulsivity: An fMRI study". Neuropsychologia. 41 (14): 1959–66.
- ↑ Salmond, C.H.; Menon, D.K.; Chatfield, D.A.; Pickard, J.D.; Sahakian, B.J. (2005). "Deficits in Decision-Making in Head Injury Survivors". Journal of Neurotrauma. 22 (6): 613-22.
- ↑ Rung, J. M., & Madden, G. J. (2018). Experimental reductions of delay discounting and impulsive choice: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of experimental psychology: general, 147(9), 1349.
- ↑ Hayden, B. Y. (2016). Time discounting and time preference in animals: a critical review. Psychonomic bulletin & review, 23(1), 39-53.
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 Ainslie, G. (2015). "The Cardinal Anomalies that Led to Behavioral Economics: Cognitive or Motivational?". Managerial and Decision Economics. 37 (4–5): 261–273.
- ↑ MacKillop, J., Amlung, M. T., Few, L. R., Ray, L. A., Sweet, L. H., & Munafò, M. R. (2011). Delayed reward discounting and addictive behavior: a meta-analysis. Psychopharmacology, 216(3), 305-321.
- ↑ Bickel, W. K., Odum, A. L., & Madden, G. J. (1999). Impulsivity and cigarette smoking: delay discounting in current, never, and ex-smokers (PDF). Psychopharmacology, 146(4), 447-454.
- ↑ Odum, A. L. (2011). Delay discounting: trait variable?. Behavioural processes, 87(1), 1-9.
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 Epstein, J. N., Erkanli, A., Conners, C. K., Klaric, J., Costello, J. E., & Angold, A. (2003). Relations between continuous performance test performance measures and ADHD behaviors. Journal of abnormal child psychology, 31(5), 543-554.
- ↑ Smillie, L. D., Dalgleish, L. I., & Jackson, C. J. (2007). Distinguishing between learning and motivation in behavioral tests of the reinforcement sensitivity theory of personality (PDF). Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33(4), 476-489.
- ↑ Diana H. Fishbein (Ed.). (2000). The science, treatment, and prevention of antisocial behaviors: Application to the criminal justice system (Vol. 1). Civic Research Institute, Inc..
- ↑ 21.0 21.1 Newton, J. R., Freeman, C. P., & Munro, J. (1993). Impulsivity and dyscontrol in bulimia nervosa: is impulsivity an independent phenomenon or a marker of severity?. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 87(6), 389-394.
- ↑ Bezdjian, S., Baker, L. A., Lozano, D. I., & Raine, A. (2009). Assessing inattention and impulsivity in children during the Go/NoGo task. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 27(2), 365-383.
- ↑ Chowdhury, N. S., Livesey, E. J., Blaszczynski, A., & Harris, J. A. (2017). Pathological gambling and motor impulsivity: a systematic review with meta-analysis (PDF). Journal of gambling studies, 33(4), 1213-1239.
- ↑ 24.0 24.1 Mischel, W; Shoda, Y; Rodriguez, M. (26 May 1989). "Delay of gratification in children" (PDF). Science. 244 (4907): 933-938.
- ↑ Mischel, Walter; Ebbesen, Ebbe B. (1970). "Attention in delay of gratification". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 16 (2): 329-337.
- ↑ Funder, David C. (1998). "On the Pros and Cons of Delay of Gratification". Psychological Inquiry. 9 (3): 211-2.
- ↑ 27.0 27.1 Neef, N A; Bicard, D F; Endo, S (2001). "Assessment of impulsivity and the development of self-control in students with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder". Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis. 34 (4): 397-408.
- ↑ Evans, J. S. B., & Stanovich, K. E. (2013). Dual-process theories of higher cognition: Advancing the debate (PDF). Perspectives on psychological science, 8(3), 223-241.
- ↑ Evans, J. S. B. (2010). Intuition and reasoning: A dual-process perspective. Psychological Inquiry, 21(4), 313-326.
- ↑ Gawronski, Bertram; Creighton, Laura A. (2013). "Dual-Process Theories". In Carlston, Donal E. (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of Social Cognition. pp. 218-312.
- ↑ 31.0 31.1 Bechara, A. (2005). Decision making, impulse control and loss of willpower to resist drugs: a neurocognitive perspective (PDF). Nature neuroscience, 8(11), 1458-1463.
- ↑ Wiers, R. W., Bartholow, B. D., van den Wildenberg, E., Thush, C., Engels, R. C., Sher, K. J., ... & Stacy, A. W. (2007). Automatic and controlled processes and the development of addictive behaviors in adolescents: a review and a model. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 86(2), 263-283.
- ↑ 33.0 33.1 33.2 33.3 Frost, R., & McNaughton, N. (2017). The neural basis of delay discounting: A review and preliminary model. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 79, 48-65.
- ↑ Hollander, E., & Evers, M. (2001). New developments in impulsivity. The Lancet, 358(9286), 949-950.
- ↑ Motivation: Why You Do the Things You Do. BrainFacts.org.
- ↑ Puglisi-Allegra, S., & Ventura, R. (2012). Prefrontal/accumbal catecholamine system processes high motivational salience. Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience, 6, 31.
