(Translated by https://www.hiragana.jp/)
尼古丁依賴 - 维基百科,自由的百科全书

あま古丁ふるちょう依賴いらい

あま古丁ふるちょう[1]けむりいち种慢せい、复发せい疾病しっぺい。患有此類疾病しっぺいてき患者かんじゃかい非常ひじょう渴望かつぼう服用ふくようあま古丁ふるちょうなみたいあま古丁ふるちょう有害ゆうがい健康けんこうてき問題もんだい而不[2]あま古丁ふるちょういち交感こうかんしん兴奋剂[3]のう附着ふちゃくざいだい脑中てきあま古丁ふるちょうおつ酰胆碱受たいうえ[4]よし于长使用しようあま古丁ふるちょうだい犒赏けい内的ないてきかみ经可塑性そせい发生变化,いん而產せいあま古丁ふるちょう[1][5][6]世界せかい上大かみおお约有9.76亿烟みん[7]ずい时间てき推移すいいあま古丁ふるちょう赖的嚴重げんじゅう程度ていどかいずい一个人持續服用尼古丁而日益加深[8]

あま古丁ふるちょう赖是いち个嚴たかしてき公共こうきょう卫生问题,いん煙草たばこちゅう含有がんゆう大量たいりょうあま古丁ふるちょう,而煙みん數量すうりょう龐大。截至2021ねん世界せかい上大かみおお约有9.76亿烟みん。此外こげ虑症患者かんじゃ越來ごえくえつ依賴いらいあま古丁ふるちょう[9]いん此尼古丁ふるちょう赖是造成ぞうせい人類じんるい死亡しぼうてき主要しゅよう原因げんいんいち[10]

参考さんこう文献ぶんけん

编辑
  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 D'Souza MS, Markou A. Neuronal mechanisms underlying development of nicotine dependence: implications for novel smoking-cessation treatments. Addict Sci Clin Pract. 2011, 6 (1): 4–16. PMC 3188825 . PMID 22003417. D'Souza MS, Markou A (2011). "Neuronal mechanisms underlying development of nicotine dependence: implications for novel smoking-cessation treatments". Addict Sci Clin Pract. 6 (1): 4–16. PMC 3188825. PMID 22003417.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  2. ^ Falcone, Mary; Lee, Bridgin; Lerman, Caryn; Blendy, Julie A. Translational Research on Nicotine Dependence. Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences 28. 2015: 121–150. ISBN 978-3-319-33911-5. ISSN 1866-3370. PMC 3579204 . PMID 26873019. doi:10.1007/7854_2015_5005. 
  3. ^ Richard Beebe; Jeff Myers. Professional Paramedic, Volume I: Foundations of Paramedic Care. Cengage Learning. 19 July 2012: 640– [2021-04-16]. ISBN 978-1-133-71465-1. (原始げんし内容ないようそん于2020-05-18). 
  4. ^ Bullen, Christopher. Electronic Cigarettes for Smoking Cessation. Current Cardiology Reports. 2014, 16 (11): 538 [2021-04-16]. ISSN 1523-3782. PMID 25303892. doi:10.1007/s11886-014-0538-8. (原始げんし内容ないようそん于2021-05-16). 
  5. ^ Saccone, NL; Culverhouse, RC; Schwantes-An, TH; Cannon, DS; Chen, X; Cichon, S; Giegling, I; Han, S; Han, Y. Multiple independent loci at chromosome 15q25.1 affect smoking quantity: a meta-analysis and comparison with lung cancer and COPD.. PLOS Genetics. 5 August 2010, 6 (8): e1001053. PMC 2916847 . PMID 20700436. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1001053.  
  6. ^ Fiore, MC; Jaen, CR; Baker, TB; et al. Treating tobacco use and dependence: 2008 update (PDF). Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, U.S. Public Health Service. 2008 [2016-09-02]. (原始げんし内容ないよう (PDF)そん档于2016-03-27). 
  7. ^ Ng, M; Freeman, MK; Fleming, TD; Robinson, M; Dwyer-Lindgren, L; Thomson, B; Wollum, A; Sanman, E; Wulf, S. Smoking prevalence and cigarette consumption in 187 countries, 1980-2012.. JAMA. 8 January 2014, 311 (2): 183–92. PMID 24399557. doi:10.1001/jama.2013.284692. 
  8. ^ U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The health consequences of smoking: Nicotine addiction: A report of the Surgeon General (PDF). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, Center for Health Promotion and Education, Office on Smoking and Health. DHHS Publication No. (CDC) 88-8406. 1988 [2021-04-16]. (原始げんし内容ないようそん (PDF)于2019-08-02). 
  9. ^ Moylan, Steven; Jacka, Felice N; Pasco, Julie A; Berk, Michael. Cigarette smoking, nicotine dependence and anxiety disorders: a systematic review of population-based, epidemiological studies. BMC Medicine. 2012, 10 (1): 123. ISSN 1741-7015. PMC 3523047 . PMID 23083451. doi:10.1186/1741-7015-10-123. 
  10. ^ Rachid, Fady. Neurostimulation techniques in the treatment of nicotine dependence: A review. The American Journal on Addictions. 2016, 25 (6): 436–451. ISSN 1055-0496. PMID 27442267. doi:10.1111/ajad.12405.