- ↑ Ludwig, V. U., Nüsser, C., Goschke, T., Wittfoth-Schardt, D., Wiers, C. E., Erk, S., ... & Walter, H. (2015). Delay discounting without decision-making: medial prefrontal cortex and amygdala activations reflect immediacy processing and correlate with impulsivity and anxious-depressive traits. Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience, 9, 280.
- ↑ Koob, G. F., & Volkow, N. D. (2016). Neurobiology of addiction: a neurocircuitry analysis. The Lancet Psychiatry, 3(8), 760-773.
- ↑ Shamosh, N. A., DeYoung, C. G., Green, A. E., Reis, D. L., Johnson, M. R., Conway, A. R., ... & Gray, J. R. (2008). Individual differences in delay discounting: relation to intelligence, working memory, and anterior prefrontal cortex (PDF). Psychological science, 19(9), 904-911.
- ↑ Peters, J., & Büchel, C. (2010). Episodic future thinking reduces reward delay discounting through an enhancement of prefrontal-mediotemporal interactions (PDF). Neuron, 66(1), 138-148.
- ↑ Miller, P., & Wang, X. J. (2006). Inhibitory control by an integral feedback signal in prefrontal cortex: a model of discrimination between sequential stimuli. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 103(1), 201-206.
- ↑ Hare T.A., Camerer C.F., Rangel A. (May 2009). "Self-control in decision-making involves modulation of the vmPFC valuation system". Science. 324 (5927): 646–8.
- ↑ Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 1 (4th ed.). American Psychiatric Association. 2000.
- ↑ Perry, Jennifer L.; Carroll, Marilyn E. (2008). "The role of impulsive behavior in drug abuse". Psychopharmacology. 200 (1): 1-26.
- ↑ De Wit, Harriet (2009). "Impulsivity as a determinant and consequence of drug use: A review of underlying processes". Addiction Biology. 14 (1): 22-31.
- ↑ Rosval, Lindsay; Steiger, Howard; Bruce, Kenneth; Israël, Mimi; Richardson, Jodie; Aubut, Melanie (2006). "Impulsivity in women with eating disorders: Problem of response inhibition, planning, or attention?". International Journal of Eating Disorders. 39 (7): 590–3.
- ↑ Beatty, Sharon E.; Ferrell, M. Elizabeth (1998). "Impulse buying: Modeling its precursors". Journal of Retailing. 74 (2): 169-91.
- ↑ Czarnecka, Barbara; Schivinski, Bruno; Schivinski, Sarap (2020). "How values of individualism and collectivism influence impulsive buying and money budgeting: the mediating role of acculturation to global consumer culture". Journal of Consumer Behaviour Marketing. 19 (5): 505-522.
- ↑ Marsh, A. A., & Cardinale, E. M. (2012). Psychopathy and fear: Specific impairments in judging behaviors that frighten others (PDF). Emotion, 12(5), 892.
- ↑ Barratt, Ernest S. (1959). "Anxiety and Impulsiveness Related to Psychomotor Efficiency". Perceptual and Motor Skills. 9 (3): 191-8.
- ↑ Patton, Jim H.; Stanford, Matthew S.; Barratt, Ernest S. (1995). "Factor structure of the barratt impulsiveness scale". Journal of Clinical Psychology. 51 (6): 768-74.
- ↑ Eysenck, Sybil B.G.; Pearson, P.R.; Easting, G.; Allsopp, J.F. (1985). "Age norms for impulsiveness, venturesomeness and empathy in adults". Personality and Individual Differences. 6 (5): 613–9.
- ↑ Corulla, W. J. (1987). A psychometric investigation of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (Revised) and its relationship to the I. 7 Impulsiveness Questionnaire. Personality and Individual Differences, 8(5), 651-658.
- ↑ Burnett Heyes S., Adam RJ., Urner M., van der Leer L., Bahrami B., Bays PM., Husain M.; Adam; Urner; Van Der Leer; Bahrami; Bays; Husain (22 May 2012). "Impulsivity and Rapid Decision-Making for Reward". Front. Psychol. 3: 153.
- ↑ Dickman, S. J. (1990). Functional and dysfunctional impulsivity: Personality and cognitive correlates. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58(1), 95-102.
- ↑ Carver, Charles S.; White, Teri L. (1994). "Behavioral inhibition, behavioral activation, and affective responses to impending reward and punishment: The BIS/BAS Scales". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 67 (2): 319–333.
- ↑ Kendall, P. C., & Finch, A. J. (1978). A cognitive-behavioral treatment for impulsivity: a group comparison study. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 46(1), 110.
- ↑ Ghasemi, N., Nori, L., & Abdi Zarrin, S. (2019). The effect of parent management training (PMT) on the reduction of behavioral symptoms in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Quarterly Journal of Child Mental Health, 6(2), 1-12.
拎
[- International Society for Research on Impulsivity,
一 個 專門 研究 衝動 嘅國際 組織 ,由 精神 醫學 同 動物 行為 學 等 領域 嘅專家 組成 。 - What Is Impulsivity?. Verywell Mind.